atos videbam’ (BC 35, 3); ‘M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis Romae’ ( ib. 31, 7). 3 Cf. H. Strasburger, P-W XVII, 1223 ff

on dignitas (Diss. Breslau, 1932): in the sense of ‘personal honour’, ib. 36 ff. 3 Cicero, Pro Sestio 137. Office was acc

I, 2475. Fish-ponds, Varro, RR 3, 17, 5; a private zoological garden, ib. 3, 13, 2; ten thousand barrels of wine left to hi

ti ut amissa re publica piscinas suas fore salvas sperare videantur’; ib. 2, 9, 1: ‘de istis quidem piscinarum Tritonibus.

of L. Cossinius (Varro, RR 2, 1, 2), the leading authority on goats ( ib. 2, 3, 1), who had been a legate of Pompeius in th

1), who had been a legate of Pompeius in the war against the Pirates ( ib. 2, praef. 6). Another member of this group was Cn

f this group was Cn. Tremellius Scrofa, suitably eloquent about pigs ( ib. 2, 4, 1 ff.) and a master of all rural science (i

quent about pigs (ib. 2, 4, 1 ff.) and a master of all rural science ( ib. 1, 2, 10). 3 Varro served as a legate with Pomp

improbis, beatis non grata, bonis non gravis; itaque frigebat. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 14, 3. 5 Ib. 1, 13, 2: ‘facie magis quam fac

non grata, bonis non gravis; itaque frigebat. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 14, 3. 5 Ib. 1, 13, 2: ‘facie magis quam facetiis ridiculus’;

Ad Att. 1, 19, 4. 2 Plutarch, Cicero 29. 3 Ad Att. 1, 16, 8. 4 Ib. 1, 18, 6: ‘Pompeius togulam illam pictam silentio

1, 18, 6: ‘Pompeius togulam illam pictam silentio tuetur suam. ’ 5 Ib. 2, 1, 8. 6 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. 7 J

icero, of course, complains of having been let down by the Optimates ( ib. , passim). 4 Cf. M. Cary, CQ XVII (1933), 103 ff

fam. 8, 14, 4). For a clear and dispassionate statement of the issue, ib. § 2. PageBook=>042 Caesar would tolerate n

r complains, BC 1, 85, 9: ‘per paucos probati et electi’. 4 Caesar, ib. 1, 32, 8 f.: ‘neque se reformidare quod in senatu

legate in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95) and so was Marcellinus ( ib. and the inscr. from Cyrene, SIG3 750). Both had p

(Ad fam. 3, 4, 2), that of Cn. Pompeius probably about the same time ( ib. ). The younger son, Sextus, married the daughter o

ostrae dignitas. ’ Cicero uses the words ‘Appietas’ and 'Lentulitas’, ib. 3, 7, 5. He had ample cause to complain of Appius

Att. 7, 15, 2: ‘Cato enim ipse iam servire quam pugnare mavult. ’ 2 Ib. 8, 13, 2: ‘nihil prorsus aliud curant nisi agros,

sus aliud curant nisi agros, nisi villulas, nisi nummulos suos. ’ Cf. ib. 7, 7, 5; 8, 16, 1. 3 Pompeius’ illness in the s

ge=>051 1 Ad Att. 8, 11, 2: ‘dominatio quaesita ab utroque est’; ib. : ‘uterque regnare vult. ’ 2 Below, c. V and c.

us 2, 43, 3) and Lucullus (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 20, 4). Suetonius ( ib. 22, 2) reports a boastful remark in 59 B.C. ‘invi

r example, L. Nonius Asprenas (Bell. Afr. 80, 4). Q. Marcius Crispus ( ib. 77, 2) had been a legate of L. Piso in Macedonia

r Messalla Rufus and Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 3 Münzer, RA, 12 ff. 4 Ib. 347 ff. Her second husband was D. Junius Silanus

dum modo otiosi essent, recusarunt’; cf. Ad Att. 8, 13, 2; 16, 1. 2 Ib. 9, 11, 4; Ad. fam. 7, 3, 2. 3 Ad Att. 8, 11, 2;

Pompeii, however, was very strong, cf. Cato’s words to Pompeius’ son, ib. 22, 4 f. 2 SIG3 751 ff. As for Theophanes, Cice

Dio 43, 47, 3. The total may not really have been quite so large. 4 Ib. 43, 49, 1. Caesar clearly contemplated a system o

, 170 ff. 2 In general, a ‘colluvies’ (Ad Att. 9, 10, 7), a vὲĸuια ( ib. 9, 18, 2). The principal pieces of evidence are:

enus, ‘homo per se magnus’, who was nearly elected consul c. 105–100 ( ib. 175), L. Turius likewise in 65 (ib. 237, cf. Ad A

nearly elected consul c. 105–100 (ib. 175), L. Turius likewise in 65 ( ib. 237, cf. Ad Att. 1, 1, 2) and T. Aufidius, once a

general with reference to this type of name, with numerous examples, ib. 464 ff. (‘theophore Namen’). 5 Suetonius, Divus

, Supp. v, 356 ff. 5 Münzer, RA, 191 ff. 6 Id., P-W XII, 401. 7 Ib. XIX, 892 ff.; RA, 05 ff. PageBook=>086 But

a and Tusculum. Plancius’ parent was ‘princeps iam diu publicanorum’ ( ib. 24). 2 Ib. 19. 3 J. Vogt, Homo novus (Stuttga

m. Plancius’ parent was ‘princeps iam diu publicanorum’ (ib. 24). 2 Ib. 19. 3 J. Vogt, Homo novus (Stuttgart, 1926), 19

ns. There were plots or risings almost everywhere, including Picenum ( ib. 27, 2) and the Paelignian territory (Orosius 6, 6

