political ends. Men went out to serve under Pompeius as quaestors or legates and returned to Rome to hold higher office, tribu

eler and Nepos (Ad Jam. 5, 2, 6). 3 For the full lists of Pompeius’ legates in. the two wars, cf. Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms

ion to the Senate, a steady source of recruitment to the ranks of his legates NotesPage=>065 1 Lucan, Pharsalia 7, 307

, BC 2, 68, 281. 4 Cn. Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Poplicola, legates of Pompeius in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95)

political patronage as well as for military experience. His numerous legates might have been the nucleus of a formidable facti

by the example and by the errors of his predecessor. He recruited his legates of the Gallic Wars (ten in number from 56 B.C. on

e number, at least eight subsequently became consuls. Only two of the legates present or past joined the enemies of Caesar Cice

nn-Groebe, Gesch. Roms IV2, 420 ff.; 486. 4 Among Caesar’s earliest legates in Gaul were T. Labienus, Q. Titurius Sabinus, wh

his candidates for the consulate the same principle holds as for his legates in the Gallic campaigns. 5 Nine consuls took offi

tion: and three of the plebeians were Claudii Marcelli. 5 Among his legates is found no man with a name ending in ‘-idius’, o

r marshals evaded undue prominence, Fufius and Caninius, who had been legates of Caesar in Gaul and elsewhere, and Cn. Domitius

rison. Antonius’ ally Dolabella was on his way eastwards: he had sent legates in advance, the one to Syria, the other to secure

vident among the army commanders. Of the imposing company of Caesar’s legates in the Gallic Wars2 almost all were now dead. Aft

who had served under Caesar in the Civil Wars, was one of Octavianus’ legates in the Spanish provinces after Perusia; 4 and T.

In whose company he is first mentioned, in 43, perhaps as one of his legates (Ad fam. 12, 25, 1: ‘Minotauri, id est Calvisi et

to be damaging. Pompeius Magnus governed Spain in absence through his legates . At the same time he acquired a quasi-dictatorial

Thus all Spain, it appears, had been under one governor, with several legates as his subordinates. 2 Provinces so large and s

ngle consular proconsul governing all Spain, but instead two or three legates , inferior in rank and power. Hence security for t

itories comprised in his provincia and to administer them through his legates , according to the needs of the region in question

peius Magnus had governed Spain as proconsul in absence through three legates , namely one consular and two praetorian. The di

had celebrated triumphs would consider it no great honour to serve as legates . The Triumvirate had replenished the ranks of the

ior consular Calvinus, the two survivors from the company of Caesar’s legates in the Civil Wars, Carrinas and Calvisius, and a

Sulla the Dictator. After 28 B.C only two of these consulars serve as legates of the Princeps in his provincia; 2 and three onl

ower standing—and novi homines at that. Hence the conspicuous lack of legates of Augustus either noble in birth or consular in

irth or consular in rank. Not a single nobilis can be found among his legates in the first dozen years, and hardly any consular

he provincia of the Princeps east and west, six names are attested as legates in the first four years of the new dispensation (

difficulty. 5 In Spain C. Antistius Vetus and L. Aelius Lamia were legates in Citerior, P. Carisius in Ulterior (on the Span

mia were legates in Citerior, P. Carisius in Ulterior (on the Spanish legates , below, p. 332 f.). M. Vinicius won a victory in

r was high birth in evidence. The family and connexions of one of the legates are uncertain; 2 none of the others had consular

ents were senatorial at all, they were obscure and low in rank. These legates were direct appointments of Augustus, responsible

matter for the lot, was no less happy and inspired than if they were legates of Augustus instead of proconsuls, independent of

omines, subsequent consuls, probably earned ennoblement by service as legates or as proconsuls when praetorian in rank. 4 Aug

k suitably dedicated to Agrippa and Maecenas. In his absence, the two legates in Spain (C. Antistius Vetus in Citerior and P. C

in in 28 B.C. 4 On these campaigns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff.; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C., ib. 315 ff. P. Carisius c

ὠμότης of Carisius). PageBook=>333 In Citerior the next three legates all had hard fighting to do. 1 Finally in 19 B.C

fact, but not in name, this reduced all proconsuls to the function of legates of Augustus. As for Rome, Augustus was allowed to

ed tenure debarred others. Active partisans clamoured to be rewarded, legates of recent service like M. Lollius and M. Vinicius

d necessary prominence of members of the governing class, proconsuls, legates and quaestors, permitted to be acknowledged. Cent

rovinces; many of them by the size of their armies already called for legates of consular standing. Yet this was apparent by 12

n from a small and select list indeed. The Princeps appointed his own legates . Before long the more important of his provinces

for Agrippa, only six of them are later chosen to command armies, as legates or proconsuls. 1 There were good reasons for that

trol of the armies, holding the most powerful of them through his own legates . Three military provinces, however, were governed

sions at least in the Principate of Augustus, Galatia was governed by legates of consular standing. 2 Galatia might suitably ra

he Principate, there existed seven military commands held by imperial legates of consular rank; of these, five lay along the no

in active warfare. The proconsul could choose ‘viri militares’ as his legates . Piso was not himself a soldier, but he took to M

s. Piso was not himself a soldier, but he took to Macedonia competent legates ; and Cicero in Cilicia was well served. 1 When Po

n the Spanish wars and against Mithridates. 3 He was one of the three legates who governed Spain for Pompeius. Of the others, t

during the revolutionary wars. 7 NotesPage=>396 1 Among Piso’s legates were Q. Marcius Crispus and L. Valerius Flaccus (

roken career at the head of armies or in the government of provinces, legates of Pompeius and Caesar like Afranius and Labienus

not the only Eastern province that called for special treatment. The legates of Galatia are an instructive class. Four men o

e position of these praetorian commanders, proconsuls of Macedonia or legates of Moesia, cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 125 ff., with a s

ory labels of Velleius tell their own story. The names of consuls and legates , a blend of the old and the new, provide some ind

s of sure partisans. On the Rhine were massed eight legions under two legates , the one C. Silius A. Caecina Largus, the son of

constitutional rule, Augustus employed not a single nobilis among the legates who commanded the armies in his provincia, and on

388; controlled by Augustus, 388 f.; as proconsuls, 326 ff., 383; as legates of Augustus, 327, 330, 393 ff.; employment in Rom

hildren, 437 f. PageBook=>549 Germany, invasions of, 391, 474; legates in, 401, 435, 437. Getae, transplanted by Aeliu

in the municipia, 89 ff.; in the West, 74 ff.; in the East, 262; his legates , 67, 94; secretariat, 71 f., 407; relations with

Mithridates of Pergamum, 76, 262. Moesia, origin of, 373, 394, 400; legates of, 399, 400 f., 436, 437. Monarchy, 9; of Caes

; relatives, 30 f.; descendants, 228, 423, 425, 496 f.; adherents and legates , 31 f., 44 f., 67, 396; political allies, 28 f.,

509. PageBook=>568 Virgil, see Vergilius. Viri militares, as legates , 396. Viri triumphales, 241, 327. Viriasius Nas