the Republic in 27 B.C., or from the new act of settlement four years later , which was final and permanent. Outlasting the

e second of constitutional government. So well did he succeed that in later days, confronted with the separate persons of Oct

nd a re-alignment of forces precipitated war and revolution ten years later . Amicitia presupposes inimicitia, inherited or

concordia ordinum between Senate and knights against the improbi, but later widened to a consensus omnium bonorum and embrace

4 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. On his influence with Pompeius (at a later date), comparable to that of the Greek Theophanes

sal of Caesar was rejected and he was declared contumacious: six days later his province was taken from him. The Caesarian tr

or beyond remedy: the Metelli were too politic for that. Three years later Nepos was consul, perhaps with help from Pompeius

tless contests with the consul and the tribunes of Pompeius. It was later claimed by their last survivor that the party of

by coins, BMC, R. Rep. 11, 491 f.). The Gaditane L. Cornelius Balbus later acknowledged an especial tie of loyalty to L. Cor

there, attested for example by the inscr. ILS 6976 from Nemausus, and later by provincial notables like Cn. Domitius Afer (co

er and prestige of Pompeius. They would be able to deal with Pompeius later . It might not come to open war; and Pompeius was

es. Sulla restored the oligarchic rule of the nobiles. Thirty years later they clustered around Pompeius, from interest, fr

peian censors had cleansed the Senate of undesirables. 4 Twenty years later , on the verge of another coup d’état, Pompeius ha

o ask him to dinner. 5 Pansa was also in Gaul for a time. Hirtius was later to complete the Bellum Gallicum and to compile th

76), condemned soon after (Pro Piancio 75), despite Cicero’s defence, later became praetor, CIL I2, 819.1278. PageBook=>

rests in Africa (Ad fam. 12, 29) and probably large estates there the later saltus Lamianus? 2 Ad Att. 9, 2a, 3: ‘Postumus

he Paeligni, but not his home, for the first Paelignian senator comes later (ILS 932). Perhaps Marsian, cf. the name on an ea

Atticus was quite willing to offer Brutus private subsidies; and he later made a grant to Servilia. Rome and Italy, if lo

15, 1, 3: ‘non minus se nostrorum arma timere quam Antoni. ’ A little later Hirtius sent a warning letter to Cicero, Ad Att.

lty incompatible with the chill claims of statesmanship. But that was later . To gain a fair estimate of the acts and intentio

Antonius was never accused of dissimulation: the Caesarian leader was later to be taunted with inconsistency on this point. 2

o be thankful for, as partisan testimony was prepared to concede at a later date and for abusive comparisons. 1 The consul

d to safeguard his position and his person, especially when attacked, later in the year, by his enemies in a manner which on

Phil, 1; Ad Jam. 12, 2, 1. 2 Ad fam. 12, 3, 1. PageBook=>124 later , a dark episode Antonius arrested at his house ce

me. On November 28th the Senate met by night upon the Capitol. It was later alleged that a consular was ready on the side of

lped his step-son to pay the legacies (Appian, BC 3, 23, 89): for his later services, attested or conjectural, below, p. 134.

the contest. He exerted himself for mediation or compromise then and later , both during the struggle between Caesar and Pomp

itative government at Rome. He was not a Cato or a Brutus; and Brutus later remarked ‘as long as Cicero can get people to giv

y and imperious autocrat. Then came the Ides of March and, two days later , the meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Tellu

for security and concord. Peace calls for constant vigilance. Cicero later claimed that from that day forward he never deser

Page=>142 1 Ad Att. 16, 8 (Nov. 2nd), cf. 16, 9 (one or two days later ). 1 Ib. 16, 11, 6. 4 Ib. 16, 14, 2: ‘nec me P

ro and called him ‘father’ an appellation which the sombre Brutus was later to recall with bitter rebuke. 1 Octavianus has so

ον ὕπατον ἔχομ∈ν. 2 Cf. the friendly and humorous letter many years later , Ad fam. 5, 10a. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 73.