, Caetronianus (ILS 8890), derives from an Etruscan name (W. Schulze, ib. ). 6 C. Sallustius Crispus’ town of origin is sa

Pompeius Strabo (ILS 8888, cf. Cichorius, R. Studien, 170). Likewise ( ib. 175) ‘L. Minicius L. f. Vel. ’ (cf. CIL I2, 1917

rmly contested by Stuart Jones and by Cary, JRS XXVI (1936), 268 ff.; ib. XXVII, 48 ff. PageBook=>093 res publica co

praetorian rank (Pro Murena 41), was the first consul from Lanuvium ( ib. 86). 4 In each of the years 54–49 B.C. One of t

origin cannot be discovered), cf. P-W, VI A, 1038 ff.; on Trebonius, ib. 2274 ff. 8 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 2. For h

. 14, 10, 1 2 lb. 14, 21, 3: ‘animo virili, consilio puerili. ’ 3 Ib. 14, 10, 1; 15, 11, 2. 4 Cf. esp. Ad Att. 15, 11

ff.), E. Schwartz (Hermes XXXIII (1898), 185 ff.), and W. Sternkopf ( ib. XLVII (1912), 321 ff.). The views of Sternkopf wi

Bithynia (Ann. 16, 18), Otho, who governed Lusitania with integrity ( ib. 13, 46) and took his own life rather than prolong

. Further, there was an abortive proposal to elect a pair of censors ( ib. 2, 98 f.) clearly patronage and a means of admitt

o’s reply. The person was Sex. Clodius, a henchman of P. Clodius. 2 Ib. 14, 12, 1. Deiotarus, King of Galatia, was Rome’s

, worth conciliating and hardly to be prevented at this juncture. 3 Ib. 14, 12, 1. Caesar had given them only Latin right

cture. 3 Ib. 14, 12, 1. Caesar had given them only Latin rights 4 Ib. 14, 12, 1, &. 5 Ib. 14, 3, 2 (c. April 8th)

Caesar had given them only Latin rights 4 Ib. 14, 12, 1, &. 5 Ib. 14, 3, 2 (c. April 8th): ‘sed quid haec ad nos? o

bit vetere ac locuplete, et in qua primus senator pater suus fuerit’ ( ib. 2, 3). For a tessera of his grandfather the banke

een to encircle NotesPage=>114 1 Ad Att. 14, 10, 3; 11, 2. 2 Ib. 14, 10, 3. 3 Ib. 14, 11, 2. 4 Ib. 14, 5, 3; 6

otesPage=>114 1 Ad Att. 14, 10, 3; 11, 2. 2 Ib. 14, 10, 3. 3 Ib. 14, 11, 2. 4 Ib. 14, 5, 3; 6, 1: ‘nam de Octavi

1 Ad Att. 14, 10, 3; 11, 2. 2 Ib. 14, 10, 3. 3 Ib. 14, 11, 2. 4 Ib. 14, 5, 3; 6, 1: ‘nam de Octavio susque deque. ’

4, 11, 2. 4 Ib. 14, 5, 3; 6, 1: ‘nam de Octavio susque deque. ’ 5 Ib. 14, 10, 3. 6 Ib. 14, 11, 2 (April 21 st): ‘mihi

4, 5, 3; 6, 1: ‘nam de Octavio susque deque. ’ 5 Ib. 14, 10, 3. 6 Ib. 14, 11, 2 (April 21 st): ‘mihi totus deditus. P

. 15, 8, 1. But Hirtius was by no means favourable to the Liberators, ib. 14, 6, I ff. 4 On this, W. Sternkopf, Hermes XL

C. Matius made a firm and noble reply to a peevish letter of Cicero, ib. 11, 28, 2: ‘vitio mihi dant quod mortem hominis n

ris 31, 131 ff.; Ad Att. 16, 8, 1 f.; 11, 6. 2 Ad Att 16, 8, 2. 3 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 4 Appian, BC 3, 42, 174. PageBook=

ofia e lettere della r. Univ. di Cagliari (1933), 1 ff. 3 Nicolaus, ib. 4 Ad Att. 14, 21, 2: ‘et nosti virum quam tectu

ntion of him, Ad Att. 16, 11, 8 (Nov. 5th). 6 Ad Att. 15, 2, 3. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 8, 2. Probably not the A.

t. 16, 11, 8 (Nov. 5th). 6 Ad Att. 15, 2, 3. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 8, 2. Probably not the A. Caecina of Ad fam.

n, BC 5, 102, 422. On his profiteering, Ad fam. 15, 17, 2; his father, ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil. 11, 11 ff.; 13, 26 ff. 3 I

17, 2; his father,ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil. 11, 11 ff.; 13, 26 ff. 3 Ib. 3, 23. The tribunes were Ti. Cannutius, L. Cassiu

quitur, sed vivit habitatque cum Balbo, qui item bene loquitur. ’ 4 Ib. 15, 22, 1: ‘inimicum Antonio? quando aut cur? quo

m’, In Pisonem 13), and his entertainments were lacking in splendour ( ib. 67). The fortunes of certain eminent nobiles were

