al epoch of the history of Rome I have been unable to escape from the influence of the historians Sallust, Pollio and Tacitus, al

ldom been denied. Cicero was a humane and cultivated man, an enduring influence upon the course of all European civilization: he

for such exceptional favour may be largely assigned to one thing the influence of literature when studied in isolation from hist

he composition of the faction he led, of the personality, actions and influence of the principal among his partisans. In all ages

h and the prize of ambition. 3 The patricians continued to wield an influence beyond all relation to their number; and the nobi

y. Far from it: the daughters of the great houses commanded political influence in their own right, exercising a power beyond the

should have known. The competition was fierce and incessant. Family influence and wealth did not alone suffice. From ambition o

nimicitia, inherited or acquired: a statesman could not win power and influence without making many enemies. The novus homo had t

Atticus, the great banker. Had Atticus so chosen, wealth, repute and influence could easily have procured a seat in the Senate.

ance contracted in every walk of life, the political dynast might win influence not merely in Rome but in the country-towns of It

obiles, supported by a sacred union of the possessing classes, by the influence of their clientela among the plebs and by due sub

rise and domination of the party of Marius, the Metelli got power and influence again from the alliance with Sulla. Q. Metellus P

fty in habit, he might seem destined by wealth, family, and paramount influence in the Senate to sustain the part of a great cons

ter of Creticus (ILS 881), presumably in the period 68-63 B.C. On the influence of Crassus with the Senate in 70 B.C., note esp.

om the conduct of his three sisters and exploited without scruple the influence of their husbands. 4 On the whole, when some fi

ted the vigour of novi homines, orators and soldiers, helping them by influence to the consulate and claiming their support in re

in from Picenum, a region where they possessed large estates and wide influence . 1 Cn. Pompeius Strabo, after shattering the Ital

trabo, after shattering the Italian insurrection in Picenum, used his influence and his army for personal ends and played an ambi

’; and the termination ‘-eius’ has been taken as evidence of Etruscan influence on the family at some time or other, cf. J. Duche

so menacing to outward show, but no less real and pervasive, was his influence in the West Africa and Mauretania, all Spain, and

as openly revealed. It rested upon his own auctoritas, the wealth and influence of Crassus, the consular power of Caesar, and the

51 (= p. 58 Clark), &c. 4 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. On his influence with Pompeius (at a later date), comparable to th

he most conspicuous, but not the only adherents of the dynasts, whose influence decided the consular elections for the next two y

onvenience of the dynasts, the tribune proceeded to reinforce his own influence , his prospect of praetorship and consulate. To th

ew alliances, in the hope perhaps to inherit some measure of Crassus’ influence with the aristocracy. Of the candidates for the c

e with three consuls in the last three years of the Free State. 4 The influence of NotesPage=>042 1 Caesar, BC 1, 8, 3: ‘s

antipathy which he felt for the person and character of Caesar. The influence and example of Cato spurred on the nobiles and ac

he State. During the previous three years Caesar had not been able to influence the consular elections to much effect. 3 Deplorab

rician origin. P. Servilius was a man of some competence: Lepidus had influence but no party, ambition but not the will and the p

their commissions less to merit than to the claims of friendship and influence or the hope of procuring gain and political advan

he provinces. In earlier days the Roman noble augmented his power and influence through attaching the aristocracy of Italy to his

cf. also Caesar, BC 3, 18, 3 (Libo, Lucceius and Theophanes). Of his influence and his intrigues there is abundant evidence, cf.

l order of society. Office conferred nobility; and the friendship and influence of the municipal aristocrat was largely solicited

y Roman politicians. Not only could he sway the policy of his city or influence a whole region of Italy3 he might be able, like t

eady to enlist allies wherever they might be found. They spread their influence among the local aristocracies by marriage or alli

c. 217 B.C., Livy 23, 2, 1 ff. The Fabii seem to have acquired great influence in Etruria, cf. Münzer, RA, 55 f. 6 Münzer, RA,

irst Pompeius owed his consulate to the backing of the Scipiones. The influence of the Claudii can be discerned in the elevation

been incorporated in the Roman State, or at least subjected to Roman influences . In a wide region of Italy it was reinforced by h

er Italy. Like the families proscribed by Sulla, regions where Marian influence was strong furnished partisans. The military man

f three types, point to Etruria and the adjacent areas subject to the influence of its ancient civilization. 2 The earliest consu

aganda of his rival. Most of that will be coolly discounted. From the influence of Cicero it is less easy to escape. The Philippi

ry men or recent governors of provinces, few of whom possessed family influence or talent for intrigue. Even the consular marshal

. Nor would he enter Rome until he had got into touch with persons of influence and had surveyed the political situation. By the

t, however, Caesar’s heir was merely a nuisance, not a factor of much influence upon the policy of Antonius. The consul had alrea

was resentful and truculent, Brutus undecided. Servilia promised her influence to get the measure revoked. No other decision was

failing them, to knights, to financiers and to individuals commanding influence in the towns of Italy. Once a compact and devoted

heir apprehensions or envy of Antonius: through them he might hope to influence neutral or Republican elements. The supreme art o

crats, lacked experience of affairs, vigour of personality and family influence . In public Cicero professed warm and eager admira

to the conduct of a civil war. Hirtius was accessible to the sinister influence of Balbus3 no good prospect for the Republicans,

w more and more from active politics. Yet his repute, or at least his influence , is sufficiently demonstrated by his election, th

appear, in the ranks of the Caesarian party: yet clearly of a kind to influence the public policy of Antonius. When he made his

ble to guidance: he was abruptly brought to heel by Pompeius, and his influence as a statesman was destroyed. The experience and

the hardened adept at the game of Roman politics, none the less might influence the innocent or the neutral. Merely to accuse one

e extremest of evils. The enemies of Antonius deprecated bitterly the influence of the veterans. 4 The veterans had no wish for w

dvance which provide some indication of the true balance of power and influence . Antonius constrained the young Caesar to resig

but certain of the more eminent, through family connexions and social influence , had been able to evade proscription, such as the

ries. Yet some of the proscribed were saved by civic virtue, personal influence or local patriotism. The citizens of Cales manned

tilicium is palpably non-Latin, perhaps indicating Etruscan origin or influence , cf. W. Schulze, LE, 531 ff. Münzer, however, arg

estige and in popularity. Of Lepidus none took account: he had family influence and did not resign ambition, but lacked a party a

