Page=>007 (No Notes) PageBook=>008 a government. That was left to Caesar’s heir, at the head of a new coalition,

ntified, many of them obscure or casually known. 1 The remainder have left no record of activity or fame in a singularly wel

inetur. ’ 3 For example, Fufidius, an ‘eques Romanus ornatissimus’, left money to Cicero(Ad Att. 11, 14, 3). On the activi

and corruption, obscurantism and oppression. The knights must not be left out of the indictment. Among the old nobility per

rals (70 B.C.), restoring the tribunate, destroyed Sulla’s system but left the nobiles nominally in power. They were able to

first is the Claudii: in addition to three sons, Ap. Claudius Pulcher left three daughters, whose birth and beauty gained th

sus, whose activities did so much to precipitate the Bellum Italicum, left no son of his blood. His sister was twice married

private zoological garden, ib. 3, 13, 2; ten thousand barrels of wine left to his heir, Pliny, NH 14, 96. 4 L. Licinius Lu

by early struggles and expedients to maintain the dignity of a family left in poverty and to provide for all his brothers an

1938), 113 ff. PageBook=>068 and the glory of Caesar. Labienus left Caesar, but not from political principle he retur

guage and the topography of the imperial city. 2 The joke is good, if left as such. Gallia Cisalpina still bore the name a

tion would have repelled the advances of the Liberators. The Dictator left , and could leave, no heir to his personal rule. B

ed consul for the next year, and Lepidus the Master of the Horse, now left in an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidu

it was afterwards urged. 3 But that was treason. They should not have left the consul Antonius alive. But there was no pre

had been heavy: only two of the Pompeians, professed or genuine, were left . 1 Hence a lack of experience, ability and leader

t at the same time a steady and resourceful general. He commanded the left wing NotesPage=>103 2 Ad fam. 11, 1, above

province in 44, and Antonius, elected consul for that year, would be left in charge of the government when Caesar departed.

all posterity into a false estimate of his political capacity. We are left with slander or romantic biography. PageBook=&g

ius Philippus, a safe candidate for the consulate of 56 B.C. Octavius left three children, an Octavia by his first wife, by

en youth and middle age. The personality of Octavianus will best be left to emerge from his actions. One thing at least is

tonius answered with excuses and delays. 1 The Caesarian leader had left this competitor out of account. His primacy depen

nate to grant them the harmless provinces of Crete and Cyrene. Brutus left Italy towards the end of the month, not before pu

. His enemies might win the provincial armies. Brutus and Cassius had left Italy, ostensibly for their provinces of Crete an

y of the glorious Nones of December. 2 Cicero was not to be had. He left Campania and retired to Arpinum, foreseeing troub

e of Sulla’s oligarchy, were sadly weakened, with no consular Metelli left alive, no Licinii or Junii. Nor could the survivo

the Senate that fought against Antonius. The assassins of Caesar had left Italy, and the young men of the faction of Cato,

patrician Q. Fabius Maximus (cos. 45 B.C.), had died in office. That left six consulars of the years 48-45. 4 Phil. 8, 22

ing for Pansa to come up with his four legions of recruits. Pansa had left Rome about March 19th. Antonius for his part plan

0 The pressure of events gradually drove him to a decision. When he left Italy in August, it was not with the plan already

rching on Rome will have convinced him at last that there was no room left for scruple or for legality. 1 Yet even so, the p

h again. With a devoted army, augmented to eleven legions, the consul left Rome for the reckoning with Antonius, whom he cou

inant from geographical position and armed strength: he seems to have left his partisan Pollio as proconsul of the Cisalpina

ς χωρίοις κϵίνοτς σχϵ (48, 4, 3) perhaps unjustly. Varius Cotyla was left in control of Comata in 43 B.C. (Plutarch, Antoni

e faction of Cato, almost all kinsmen of Marcus Brutus. When Brutus left Italy, he was accompanied or followed by his rela

eet for the Republic. 10 Most of the assassins of Caesar had no doubt left Italy at an early date; and the party was Notes

llus, T. Peducaeus, M. Herennius the Picene and L. Vinicius, who have left no record of service to the rulers of Rome but, a

tonius and Octavianus proposed to follow. Their colleague Lepidus was left behind in nominal charge of Rome and Italy. The r

military dictatorship and inaugurate a class-war, there was no place left for hesitation. Under this conviction a Roman ari

promised more. 1 For the rest, the prospects of Brutus and Cassius left little to be desired. Their plan was simple to ho

on a marsh. Brutus pitched his camp on the right wing, Cassius on the left . They had leisure to unite and fortify their fron

e, was induced to surrender all Gaul and eleven legions. 5 Octavianus left Italy to take over this welcome accession: he pla

ly onwards to Egypt. After a short and merry winter at Alexandria, he left Egypt in the early spring of 40 B.C. That he had

in wedlock the sister of his partner, the fair and virtuous Octavia, left a widow with an infant son by the opportune death

e Balbus, he had held as yet no senatorial office the wars had hardly left time for that. But Octavianus had designated him

uring the Civil Wars and demanded attention. After Philippi, Antonius left L. Marcius Censorinus as proconsul of Macedonia;

sul fled for refuge to an Aegean island,5 and the defence of Asia was left to Roman partisans in the Greek cities or to oppo

ige and for security, against the Parthians. After Samosata, Antonius left legions in the north; and in 37 B.C. his marshal