Page=>140 1 Ad Att. 16, 7, ι; Phil. 1, 8. Cf. above, p. 117. 2 Ib. 16, 7, 7: ‘nec ego nunc, ut Brutus censebat, istu

c, ut Brutus censebat, istuc ad rem publicam capessendam venio. ’ 3 Ib. 16, 11, 1 ff. (Nov. 5th). 4 Ib. 10, 8a (a very

m publicam capessendam venio. ’ 3 Ib. 16, 11, 1 ff. (Nov. 5th). 4 Ib. 10, 8a (a very friendly letter); 10, 10, 2 (an ex

8a (a very friendly letter); 10, 10, 2 (an extract from another). 5 Ib. 11, 7, 2. PageBook=>141 deference. 1 Cicer

141 1 Ad Att, 14, 13a; 13b (Cicero’s reply). 2 Above, p. 114. 3 Ib. 15, 12, 2: ‘sed tamen alendus est et, ut nihil al

1 Ad Att. 16, 8 (Nov. 2nd), cf. 16, 9 (one or two days later). 1 Ib. 16, 11, 6. 4 Ib. 16, 14, 2: ‘nec me Philippus a

(Nov. 2nd), cf. 16, 9 (one or two days later). 1 Ib. 16, 11, 6. 4 Ib. 16, 14, 2: ‘nec me Philippus aut Marcellus movet.

tting November of this year. 6 Ad Att. 16, 8, 1, cf. 16, 14, 2. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 9 Ib. 16, 14, 1.

his year. 6 Ad Att. 16, 8, 1, cf. 16, 14, 2. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 9 Ib. 16, 14, 1. PageBook=>143

t. 16, 8, 1, cf. 16, 14, 2. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 9 Ib. 16, 14, 1. PageBook=>143 professed the utm

fficiis 1, 25 (Crassus’ definition of the money a princeps required); ib. 26 (on the ‘temeritas’ of Caesar). 3 Ib. 3, 83:

oney a princeps required); ib. 26 (on the ‘temeritas’ of Caesar). 3 Ib. 3, 83: ‘ecce tibi qui rex populi Romani dominusqu

ticus in July (Ad Att. 16, 2, 6), the De officiis not until November ( ib. 16, 11, 4). 5 This may perhaps be supported by

. post red. in senatu 13; De prov. cons. 9 ff. 2 Phil. 2, 74 f. 3 Ib. 2, 77. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 4 (allegations m

some amends in the Pro Vatinio. 9 Asconius, 63 (p. 72, Clark). 10 Ib. 14 (p. 16, Clark). Cicero himself describes the E

ipiis, id est omnes plane: quotus enim quisque nostrum non est? ’ 6 Ib. 11, 12; 13, 27. 7 Pro Balbo 51. 8 Ad fam. 10,

res salutaris; sed inter pacem et servitutem plurimum interest. ’ 5 Ib. 7, 9: ‘cur igitur pacem nolo? quia turpis est, qu

m nolo? quia turpis est, quia periculosa, quia esse non potest. ’ 6 Ib. 13, ι: ‘timui ne condicio insidiosa pacis liberta

ι: ‘timui ne condicio insidiosa pacis libertatis recuperandae studia7 Ib. 7, 14: ‘dicam quod dignum est et senatore et Roma

blicae, in qua nullus tunc legibus locus, ad arma civilia actum’; cf. ib. 1, 10, where it is described as a fraudulent pret

i p. consulatis’(i.e. especially Cicero’s feud against Antonius). 5 Ib. 10, 11, 3: ‘non me impedient privatae offensiones

ventes latrones’ and ‘parricidae’ (Ad fam. 10, 23, 3 and 5); ‘furor’ ( ib. 5). 8 Bell. Afr. 4, 1: ‘si posset aliqua ration

στρατ∈ύ∈σθαι νομίςουσι μᾶλλον ἢ βοηθ∈ῖν οἰκ∈ίᾳ χἀριτι καὶ γνὡμῃ. 2 Ib. 5, 17, 71: ἥ τ∈ τῶν στρατηγῶν ὑπόκρισις μία, ὡς ἁ

Res Gestae 2. 2 BMC, JR. Emp. I, 29. 3 Phil. 3 and 5, passim. 4 Ib. 3, 3: ‘non enim effudit: in salute rei publicae c

Ib. 3, 3: ‘non enim effudit: in salute rei publicae conlocavit. ’ 5 Ib. 3, 6, cf. 4, 9. 6 Ib. 5, 30: ‘ieci sententia me

dit: in salute rei publicae conlocavit. ’ 5 Ib. 3, 6, cf. 4, 9. 6 Ib. 5, 30: ‘ieci sententia mea maximo vestro consensu

i sententia mea maximo vestro consensu fundamenta rei publicae. ’ 7 Ib. 11, 28 (on Brutus and Cassius): ‘qua lege, quo iu

uae rei publicae salutaria essent legitima et iusta haberentur. ’ 8 Ib. 11, 17: ‘nam extraordinarium imperium populare at

ventosum est, minime nostrae gravitatis, minime huius ordinis. ’ 9 Ib. 11, 27: ‘nam et Brutus et Cassius multis iam in r

eret: omnes enim in consulis iure et imperio debent esse provinciae’ ( ib. 4, 9). But was that the point? The fact that Cice

sulars of the years 48-45. 4 Phil. 8, 22. 5 Ad fam. 12, 4, 1. 6 Ib. 10, 28, 3 7 Phil 8, 30: ‘nam illud quidem non a

y during his consulate, not NotesPage=>169 1 Phil. 6 and 7 2 Ib. 7, 3, cf. 5, 5 PageBook=>170 merely encour

NotesPage=>173 1 Phil. 12 (c. March 10th?). 2 Phil. 13. 3 Ib. 13, 22 ff. 4 Ad fam. 10, 6, 3: ‘haec impulsus b

am. 10, 6, 3: ‘haec impulsus benevolentia scripsi paulo severius. 5 Ib. 27, 2: ‘itaque sapientius meo quidem iudicio faci

ta pro mortali condicione vitae immortalitatem estis consecuti. ’ 2 Ib. 13, 40 (Antonius’ own words): ‘quibus, utri nostr

atis rationem habueritis, melius et vobis et rei p. consuletis. ’ 3 Ib. 10, 23, 1: ‘Lepidum enim pulchre noram. ’ 4 Ib.