s consecration in the legend Libertatis p. R. Vindex; 6 and centuries later when the phrase Vindex Libertatis appears on the

gns were curtailed in this humane and salubrious fashion: seven years later the plea of Lepidus recoiled upon his NotesPage

army of Cassius. NotesPage=>171 1 Ad fam. 12, 2 (Feb. 2nd); 3 ( later in the month). 2 Phil. 10, of uncertain date.

n. Such was the battle of Forum Gallorum (April 14th). 1 Seven days later , Antonius was forced to risk a battle at Mutina.

acedonia heard a report that Cicero had actually been elected. 2 Of a later proposal there is evidence not lightly to be disc

ed the noblest blood of Rome, compassion and even excuse was found in later generations. He composed his own autobiography; o

or uncritically since, perpetuated in fiction and in history; and in later days, personal danger and loss of estates were no

. ILS 3700 (an aedile of that family). 4 Appian, BC 4, 40, 170: for later enmity of that family towards Plancus, cf. Vellei

tius, however, nephew of Plancus, made his escape (Dio 48, 30, 5) and later rose to resplendent fortune in the company of Pla

s and mendacious, exaggerated the role of Fulvia both at the time and later , putting her person and her acts in a hateful lig

is quoted and utilized here, though it may very well be several years later in date. The problem of priority between the Epod

ar they were modified and completed. It will be convenient to mention later in one place the territories and kingdoms accordi

m and a certain Murena, presumably the brother-in-law of Maecenas, of later notoriety. 2 The accounts in Dio 48, 54, 1 f. a

crats. Here were allies to be courted, men of some consequence now or later . 1 There were others: yet there was no rapid or u

eady exploring the propaganda and the sentiments that might serve him later against Antonius, winning for personal domination

nothing is recorded between 40 and 19 B.C. 7 Dio 48, 30, 7. He was later an admiral at Actium (Velleius 2, 85, 2). 8 Por

111, 463). Titinius is unknown. Carisius is probably P. Carisius, of later notoriety as legate of Augustus in Spain (Dio 53,

se sister Terentia Maecenas was married (Dio 54, 3, 5). Other persons later prominent, such as the great novi homines M. Loll

armies, so far as is known, save Autronius and M. Acilius (Glabrio), later proconsuls of Africa, in 28 and 25 B.C. respectiv

n style and in subject, already setting forth in practice what he was later to formulate as a literary theory a healthy dista

to restore order in the countryside. 2 With some success a few years later charges of highway robbery outstanding against ce

riumvirs invested Herod the Idumaean with insignia of royalty. A year later the Galatian Amyntas (formerly secretary to King

e grants do not seem to have excited alarm or criticism at Rome: only later did they become a sore point and pretext for defa

. Grant on the aes coinage of the period. PageBook=>267 It was later remarked that certain of his most intimate friend

act was but the beginning of the work that Augustus the Princeps was later to consummate. It is evident that the most confid

of Italy. The adhesion of Sulmo to the national cause seventeen years later may perhaps be put down to the agency of a local

vy in 48 B.C., cf. Bell. Al. 56, 4. 3 The knight L. Annaeus Seneca, later to be known as a historian and authority on rheto

a would have approved. There were other victims. As for the Antonians later captured, four were put to death, among NotesPa

in 30 B.C. PageBook=>307 meaning of this ‘reform’ will emerge later . Octavianus himself assumed the title tradition

ppendage of a benevolent and unmilitary adjective, ‘dux bone! ’2 Even later Ovid, when writing his Fasti, discovered in the w

to resume the rightful exercise of all their functions. Three days later the Senate again met, eager and impatient to rend

et principe uteremur. acriora ex eo vincula. ’ PageBook=>324 A later historian dates from this ‘constitutional’ settle

ilitary provinces. Definition of powers and extent of provincia might later be modified how and when he pleased. One thing co

wever, authority over the provinces of the Senate. 1 That was to come later and later too the jealously guarded tribunicia po

hority over the provinces of the Senate. 1 That was to come later and later too the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas, th