l members of the propertied classes, wearied by exile and discomfort, left the company of Pompeius without reluctance; and f

nus. The list is partial in every sense of the term. Nero had already left Pompeius for Antonius (Suetonius, Tib. 4, 3). 2

nstruct a theatre, Paullus Aemilius to complete the Basilica Aemilia, left unfinished by his father; and L. Marcius Philippu

languished and declined under the peace of the Triumvirs, with no use left in Senate or Forum, but only of service to overco

their taste. 3 Of those great exemplars none had survived; and they left few enough to inherit or propagate their fame. Po

f of Antonius, though known for talents of another kind. 2 Sosius was left in charge of Syria, Furnius of Asia. Ahenobarbus

nius; 2 the amiable and diplomatic L. Cocceius, however, may not have left Italy after the Pact of Brundisium. Plancus rem

f brigands, Isaurian, Pisidian and Cilician, eminently suitable to be left to the charge of a native prince. 2 Amyntas was t

very difficult position. The secession of avowed enemies by no means left a Senate unreservedly and reliably loyal it was p

forgery be detected? PageBook=>283 that Antonius had abruptly left a court of law in the middle of a speech by Furni

ry of Caesar and the Caesarian party. 4 The armies of the West were left in charge of safe partisans. The tried soldiers C

hypothesis, largely based on Horace, Epodes 9, 19 f., that the whole left wing refused to fight, cf. W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1

ction at home. Peace had been established, there was only one faction left —and it was in power. The pleasing legend Libert

an People or monarch of Egypt. 4 NotesPage=>309 1 Messalla had left Syria, perhaps succeeded there by M. Tullius Cice

yielded certain provinces of the Empire, nominally uncontrolled, but left the more important, deprived of proconsuls, under

nferred on Caesar’s heir the appellation of Augustus. 2 Nothing was left to chance or to accident in preparing these exemp

tical adventurers and ministers of despotism. There were none of them left —they had all joined the national government. Cice

hardly any consulars. Likewise in so far as concerns the provinces left in the charge of proconsuls. Under the dispensa

single person, only the detachment commanded by Augustus himself has left any record. The campaign was grim and arduous.

by a statesman who claimed to have restored the Free State. That was left to Augustus’ successor, no doubt in virtue of his

igning society-ladies. 6 Lollius, officially commended for integrity, left millions to his family, not the blameless possess

never have created. The power of the People was broken. No place was left any more for those political pests, the demagogue

or govern the eastern world with special powers? An ageing despot was left stranded with the two untried boys, Lucius and Ga

change in part the result of accident. Augustus himself never again left Italy. Agrippa had been indispensable in the earl

aly and the Empire. He boasted that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. 3 The observation was true i

PageBook=>405 For the senator no hope or monument of fame was left . Italy by the Via Aemilia and Narbonensis by the

overnmental policy. That was the work of other bodies, which kept and left no written records. Their existence, their charac

on of opinion favourable to the government, Maecenas knew no peer and left no successor. In the same year as Maecenas, Horac

may be removed by death. For the moment, Augustus had his way. He was left in 6 B.C. with the two boys, the one in his fou

of since Actium, but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the East (13 B.C.,) C. Sentius Saturninus and P.

zed by the one Princeps, along with dementia. The governing class was left with the satisfaction of the less decorative virt

nly law and oratory were held to be respectable. But they must not be left to specialists or to mere scholars. To promote ph

no systematic exploitation of literature on the grand scale. That was left for Augustus. Propaganda outweighed arms in the c

est poets. 3 The Princeps succeeded: other patrons of literature were left far behind. Pollio lost his Virgil. Messalla ha

d incompetent. The campaigns of Quirinius and Ahenobarbus were simply left out altogether. Vinicius could not decently be om

of their decadence. The nobiles have not spoken themselves. They have left no personal and authentic record to show what the

ver Pompeius and the dominant faction of the nobilitas. But the Julii left no direct heir, and the grandnephew of the Dictat

.D. 14) and Fabia Numantina. 2 The patrician P. Quinctilius Varus had left a son by Claudia Pulchra: he succumbed to a prose

, nor another Marcius, namely Censorinus (cos. 8 B.C.), seems to have left male issue. The last consular Marcellus was consu

sely adopted to a four days’ partnership of the purple. 7 One of them left a son, namely C. Calpurnius Crassus Frugi Licinia

dowed. The Caesarian partisans Vatinius, Trebonius, Hirtius and Pansa left no consular descendants, any more than had Pompei

lous son. The marshals and admirals of the Triumviral period seldom left heirs to their acquired dignity. The names of Ven

oppaeus Secundus, were unmarried. The other Poppaeus, a military man, left a daughter. 1 Quirinius, however, could show no c

essed and perverted the morale of the aristocracy. There was no field left them now for action or even for display. Insisten

Lollius was a political scapegoat, while Quirinius, Titius and Tarius left no consular sons as objects of fear or flattery.

ntervene, prohibiting one of his gladiatorial shows. This Ahenobarbus left a son, entirely detestable. 3 NotesPage=>510

dered commonwealths, lacking that ‘licence which fools call liberty’, left no record in the annals of eloquence. 5 Not so At

e might easily have adopted the title of ‘Optimus princeps’: that was left for Trajan. At the very beginning of Augustus’ Pr

st until a higher command relieved him, his duty done and a successor left on guard. Augustus used the word ‘statio’: so did