. consuletis. ’ 3 Ib. 10, 23, 1: ‘Lepidum enim pulchre noram. ’ 4 Ib. 10, 24, 3: ‘quantum autem in acie tironi sit comm

r war they had NotesPage=>166 1 Ad fam. 10, 24. On Octavianus, ib. § 5 f. 2 Cf. his letters, Ad fam. 10, 31–3. 3

1 Ad fam. 10, 11, 2 (the words ‘furor’ and ‘furiosus’ are used). 2 Ib. 12, 5, 3: ‘populi vero Romani totiusque Italiae m

m. 11, 20, 1: ‘laudandum adulescentem, ornandum, tollendum. ’ Cicero ( ib. 11, 21, 1) does not expressly deny that he said s

si verum fateri volumus, fluxisse ex fonte consiliorum meorum. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 10, 3. He there describes Octavianus as ‘meis

ro’s ambition to be consul. 4 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th). 5 Ib. 1, 2a, 2: ‘salutaris severitas vincit inanem spec

quod si clementes esse volumus, nunquam deerunt bella civilia. ’ 6 Ib. : ‘acrius prohibenda bella civilia esse quam in su

. Brutum 2, 4, 5). 3 Above, p. 64. 4 Ad M. Brutum I,15, 10 f. 5 Ib. 1, 16 and 17 (early July?). The authenticity of t

ty of these two letters has been contested on inadequate grounds. 6 Ib. I, 17. PageBook=>171 ‘Read again your word

sce et aude negare servientis adversus regem istas esse preces. ’ 2 Ib. : ‘atqui non esse quam esse per ilium praestat. ’

mber had written μηδ σωθϵίην ὑπό γϵ τοιούτου (Ad Att. 16, 15, 3). 3 Ib. 1, 16, 8: ‘longe a servientibus abero mihique ess

honores nec virtus aliena dulcedinem vivendi minuere potuerit. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff. 5 Appian, BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil.

otesPage=>172 1 Appian, BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not authentic. 2 Ib. 3, 93, 383 ff. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 95. Ch

4 Appian, BC 4, 17, 65. 5 e.g., the wife praised in ILS 8393. 6 Ib. 4, 16, 64: πολλὰ δ’ τσί, καὶ πολλοὶ ‘Pωμαίων v πο

tibus reprehendebatur, quod parum odisse malos cives videretur. ’ 4 Ib. 11, 4. PageBook=>193 Calidus, famed as a p

1, 14, 3. A certain Barbarius Philippus actually became praetor (Dig. ib. ): not to be identified with M. Barbatius Pollio,

2. 2 Above, p. 164. 3 Appian, BC 4, 6, 26. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 64, cf. ILS 6204. 6 Appian, BC 4, 37, 15

Metellus and a Lentulus among the proscribed (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175; ib. 39, 164) and Spinther’s son, quaestor under Trebo

4 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 3. He fell in battle, Plutarch, Brutus 51. 5 Ib. 1, 14, 1. 6 For example, the freedman’s son Q.

her. Of nobiles there also perished Sex. Quinctilius Varus (Velleius, ib. ), and probably young P. Lentulus Spinther; and so

48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, BC 5, 33, 130 ff. 7 Ib. 5, 33, 131; cf. ILS 886. 8 Velleius 2, 75. Pa

1 CIL xi, 67211: ‘M. Ant. imp. ’ Also indecent abuse of Octavianus, ib. 67217 and672111. 2 Ib. 672126: ‘L(eg.) xι I Div

t. imp. ’ Also indecent abuse of Octavianus, ib. 67217 and672111. 2 Ib. 672126: ‘L(eg.) xι I Divom Iulium’; ib. 67215 (ag

nus, ib. 67217 and672111. 2 Ib. 672126: ‘L(eg.) xι I Divom Iulium’; ib. 67215 (against Fulvia); ib. 672113: ‘L Antoni cal

2 Ib. 672126: ‘L(eg.) xι I Divom Iulium’; ib. 67215 (against Fulvia); ib. 672113: ‘L Antoni calve peristi | C. Caesarus vic

scribere qui potest proscribere. ’ 5 Appian, BC 5, 35, 139 ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appian, BC 5,

NotesPage=>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5, 26, 102; Dio 48, 22, 1 ff. T. Sextius had at l

ival dynasties. NotesPage=>217 1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28, 4; Appian, BC 5, 65,

made more allegorical in form. 3 Servius on Eel. 4, 1. 4 Servius, ib. 5 Cf. R. Syme, CQ xxxi (i937), 39 ff. 6 Prope

p. 660; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 500. 5 Dio 48, 26, 3 (wrongly dated). 6 Ib. 48, 41, 1; Josephus, AJ 14, 393 ff. PageBook=&g

s to deliver. 2 Gellius 15, 4, 4. 3 Dio 49, 22, 3 f., &c. 4 Ib. 49, 24, 1; Plutarch, Antonius 34; Strabo, p. 501.