. Again, Republicans in the company of Sex. Pompeius might be able to influence Antonius or Lepidus: they had done so before. For

gth. In 33 B.C. Octavianus became consul for the second time, and his influence , not total but at least preponderating, may perha

red men of discreet repute among the Roman aristocracy, or persons of influence in the towns of Italy: in both he advertised and

gentry and farmers. Many of the exiles had returned, and some through influence or protection got restitution of property. But th

lio, that he was ensnared by more powerful and perhaps more seductive influences . 2 Maecenas, whose aesthetic tastes were genuine

les, formerly a friend of Pompeius, a man of fabulous wealth and wide influence in Asia, founding thereby a line of kings. 6 It

force peace and concord through alliance with the men of property and influence . 1 A day would come when the ruling class in the

years : had his allegiance and his ideas swerved from Rome under the influence of Cleopatra? If Antonius be denied a complete mo

c cause. Cicero’s friends used votes of the colonies and municipia to influence Roman opinion in favour of the exiled statesman.

st Antonius in the War of Mutina. 3 In vain it did not exist. Private influence and private ties, casual corruption or local inti

attached to his clientela. For the rest, local dynasts exerted their influence to induce the municipal senates to pass patriotic

be presumed that the wealthy family of the Annaei commanded adequate influence in Corduba; 3 and Forum Julii, whence came Cornel

t Augustus claimed pre-eminence for himself. 1 Auctoritas denotes the influence that belonged, not by law but by custom of the Ro

onspiracy and Augustus’ all but fatal illness the secret struggle for influence and power in his entourage grew complicated, acut

e equestrian service. 1 Further, he devised a scheme for making their influence felt in Rome town councillors were to cast their

cement of novi homines under the Principate? That is to leave out the influence of his adherents. The Princeps was not altogether

ever. Others, through casualties in the Civil Wars, loss of money and influence , or lack of deference to the new rulers of Rome,

orm of co-optation or of election by the People, the claims of birth, influence and patronage had always been paramount. Nobles a

torian rank: Antonius was a noble. But Antonius required all Caesar’s influence behind him: he was contending against Ahenobarbus

sonal following whatever the character of the Roman constitution: his influence , checked no doubt for a long time by Augustus, ma

After equestrian service himself, Velleius entered the Senate. 3 The influence of M. Vinicius of Cales may here be detected. Vel

sented a kind of consensus Italiae. Municipal men rising to power and influence followed traditional devices and secured promotio

career of L. Passienus Rufus (cos. 4 B.C.), a novus homo, attests the influence of C. Sallustius Crispus. The great minister also

(1904), 470, is hazardous: see Table VI at end. PageBook=>385 Influences more secret and more sinister were quietly at wor

ate, austere and national, was in reality a cosmopolitan court. These influences were bound up with the faction from the beginning

(1934), 1 ff.; L(1935), 1 ff. 4 For Otho, Suetonius, Otho 1, 1. The influence of Urgulania with Livia is attested by Tacitus, A

and then the abolition of free election soon diminished the personal influence of the nobiles. After the constructions of the vi

n obtained. 1 Nor could he now discover fields to spread his personal influence . No governor now was able to enlist whole communi

he centre of high society or hanging ambiguous about its fringes, the influence of wealthy knights, whether as individuals or as

o the East. The gossip that so constantly asserted the preponderating influence of Livia Drusilla in the counsels of the Princeps

court public scandal and sanction the disgrace on his daughter? The influence and hand of Livia might have been suspected, bear

at Livia had been unable to achieve was perhaps the work of political influences and powerful advisers that evade detection. But e

on of P. Silius), names entirely new appear on the Fasti the palpable influence of the aristocratic Claudian. 5 NotesPage=>4

ed the history of Rome by assiduously expurgating the traces of alien influence , first the Etruscan and then the Greek: the inevi

ork upon the upper and middle classes of a regenerated society. Their influence and their example would cause the lessons of patr

family and origin, 358, 384; improperly derided by Tacitus, 358; his influence and partisans, 384, 437 f., 505; with C. Caesar i

sses an augurship, 41, 382; his feuds, 62, 63; wealth, popularity and influence , 13, 14, 24; connexions, 24, 44 f. Domitius Ahe

cess in 23 B.C., 345; political activities of, 385, 422 f., 425, 427; influence over Augustus, 414. Livia Medullina, daughter o

46, 49, 50; bis death, 50; character, 26; dominated by Servilia, 23; influence on Brutus, 58; philosophical studies, 57; feuds a

ilia, the mother of Brutus, 12, 21, 23 f., 136, 185; her ambition and influence , 23 f., 69; liaison with Caesar, 35, 58; her hatr

; owned by the partisans of Augustus, 380 f., 452. Women, political influence of, 12, 384 ff., 414; position of, 444 f. Xenop