of Augustus. Nor is the Augustan period as straightforward or as well known as the writers of biographies appear to imagine.

some four hundred can be identified, many of them obscure or casually known . 1 The remainder have left no record of activity

voter could seldom be induced to elect a man whose name had not been known for centuries as a part of the history of the Rep

was not able to maintain an army on his income. 2 Crassus should have known . The competition was fierce and incessant. Fami

ers, one was married to Q. Marcius Rex (cos. 68), the second and best known to Q. Metellus Celer (cos. 60). The youngest Clod

n. 1 and p. 20, n. 5. The wife of M. Terentius Varro Lucullus is not known . PageBook=>022 the right wing when Sulla d

oligarchy were pervasive, its most weighty decisions taken in secret, known or inferred by politicians of the time, but often

eight. NotesPage=>022 1 The family of his wife Tertulla is not known . But his elder son, M. Crassus, married Caecilia

ve, cf. JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff. About Gabinius’ origin, nothing is known . But his wife Lollia (Suetonius, Divus Julius 50,

tached by Cicero to the other consulars will not mislead: too much is known about these people. 2 The Lentuli were Spinther

conceit or stupidity and mistook craft for sagacity. They might have known better Cato’s stubborn refusal to agree to the la

wealth and vice,2 and the phenomenal P. Ventidius, whose infancy had known slavery and degradation: captured by Pompeius Str

nce. 5 No details confirm the paradox among Roman financiers. More is known about his son, a banker whose business had wide r

tion. But Pompeius had enemies in Spain, and Caesar both made himself known there and in absence conferred benefits upon his

e Numa (Plutarch, Numa 21). The origin of the Caecilii Metelli is not known . Caeculus, the god who founded Praeneste, is said

h he had received Macedonia. Before the end of April, however, it was known that Antonius intended to propose on June 1st to

a fact of little moment in the Roman conception of the family, barely known or soon forgotten by the inhabitants of the provi

nemies of Antonius, taking new courage, may have gone too far. It was known before the event that there would be criticism of

meeting of the Senate announced for August 1st; it may also have been known who was to take the lead, namely the respected co

litary colonies of Italy. While at Apollonia, Octavianus made himself known to the soldiers and officers of Caesar’s great ar

rete and Cyrene; of their whereabouts and true intentions nothing was known . But late in October disquieting news came to R

which they are said to have resigned to Octavianus. 4 Nothing else is known of their attitude or activities at this time. N

Appuleius, the husband of his half- sister Octavia, only the name is known (ILS 8963); he was the father of Sex. and of M. A

. Salvidienus Rufus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa, ignoble names and never known before. 1 They were destined for glory and for hi

good prospect for the Republicans, but a gain for Octavianus. Less is known about Pansa. Yet Pansa was no declared enemy of A

f his life, and by the composition of a speech in reply, the pamphlet known as the Second Philippic:3 it was never spoken the

t choose its own members, or determine their relative standing. On no known practice or theory could the auctoritas of the Se

was the success of Cassius. He went to Syria, a province where he was known and esteemed, outstripping Dolabella. There he fo

rom the measures passed in the Senate when the tidings of Mutina were known . In the victory-honours Octavianus was granted an

r the islands, it may already have been feared, and it was soon to be known , that some of them had been seized by the adventu

f. Velleius 2, 83, 3. below, p. 283. 5 His brother Gaius, otherwise known as L. Plotius Plancus, was proscribed and killed

as the Aelii Lamiae from Formiae or the Vinicii of Cales, who are not known to have been proscribed, either enjoyed protectio

if he be the Marcius who also was cos. suff. in that year. Nothing is known of the services to the Triumvirs of either Aspren

ian in origin. 7 About L. Caninius Gallus (cos. 37 B.C.) nothing is known , save that his father married a first cousin of M

negotiation and ready to desert. If anybody, Salvidienus should have known how the odds lay. Once again, however, the Caesar

used to fight. On each side deputations of soldiers made their wishes known . 1 Tentative negotiations followed. As a sign of

act of the dynasts a mere respite in the struggle. That was not to be known . At the end of 40 B.C. the domination of the Caes

ius Crassus. 5 Their services were diverse and impressive, but barely known to historical record. Octavianus now learned of

mention the Parthini, and only the Parthini, a tribe whose habitat is known . A capture of the city of Salonae far away in Dal

ere surely employed at an early age for dynastic alliances. It is not known whom Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus married; but his gr

y and quick reward, then lapsing into obscurity again. Some names are known , but are only names, accidentally preserved, such

cos. suff. 33) and indeed of his subsequent history nothing at all is known . 2 Destined ere long to a place in war and admini

my by sea and NotesPage=>237 1 Plutarch, Brutus 27. Nothing is known of his family or attachments: there is no evidenc

. 7 The daughter of Scribonia, above, p. 229. Pulcher’s wife is not known , but there is a link somewhere with the Valerii,

d the Atrium Libertatis and equipped it with the first public library known at Rome for to Libertas Pollio ever paid homage,

admiral Q. Laronius became consul; the other six were commended by no known military service to the Triumvirs. Nor did they a

Dio 49, 44, 3). None of these men ever commanded armies, so far as is known , save Autronius and M. Acilius (Glabrio), later p

t in their place, Etruscan or Umbrian, Picene or Lucanian. 4 Rome had known her novi homines for three centuries now, admitte

end his patronage to others. Under the rule of the Triumvirate he was known to be composing tragedies about the monarchs of m

ave been Volumnia (the freedwoman of P. Volumnius Eutrapelus), better known as Cytheris, formerly the mistress of Antonius. H

s, may have seen service in this war on the staff of Antonius, though known for talents of another kind. 2 Sosius was left in

cius Censorinus (40) and Pollio (39); Bithynia, Ahenobarbus (the only known governor in this period). Cyrene, of little impor