, 132, 549; and coins, BMC, R, Rep. 11, 510 ff.; for coins of Oppius, ib. 11, 517 ff. The presence of Atratinus in western

=>232 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Libo became cos. ord. in 34. 2 Ib. 5, 144, 598 ff. 3 Dio 48, 30, 5 ff. When Titius

2, 79, 5). 4 Velleius 2, 80, 3: ‘praeter nomen nihil trahens. ’ 5 Ib. 80, 4: ‘spoliata, quam tueri non poterat, dignita

tined him to be NotesPage=>234 1 Appian, BC 5, 130, 541 f. 2 Ib. 5, 132, 548. 3 Above, pp. 90 and 188. For Octav

n Spain in 41 B.C. (Appian, BC 4, 83, 351) and in the Belium Siculum ( ib. 5, 112, 469). 4 Val. Max. 8, 11, 2. PageBook=

kinsman Q. Pedius (cos. suff. 43) belonged to the family of Messalla ( ib. 35, 21). 6 Lepidus was not an admiral: but he w

them all, were to be amply NotesPage=>238 1 Dio 49, 7, 6. 2 Ib. , 14, 3; Velleius 2, 81, 2; Virgil, Aen. 8, 684.

lli, quibus per fraudem is fuit tuti aut eo magis honesti sunt. ’ 2 Ib. 4, 7: ‘etiam homines novi, qui antea per virtutem

cinia potius quam bonis artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur. ’ 3 Ib. 3, 4: ‘nisi forte quem inhonesta et perniciosa lu

5 Quintilian 10, 1, 101: ‘nec opponere Thucydidi Sallustium verear’; ib. 102: ‘immortalem illam Sallusti velocitatem. ’

l humanas hostias vidistis et sepulcra infecta sanguine civili. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 55, 17 and 22 M. 5 Ib. 2, 16 m: ‘oris probi,

t sepulcra infecta sanguine civili. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 55, 17 and 22 M. 5 Ib. 2, 16 m: ‘oris probi, animo inverecundo. ’ Page

5, 132, 547, cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 32, 1. 3 Dio 49, 43, 5. 4 Ib. 49, 13, 1 ff.; 34, 3 f. PageBook=>256 sent

y were to operate a fusion NotesPage=>256 1 Dio 48, 21, 3. 2 Ib. 47, 15, 4. 3 Ib. 49, 43, 5. 4 The reliefs sho

fusion NotesPage=>256 1 Dio 48, 21, 3. 2 Ib. 47, 15, 4. 3 Ib. 49, 43, 5. 4 The reliefs showing scenes from ea

): there was, however, a restoration after damage by fire in 14 B.C. ( ib. 54, 24, 2 f.). 5 On this, cf. especially L. R.

1 Nepos, Vita Attici 19 f. Octavianus wrote to him almost every day ( ib. 20, 2): yet Atticus was also in sustained corresp

trothed to Ti. Claudius Nero, the step-son of Octavianus (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this.

1694. 3 Strabo, p. 568. 4 Dio 48, 33, 5. 5 Strabo, p. 660. 6 Ib. , p. 574. PageBook=>260 He had Caesar’s eye

Cf. J. Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 579. 3 Emphasized by Kromayer, ib. 585. The evidence of Josephus is clear and valuab

the execution of Caesar’s Thessalian friends Petraeus and Menedemus ( ib. ). 6 Cf. PIR1, P 835. (Strabo, p. 949.). He was

Antonius 25), in Judaea in 40 B.C. (Josephus, AJ 14, 394) and in 36 ( ib. 15, 25), and in negotiation with the King of Arme

τῇ Kλεʋπάτρα, χαριεῖ ται καὶ τὸ κράτʋϛ ἐϛ τὴν Aἴγυπτʋν μεταθήσει. 5 Ib. 5, 4. 6 Ib. 5, 3; Plutarch, Antonius 60. 7 Pl

χαριεῖ ται καὶ τὸ κράτʋϛ ἐϛ τὴν Aἴγυπτʋν μεταθήσει. 5 Ib. 5, 4. 6 Ib. 5, 3; Plutarch, Antonius 60. 7 Plutarch, Antoni

lust, BJ 42, 1: ‘per socios ac nomen Latinum. ’ Sallust also records ( ib. 40, 2) how in 109 B.C. the nobiles employed ‘homi

>298 1 Aem. 8, 688. 2 Velleius 2, 88. 3 Dio 51, 4, 3 ff. 4 Ib. 51, 9, 1. For the coins of Scarpus, see BMC, R. R