y over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later , in 20 and 19 B.C., Agrippa is found, not there,

mpronius Atratinus triumphed from Africa in 21 B.C., Balbus two years later for his raid into the land of the distant and pro

ium, when the lines were composed, they are not even appropriate to a later date, when Agrippa’s power had been accorded stat

fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with that supreme distinction. 1 Caesa

preserved distinctions. The more discreditable accretions supervened later during the arbitrary rule of a Triumvirate which

stus regarded the kings as integral members of the Empire:1 a century later the imperial Senate of Rome welcomed to its membe

ulers of Rome, cannot show consuls now or miss a generation, emerging later . In the Principate of Augustus a Sulla, a Metellu

ncipes was to be decorative. Except for Agrippa, only six of them are later chosen to command armies, as legates or proconsul

e in the pacification of the Balkans (c. 9 B.C.,) or some dozen years later , the legions of Macedonia were removed from the p

this period, cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 113 ff., with an inclination to the later years. It could, however, be urged that the new c

or secure support, for it may belong to another L. Piso at a slightly later date; and Castabala was the capital of a native p

llius, Quirinius took his place with C. Caesar. 3 Three or four years later he was appointed legate of Syria, in which capaci

he desired and which he was himself compelled to undertake four years later . Plancus and Lepidus resigned before the year was

2 it was composed, however, not of consulars but of praetorians. At a later date a definite body assumed the maintenance of t

ratores aedium sacrarum et operum locorumque publicorum, as they were later called. 4 Frontinus, De aq. 99 and 102. 5 On

io 55, 33, 5. 8 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 11. PageBook=>404 Ten years later , when Augustus departed on his second visit to th

nd cabinet. NotesPage=>405 1 Dio 52, 42, 6 (except Sicily, and later , Narbonensis). 2 Caesar’s law about the colony

o the tried skill of slaves and freedmen. These financial secretaries later emerge as ministers of State, under Caligula and

essful in his invasion of Arabia. More modest and more useful men are later found, such as C. Turranius, C. Julius Aquila and

ng with the diplomatic Plancus. It was Messalla who twenty-five years later introduced the decree of the Senate naming August

staret initiis’. That was the reason which Tiberius himself gave at a later date (Suetonius, Tib. 10, 2). 3 Tacitus, Ann. 3

after an interval of five years (that is, in A.D. I); and three years later the same distinction was proclaimed for Lucius, h

δραγαθούντων ύμ ν καì διαδεχομ νων stationem meam. ’ This was written later , of course, on Augustus’ own birthday in A.D. I.

ident, and it is demonstrated by another incident nearly twenty years later , that the task of controlling a crown prince in t

aic ceremony long disused, the Augurium Salutis, was revived. Now and later the Princeps replenished the existing priestly co

lity, was forced to express his doubts to the Senate. 1 That a change later came over the Roman aristocracy was evident to th

favourite of plebs and army, less acceptable to the Senate. If the later books of Livy with their record of recent and con

usta should be set up. The monument was dedicated three or four years later . On its sculptured panels could be seen the Princ

wed by a rising which Varus the governor of Syria put down. Ten years later , when Archelaus the ethnarch was deposed, Augustu

r else in the New State. They demonstrated against the moral code and later clamoured loudly that Julia should be restored fr

ius the people arose in indignation and drove him forth. 8 Many years later that edifice witnessed a similar spectacle. Aemil

o, the eminent consular, like the senator Tacitus more than a century later , was scornful of the academic historian. 2 Livy h

and of Crete (A.D. 12?). 3 Even there he was a nuisance: twelve years later they removed him to the barren rock of Seriphus.

icy of Augustus transmitted a peculiar and blended inheritance to the later generations of the Julii and Claudii. Livia had g

Calpurnius Piso, cos. A.D. III (PIR2, C 285) and consuls sixty years later (PIR2, C 295 and 317). PageBook=>498 So mu

for Trajan. At the very beginning of Augustus’ Principate the ideas, later to crystallize into titles official or convention