al position. 1 The Senate again, being a permanent body, arrogated to itself power, and after conceding sovranty to the assemb

d dignity for life: it ennobled a family for ever. Within the Senate, itself an oligarchy, a narrow ring, namely the nobiles,

, Aemilii and Manlii they formed an aristocracy within the patriciate itself , being the so-called gentes maiores. On the patri

o Caesar, as he claimed, ‘his dignitas had ever been dearer than life itself . ’2 Sooner than surrender it, Caesar appealed to

nus. In vain reckless ambition had ruined the Roman State and baffled itself in the end. 4 Of the melancholy that descended up

r and nobility at Rome much will remain obscure and controversial. In itself , the process is natural enough; and it is confirm

ympathies of plebs and veterans went to Caesar’s heir. And now Heaven itself took a hand. At the eighth hour of the day a come

lized life. 3 So much for Caesar. But the desire for fame is not in itself an infirmity or a vice. Ambition can be legitimat

conduct of affairs in Rome should not be narrowly Roman, but commend itself to the sentiment and interests of Italy as a whol

y the belief and conviction that popular sovranty was a good thing in itself . Once in power, the popularis, were he Pompeius o

ards of an order in society or labels of political allegiance. Virtus itself stands at the peak of the hierarchy, transcending

higher legality is expressly invoked ‘the ordinance enacted by Heaven itself , namely that all things advantageous for the Stat

contest the validity of such grants was to raise a large question in itself , even if it were not coupled with the official sa

s policy of destroying Antonius and elevating Caesar’s heir commended itself neither to the generals of the western provinces

ocial degradation. True merit was not the path to success and success itself was unsafe as well as dishonourable. 1 New men em

and some brand or other of Pythagorean belief might suitably commend itself to mystical inclinations. How far Atticus and B

d from the roots. History, to be real and true, would have to concern itself with something more than the public transactions

f, held among the learned and the vulgar alike, that history repeated itself in cyclical revolutions. For Rome it might appear

son for a provincial command in the south of Asia Minor. The province itself , vast in extent, and unprofitable to exploit, emb

5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad Att. 14, 12, 1. PageBook=>273 Egypt itself , however much augmented, could never be a menace

it were not fettered to the policy of a military despot. To liberty itself the Republic was now recalled, bewildered and unf

aning of the word ‘uxor’) complicate the question which is perhaps in itself not of prime importance. Antonius, being a Roman

oman financiers and tax-farmers. 1 Interest unconsciously transformed itself into righteous and patriotic indignation. Landown

Caesarian legions. The course, character and duration of the battle itself is all a mystery—and a topic of controversy. Ther

ew lord of the East as well, manifest and monarchic. 2 The frontier itself was not an urgent problem. Armenia had been annex

of an oligarchy. His primacy was precarious if it did not accommodate itself to the wishes of the chief men in his party. For

rmath of Actium, gradually recede and lose ground just as the victory itself , on quieter reflection an uncomfortable matter, i

d a firm determination to fight to the end against any power that set itself above the laws, would have known the true name an

it derived from consensus Italiae and concordia ordinum; it commended itself to all good citizens, for it asserted the sacred

not in books of the law or abstract speculation, but in the situation itself . Beyond and above all legal and written prescri

the long Principate of Augustus. 3 From a constitutional crisis, in itself of no great moment, arose grave consequences for

proconsular imperium and the tribunician powers, were the Revolution itself the Army and the People. On them stood the milita

h was not difficult): but there was no regular promotion, in the army itself , from the centurionate to equestrian posts. The R

the army, in finance and in administration is gradually built up, in itself no sudden novelty, but deriving from common pract

eless character and a healthy distaste for political ambition. 4 In itself , the promotion of knights to the Senate was no no

ntrolled the armies. Nor indeed had there been serious danger in Rome itself . During the absence of the ruler (22-19 B.C.) eac

r the Pact of Brundisium the nature of their revolutionary rule shows itself clearly on the Fasti. In the seven years 39-33 ni

ollius it was alleged that he had taken bribes from eastern kings3 in itself no grave misdemeanour. The charges of rapacity an

epublican of men, preyed upon the conscience of Tiberius and revealed itself in his public acts and utterances. On the other h

to be set up in his new Forum, where the temple of Mars Ultor stood, itself a monument of victory and the scene of martial ce

y more than Rome, that prevailed in the War of Actium. The Principate itself may, in a certain sense, be regarded as a triumph

so large a measure from Roman knights of the towns of Italy, it found itself rewarded with power in the Senate and in the coun

dual behaviour; and ability, courage or patriotism might lend to vice itself a certain specious charm. Augustus’ own views wer

the ornamenta triumphalia in lieu of that distinction. In the temple itself three deities were housed in concord, Mars, Venus

nd solaced by generous subsidies, the populace might still assert for itself the right of free speech, as no order else in the

isguided man of the people or a vindictive noble a split in the party itself and dissension between its leaders. The crisis of

d an epic part, many- tongued, inventing new forms and categories for itself . The dissemination of canards was elevated into a

used in the Senate. Yet while this process was going on, the Republic itself became the object of a sentimental cult, most fer

partisans; the nobiles returned to prominence and the Caesarian party itself was transformed and transcended. A government was