Alexander, the world-conqueror. 3 Dio 51, 21, 2 (cf. 19, 2 f.). 4 Ib. 51, 22, 2. 5 Odes 3, 3, 57 ff. 6 Aen. 12, 828

ccidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troia. ’ 7 Livy 5, 51 ff. 8 Ib. 5, 49, 7. PageBook=>306 there was to hand

hil habui sane, non (modo) multum, quod putarem novandum in legibus ‘( ib. 3, 12). In fact, the changes he proposes are few

together satisfied with the speculations of the wisest of the Greeks ( ib. , 36). 4 W. Weber (CAH XI, 367) alleges that Aug

neque dictatura sed principis nomine constitutam rem publicam. ` 2 Ib. 1, 2: ‘posito triumviri nomine consulem se ferens

igns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff.; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C., ib. 315 ff. P. Carisius coined at Emerita (BMC, R. Em

year with the suffectus, Cn. Calpurnius Piso. 4 Dio 54, 3, 2 f. 5 Ib. 54, 3, 4: πειδὴ καì ἀκράτῳ καί κατακoρϵ τ παρρησί

icinius (2, 10, 9 ff.) who is probably Murena. 3 Dio 53, 24, 2. 4 Ib. 54, 3, 5: Horace, Odes 2, 2, 5 f.: ‘vivet extento

us? 4 PageNote. 335 1 Tacitus, Ann. 2, 43. 2 Dio 53, 30, 2. 3 Ib. 50, 32, 4. Son of P. Sestius (tr. pl. 57 B.C.). H

ς oἰκoυμ της ἄρχoντα, χϵιν. Compare the mention of παραδυναστϵύoντϵς ( ib. 53, 19, 3). XXIV. THE PARTY OF AUGUSTUS PageB

t iniqua cum habet nullos gradus dignitatis. ’ 2 Res Gestae 28. 3 Ib. 15. 4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 I

es Gestae 28. 3 Ib. 15. 4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 55, 25, 2 ff. PageBook=>353 The so

auxiliaries. NotesPage=>353 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 49, 1. 2 Ib. 25, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 4. The name may be ‘Scruttariu

NotesPage=>353 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 49, 1. 2 Ib. 25, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 4. The name may be ‘Scruttarius’, cf. C. Cich

9 (under Tiberius); 2703 (Ti. Julius Viator, son of ‘C. Julius Aug. l( ib. )’. 8 Dio 53, 27, 6. 9 See below, p. 410, on L

ium and nowhere else (‘Sotidius’: CIL IX, 349 and 397. ‘Libuscidius’: ib. , 338, 348, 387, 6186). 4 Suetonius, Otho 1, 1:

Este and Zagreb (CIL V, 811278; III, 1201030): for Tarii in Dalmatia, ib. , 2877 f.; in Istria, ib. 3060. 3 P. Silius Nerv

11278; III, 1201030): for Tarii in Dalmatia, ib., 2877 f.; in Istria, ib. 3060. 3 P. Silius Nerva was the son of a senato

hem as τούς τ∈ γ∈νναιoτάτους καì το ς ἀρίστους τούς τ∈ πλουσιωτάτους ( ib. §4). 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 60: ‘ac saepe regn

her frauds, old Messalla Rufus had taken to writing family histories ( ib. ). Pliny observes ‘sed, pace Messallarum dixisse l

re, for example, Cornelius Sulla Felix, PIR2, C 1463; (Q.?) Metellus, ib. , C 62; M. Aemilius Scaurus, ib., A 405; Lentulus

Felix, PIR2, C 1463; (Q.?) Metellus, ib., C 62; M. Aemilius Scaurus, ib. , A 405; Lentulus Maluginensis, the father of the

405; Lentulus Maluginensis, the father of the cos. suff. of A.D. 10, ib. , C 1393; Cornelius Dolabella, father of the consu

0, ib., C 1393; Cornelius Dolabella, father of the consul of A.D. 10, ib. , C 1345; at least two men of the name of Corneliu

. 10, ib., C 1345; at least two men of the name of Cornelius Sisenna, ib. , C 1454-6; and the father of C. Sulpicius Galba (

Ec. Hist. of the Roman Empire (1926), 573 f. 3 Ad Att. 7, 7, 6. 4 Ib. 5, 1, 2. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 72, 1. 6 Vel

or portentous banquets. 9 NotesPage=>381 1 Dio 48, 32, 2. 2 Ib. 54, 29, 5. 3 CIL V, 323; 409; 457; also 878 (Aq

s slaves of the Lollii in Rome (for the details, P-W XIII, 1387). 8 Ib. Pliny had seen the woman. 9 Macrobius 3, 13, 11

f a political faction. NotesPage=>384 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. 2 Ib. 2, 104, 3. 3 Ib. 2, III, 2. 4 M. Vinicius, co

on. NotesPage=>384 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. 2 Ib. 2, 104, 3. 3 Ib. 2, III, 2. 4 M. Vinicius, cos. A.D. 30, cos. II

well with his stepmother, whose name he took and carried for a time ( ib. , 4, 1), and, like his father, was much in demand

receive a bounty in money. NotesPage=>389 1 Dio 54, 6, 5. 2 Ib. 54, 12, 4f. On his powers, cf. M. Reinhold, Marcu

. ep. 1933, 85); for L. Tarius, that from the vicinity of Amphipolis ( ib. , 1936, 18): ‘imp. Caesare | divi f. Aug. | L. Tar

e year was out. NotesPage=>402 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 37. 2 Ib. 29, 5. 3 Res Gestae 20; Dio 53, 22, 1 f.; ILS 1

o harshly scrutinized. 8 NotesPage=>403 1 Dio 55, 26, 4 f. 2 Ib. 54, 8, 4. On the various curatores, cf. CAH x, 19

r imperium for life: for the interpretation of this, see Premerstein ( ib. , 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken over: Illyricum in

acitus, Ann. 1, 7. His son was at once appointed to be his colleague, ib. 1, 24. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 58, 2. 4 That

os illi vera dicere: qui si vixissent, inter dissimulantes fuissent’ ( ib. 4). PageBook=>414 The historian might with

is problem, cf. E. Groag in PIR2, C 289; for a stemma of the Pisones, ib. , facing p. 54. See also Table V at end. 2 His d

13, 1. 4 lb. His father had been active in Narbonensis for Caesar ( ib. 4, 1). 5 Tacitus, Ann. 2, 42, cf. Suetonius, Ti

2 L. Arruntius, cos. 22 B.C. (PIR2, A 1129); his son, cos. A.D. 6 ( ib. , 1130). For their Pompeian connexions, which help

xprimere vacat neque cui vacat potest. ’ 4 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 31. 5 Ib. 1, 16 (Blaesus); Velleius 2, 125, 5 (Dolabella).