9, 2 f.). About C. Fonteius Capito (cos. suff. 33) precious little is known . One of the negotiators at Tarentum in 37 B.C. (H

ian legate C. Didius (Bell. Hisp, 40, I, &c). M. Oppius Capito is known only from coins (BMC, R. Rep. II, 517 ff.): perha

d, could never be a menace to the empire of Rome. Ever since Rome had known that kingdom its defences were weak, its monarchs

); and as such the oath could never change or lapse. By whatever name known or public title honoured, the last of the monarch

., cf. Bell. Al. 56, 4. 3 The knight L. Annaeus Seneca, later to be known as a historian and authority on rhetoric, must ha

(if treachery there was), and avoidance of bloodshed to Rome, is not known . Sosius might be suspected. Certain of the Antoni

iumph, on May 30th, 28 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 77). Not so Nonius, so far as known , though he took an imperatorial salutation (ILS 8

s. The successor of L. Autronius Paetus as proconsul of Africa is not known . 2 Jerome (Chron., p. 164 h) puts his death in

lled from Egypt in 28 B.C. With the proconsul of Macedonia no link is known , save that each was once a partisan of Antonius.

hat smacked of tradition and custom. The military leader wished to be known as a magistrate. An appellation that connoted emi

as Augustus, a ‘salubris princeps’, for as such he would have himself known . 5 Not only that. The whole career of Pompeius

d, to conserve the new order, announcing it as his dearest wish to be known as the ‘optimi status auctor’. 2 He called it the

the end against any power that set itself above the laws, would have known the true name and essence of the auctoritas of Au

legates of the Princeps in his provincia; 2 and three only, so far as known , hold the proconsulate of Africa with legions and

C. Sentius Saturninus (cos. 19 b.c.) and P. Silius Nerva (cos. 20) is known ; as for L, Arruntius (cos. 22), only his command

by its publica auctoritas. 1 The truth of the matter will never be known : it was known to few enough at the time, and they

a auctoritas. 1 The truth of the matter will never be known: it was known to few enough at the time, and they preferred not

ame and blood. The sentiments of the Caesarian party were soon made known . The result was a defeat for Augustus and probabl

the aristocracy of Rome, whose own Sabine or Etruscan origins, though known and admitted, had been decently masked, for the m

a man who had been ‘equestris ordinis princeps’. Nothing definite is known about the origin of Q. Haterius, C. Caelius and Q

ff. A.D. 10? The Origin of Lucilius Longus, cos. suff. A.D. 7, is not known : perhaps the son of Brutus’ friend (Plutarch, Bru

Caesar’s liberalism is inferred from his intentions, which cannot be known , and from his acts, which were liable to misrepre

d an emperor could be created elsewhere than at Rome. 2 Everybody had known about it. After the first settlement Augustus i

al. Vinicius is a close parallel; it is unfortunate that so little is known of the careers of L. Tarius Rufus and C. Sentius

ut subordinate authors. Many important military operations are barely known , other campaigns no doubt have lapsed into oblivi

lius Aquila and M. Magius Maximus. These persons, it is true, have no known history among the equestrian councillors of the P

n. 3 Much happened in that dark and momentous interval, little can be known . 4 With the steady and public progress of monarch

very closely related to the reigning family; and only two of them are known to have commanded armies in the period of Tiberiu

1 Propertius 4, 11, 63 ff. See Table IV at end. 2 Nothing at all is known about M. Livius Drusus Libo, cos. 15 B.C. Livia O

rassus and Pompeius. Some missed the consulate and none, so far as is known , were permitted by Augustus to govern the great m

contribution to the New Italy and achieved a nobler repute than to be known as the home of an erotic poet. Augustus did not f

us, ‘heavenly legions’. But the orator would have been shocked had he known that the testimony of his earlier dreams would be

Yet on the whole the provinces were contented enough, for they had known worse, and could see no prospect of a successful

r surmised. As the most important decisions were taken in private and known to few, speculation about high politics ran rife

Cornelius Balbus and of Sosius, Antonius’ admiral. 2 M. Titius had no known progeny from his alliance with the patrician Fabi

ius Quinctilianus, cos. A.D.8 (ILS 934). 3 For example, no issue is known of T. Peducaeus (cos. suff. 35 B.C.) or of L. Aut

, of which house after the consul of A.D. 3 no direct descendants are known . 8 Juvenal speaks of Domitian as ‘Lamiarum caed

hated in his old age, and Lollius the rapacious intriguer. Nothing is known to the discredit of T. Statilius Taurus, C. Senti

produced a scandalous and bloodthirsty proconsul; 3 and if more were known of the personality of Augustus’ intimate, the acc

e ‘Romulus from Arpinum’. 5 Augustus, however, had a real claim to be known and honoured as the Founder, ‘augusto augurio’, i

alue for the following years: 39 B.C. C. Cocceius (Balbus), already known as cos. suff. anno incerto (CIL 12, p. 219), now

onvenience of the historical student. The filiation of consuls, where known , is given, for it is often a valuable clue to rea

01, 431; attitude towards Tiberius, 425; descendants, 499 f.; nothing known to his discredit, 509. Vinicius, M. (cos. A.D.