, sons of Roman knights. Of the latter, in the main deriving from the local aristocracies, the holders of property, power and

e with impunity. 1 Pompeius was also related to other families of the local gentry, the men of substance in the municipia of

Sanquinii recalls the Sabine god Sancus; Cicero’s friend Visidius, a local dynast somewhere in central Italy, bears a kindre

here, an altar and a traditional religious observance. 6 Of certain local dynastic families it could in truth be proved as

o a Latin flexion; but praenomen or cognomen sometimes recalled their local and alien provenance. 4 In strife for power at Ro

s wherever they might be found. They spread their influence among the local aristocracies by marriage or alliance, northwards

nservative demagogue Livius Drusus, a friend and associate of certain local dynasts,2 the Italians took up arms. It was not t

or non-combatants it was complicated and embittered by the strife of local factions. Etruria and Umbria, though wavering, ha

; and many Italians had no use for it. Loyalties were still personal, local and regional. A hundred thousand veterans, settle

ollowing in Picenum:3 but these were only the personal adherents of a local dynast and Roman politician, or the Roman faction

tin termination not so the more recent, with foreign endings; and the local distribution of the non-Latin gentile names of It

of Latium in the vicinity of Rome, they gathered adherents’ from the local aristocracies. 2 The degree of sympathy for the R

nus may well have been an equestrian officer in Caesar’s army. On the local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ see Schulze, LE,

rs, unscrupulous freedmen, ambitious sons of ruined families from the local gentry of the towns of Italy. The hazards were pa

ica. The possession of Africa at this time was dubious, disputed in a local civil war for several years. 5 As for the islands

d and consolidated the Caesarian party. Yet there were personal and local causes everywhere. Under guise of partisan zeal,

e of the proscribed were saved by civic virtue, personal influence or local patriotism. The citizens of Cales manned the wall

a Volscian town, perhaps not of senatorial rank. 3 A large number of local aristocrats supported Caesar; 4 and some will hav

murderous street battles between soldiers and civilians. 4 Towns and local magnates armed in self-protection. The opposition

losses through desperate valour at Thapsus and Munda; and princes or local dynasts in foreign lands had lapsed by now to the

, a freedman,2 the others, however, sons of wealthy families from the local aristocracies in the towns of the North Verona, B

er all Italy, but rather the culmination in the summer of a series of local agitations, which, though far from unconcerted, p

ne or military dynast. Such at least was the plea and profession. The local gentry, who controlled the policy of the towns, c

d the policy of the towns, could create opinion, produce votes of the local senates and facilitate by money or by moral suasi

d not exist. Private influence and private ties, casual corruption or local intimidation were not enough. Lack of conviction

and defender and were firmly attached to his clientela. For the rest, local dynasts exerted their influence to induce the mun

ause seventeen years later may perhaps be put down to the agency of a local office-holding family, the Ovidii. 3 The soldie

ilitary colonies were the chief support of Octavianus’ power; and the local magnates, whether Roman colonists and business me

. A neglected passage in Josephus (BJ 1, 324, cf. AJ 14, 449) attests local recruiting in Syria in 38 B.C. 2 Dio so, 14, 1

nators were not all tenderly to be spared out of respect for dignity: local magnates of the Antonian faction in the towns of

ity: local magnates of the Antonian faction in the towns of Italy had local enemies. A number of victims of the purge proba

escent unbroken from gods and heroes, or at least from a long line of local magnates, bound by ties of blood and marriage to

ristocracies of Campania and Samnium. One side of his family, Samnite local gentry, stood by Rome in the Bellum Italicum: a d

erations of Tiberius in 12–9 B.C. were confined to the suppression of local rebellions. 3 Dio 54, 20, 1 f. (under 16 B.C.);

their towns (perhaps ex-magistrates). 2 The municipia, or rather the local dynasts who controlled them, were sufficiently aw

ns in Spain and Gallia Narbonensis that soon might send to Rome their local aristocrats, well trained in ‘provincialis parsim

the transgressions of the wealthy. Rome seldom intervened against the local dynasts. C. Julius Eurycles, the lord of Sparta a

ustus, the introduction of a regular assessment (13-12 B.C.) provoked local disturbances. 1 The proconsuls and publicani of

with the army and with the Roman People. 1 Hence the veterans and the local dynasts would sharply have dealt with social disc

ch showed traces of his native dialect. Pollio himself may have had a local accent. Nor was the judgement merely one of style

s, 8 f., 15, 26, 38, 250, 315, 324, 370, 441 f., 490 f., 515, 522 f.; local , 82 f., 89, 91 f., 289, 292, 360 ff., etc. East,

449 f., 453, 465 f.; unification of, 86 ff., 286 ff., 359, 365, 450; local families in, 10, 31, 82 ff., 356, 359; see also B

urator and praefectus Aegypti, 356, 383, 411, 437. Magius, Minatus, local dynast from Aeclanum, 82, 88, 383. Magnates, se

80; altar at, 473. Narcissus, imperial freedman, 386. Narnia, 200; a local god at, 83. Nasidius, Q., Pompeian and Antonian

n military commands, 502 ff. Nola, siege of, 87. Nomenclature, of local Italian families, 83 f.; non-Latin, types of, 93

y Caesar, 68; on Caesar’s side, 68 f.; ideals and ‘values’ of, 69 f.; local origins of, 84; liberalism of, 70, 345; patrician

. 45), 500, 504. Plebeians, 10, 68; great plebeian families, 19 f.; local origins, 84 f. Plebs, venality and Caesarian se

ndition of, under Augustus, 450. Sancus, Sabine god, 83. Sanquinii, local family, 83. Sardinia, in the Triumviral period,

lius Varro, C. (cos. suff. A.D. 12), novus homo, 363. Visidius, L., local magnate, 82; his origin and family-god, 83; prote