4, 29. 2 Propertius 2, 7, cf. Livy, Praef. 9. 3 Odes 3, 3, 1. 4 Ib. 3, 24, 27ff. 5 Res Gestae 6; Dio 54, 16, 1 ff.

l value ‘nec meliores ob earn scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus’ ( ib. , 32). 2 Tacitus, Agr. 4, 4: ‘se prima in iuvent

ctivity of the last decade. PageNotes. 447 1 Odes 3, 6, 1 ff. 2 Ib. 1, 2, 29 f. 3 At least by Augustus, Res Gestae

arvum tugurium’ in which he was born. He produced eight children. 5 Ib. 3, 6, 37 f. 6 Georgics 2, 532 ff., cf. 167 ff.

k-stairs of monarchy. PageNotes. 452 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 53 f. 2 Ib. 3, 55. 3 Ib.: ‘nisi forte rebus cunctis inest q

archy. PageNotes. 452 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 53 f. 2 Ib. 3, 55. 3 Ib. : ‘nisi forte rebus cunctis inest quidam velut orb

sted,3 PageNotes. 456 1 Vibidius (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 48); Titedius ( ib. 85); Bruttedius (3, 66). Note also the orator Mur

ie amor, haec patria est. ’ PageNotes. 462 1 Odes 3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff. 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 4 Ib. 6, 791

62 1 Odes 3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff. 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 4 Ib. 6, 791 ff. PageBook=>463 And so Aeneas fol

l’s epic: res Italas Romanorumque triumphos. 7 PageNotes. 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib

Italas Romanorumque triumphos. 7 PageNotes. 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5

e triumphos. 7 PageNotes. 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 I

PageNotes. 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7

1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7 Ib. 8, 626. Pa

b. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7 Ib. 8, 626. PageBook=>464 L

b. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7 Ib. 8, 626. PageBook=>464 Like other literary

ed to senatorial rank. PageNotes. 466 1 Propertius 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 ff. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5

. PageNotes. 466 1 Propertius 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 ff. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14. 6 Ib.

466 1 Propertius 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 ff. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14. 6 Ib. 4, 1, 127 ff.

s 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 ff. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14. 6 Ib. 4, 1, 127 ff. 7 Aelia Galla,

b. 1, 22, 3 ff. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14. 6 Ib. 4, 1, 127 ff. 7 Aelia Galla, wife of Postumus (

1; 4, 6 (Actium); 2, 10; 3, 4 (conquest and revenge in the East). 2 Ib. 4, 11. 3 Amores 1, 9, 1. 4 Tacitus, Germ. 19,

d, even in the lowest class of society, had any cause to suspect him ( ib. 351 f.). PageBook=>468 Despite earlier vau

he poet is very discreet about the precise nature of the ‘error’. 3 Ib. , 131 f.: ‘nec mea decreto damnasti facta senatus

ignis Receptis. PageNotes. 469 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 42, 1. 2 Ib. , 57, 1; ILS 92 f. and 99. 3 Above, p. 446. 4

ρξεν δ τῷ κόσμῳ τ ν δι’ αὐτόν εύανγελί[ων ἡ γ εν θλιος ]το θεο . 4 Ib. , 1. 33 f.: πε[ιδή ἡ πáυτα] διατáξασα τo βίoυ ἡμ υ

mstinctus and Avectius, described as ‘tribuni ex civitate Nerviorum’ ( ib. , 141). Ch. XXXI THE OPPOSITION PageBook=>4

tes. 477 1 Livy, Per. 138, cf. Dio 54, 32, 1. 2 Dio 54, 5, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 16, 3. 4 Seneca, De ira 2, 5, 5 (an allegat

4 Cassius of Patavium, Suetonius, Divus Aug. 51, 1; Plautius Rufus ( ib. 19, 1, cf. Dio 55, 27, 2) is probably a man of Au

citus, Ann. 1, 10: ‘interfectos Romae Varrones Egnatios Iullos. ’ 2 Ib. , Hist. 3, 54. 3 Seneca, Controv. 2, 4, 13: ‘cap

o iudicium. ’ 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 43, 2. 5 Dio 54, 15, 7. 6 Ib. 8 because he snored. 7 Dig. 1, 2, 2, 47. Page

, Controv. 4, praef. 2 (a remark about ‘ille triumphalis senex’). 4 Ib. 10, praef. 8. 5 Dio 56, 27, 1. 6 Seneca, De i

bentis in aeternum ipse proscripsit. ’ 6 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34 f. 7 Ib. , Hist. 1, 1. This is assigned as a direct result

tiones se metientem, vultu vitaque tranquillum, animo exsomnem. ’ 5 Ib. 2, 104, 2. 6 Ib. 2, 116, 2. PageBook=>489

, vultu vitaque tranquillum, animo exsomnem. ’ 5 Ib. 2, 104, 2. 6 Ib. 2, 116, 2. PageBook=>489 Velleius, a typic

carminum Vergilius Rabiriusque. ’ 2 Suetonius, Caligula 16, 1. 3 Ib. 34, 2. Ch. XXXI THE DOOM OF THE NOBILES PageB

tii (2, 10, 2). 2 On the Junii Silani, PIR1, 1 541 if.; the stemma, ib. 550; cf. also Table IV at end. M. Junius Silanus,

miarum caede madenti’ (4, 154). 9 P-W XVII, 877 f.; for the stemma, ib. , 870. Of all noble houses, however, the Acilii Gl

52: ‘merito dubitasse Verginium equestri familia, ignoto patre. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 49 (ultimate and damning). PageBook=>504

in which election by the people was abrogated. W. Otto s definition ( Ib. LI (1916), 73 ff.) is probably too wide. 2 Hora

laudius Balbillus (L’ann. ép., 1924, 78), the Spartan C. Julius Laco ( ib. , 1927, 1), and Ti. Claudius Dinippus (ib., 1917/8

the Spartan C. Julius Laco (ib., 1927, 1), and Ti. Claudius Dinippus ( ib. , 1917/8, ι f.: Corinth). This Balbillus is probab

lina (Suetonius, Galba 3, 4); his son, in favour with his stepmother ( ib. 4, 1), with Livia Drusilla (ib. 5, 2) and vainly

s son, in favour with his stepmother (ib. 4, 1), with Livia Drusilla ( ib. 5, 2) and vainly solicited to marriage by Agrippi

ia Drusilla (ib. 5, 2) and vainly solicited to marriage by Agrippina ( ib. 5, 1). 2 Varus was the official scapegoat for t

s 2, 3, I f.: ‘aequam memento rebus in arduis | servare mentem. ’ 6 Ib. I, 7, 19f. 7 ILS 886 gives the inscription on t

asses. NotesPage=>513 1 Ann. 1, 3. 2 Lucretius 2, II ff. 3 Ib. 5, 1145 ff. 4 Ann. 3, 28. 5 Gibbon, Decline a

. 2, 38, where the historian speaks for himself. 4 Dial. 36 ff. 5 Ib. 40, 2: ‘sed est magna ilia et notabilis eloquenti

ria, adrogans, quae in bene constitutis civitatibus non oritur. ’ 6 Ib. 3: ‘apud quos omnia populus, omnia imperiti, omni

populus, omnia imperiti, omnia, ut sic dixerim, omnes poterant. ` 7 Ib. 4: ‘nostra quoque civitas, donee erravit, donee s

it, donee se partibus et dissensionibus ct discordiis confecit. ’ 8 Ib. 4: ‘sed nec tanti rei publicae Gracchorum eloquen

were. NotesPage=>517 1 Tacitus, Agr. 3, 1. 2 Hist. 1, 1. 3 Ib. 4, 8: ‘bonos imperatores voto expetere, qualiscum

4, 8: ‘bonos imperatores voto expetere, qualiscumque tolerare. ’ 4 Ib. 4. 74. 5 Ib.: ‘sacvi proximis ingruunt. ’ 6 S

mperatores voto expetere, qualiscumque tolerare. ’ 4 Ib. 4. 74. 5 Ib. : ‘sacvi proximis ingruunt. ’ 6 Seneca, De clem.

0, 2. 2 Velleius 2, 131, 1. 3 Fasti 2, 60. 4 Odes 1, 2, 50. 5 Ib. 4, 5, if. 6 Ib. 4, 15, 16. 7 Ib. 4, 14, 43 f.

2, 131, 1. 3 Fasti 2, 60. 4 Odes 1, 2, 50. 5 Ib. 4, 5, if. 6 Ib. 4, 15, 16. 7 Ib. 4, 14, 43 f. On this notion an

ti 2, 60. 4 Odes 1, 2, 50. 5 Ib. 4, 5, if. 6 Ib. 4, 15, 16. 7 Ib. 4, 14, 43 f. On this notion and phraseology, cf.

‘[et] postea bellum inferentis rei publicae | vici b[is a]cie. ’ 2 Ib. 30. Note also the prominence of the naval expedit

n in A.D. 5, commanded by Tiberius, though his name is not mentioned ( ib. 26). 3 Ib. 34. 4 As Mommsen observed (in his

commanded by Tiberius, though his name is not mentioned (ib. 26). 3 Ib. 34. 4 As Mommsen observed (in his edition of 18

Nerva, previously supposed to be the Cocceius of the Fasti Biondiani ( ib. , p. 65). 38 B.C. The Cornelius who was cos. suf

, 1 ff. ——— ‘Insignien und Tracht der römischen Kaiser’, ib. L (1935), 1 ff. ——— ‘Zum Panzerschmuck

——— ‘Zum Panzerschmuck der Augustusstatue von Primaporta’, ib. LII (1937), 48 ff. ——— ‘Zur Kenntnis de

XIII (1928), 113 ff. ——— ‘Die NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’, ib. L (1915), 395 ff. ——— Die NobilitÃ.t der

1938), 165 ff. ——— ‘Alexander Helios and the Golden Age’, ib. XXII (1932), 135 ff. ——— ‘Antony’s Le

86 f.; on Q. Servilius Caepio, who adopted Servilia’s son Brutus, cf. ib. 333 ff. III. THE FAMILY OF AUGUSTUS This tree

tigated by C. Cichorius, Hermes xxxix (1904), 461 ff. (with a stemma, ib. 470). In the matter of his connexion with the Cor