war and military tyranny. If despotism was the price, it was not too
high
: to a patriotic Roman of Republican sentiments ev
ransactions which he narrated a commander of armies and an arbiter of
high
diplomacy; and he lived to within a decade of the
t could transcend material interests and combine class-loyalty with a
high
ideal of Roman patriotism and imperial responsibi
4 The Marcii, in ancient dignity rivals to the patriciate, now stood
high
again, with several branches. L. Marcius Philippu
not ‘pro consule’ but ‘pro consulibus’ (Cicero, Phil. II, 18). On his
high
repute as a wit, cf. Cicero, Brutus 173; as a gou
tory. Luxurious without taste or measure, the advocate got a name for
high
living and dishonest earnings, for his cellar, hi
lus and P. Servilius Vatia (Plutarch, Caesar 7). PageBook=>026
high
assembly. But the speech and authority that won t
me time that he was doing a good service to Pompeius. 1 Cicero was in
high
spirits and fatal confidence. At variance with th
xtortion or treason. They would secure lawyers reputed for eloquence,
high
principle and patriotism. Cato was waiting for
moral. 1 Yet speculation cannot be debarred from playing round the
high
and momentous theme of the last designs of Caesar
laminian senators. The figure of interest demanded (48 per cent.) was
high
but not unparalleled in such transactions (SIG3 7
harsalus, at once gave up a lost cause, receiving pardon from Caesar,
high
favour, a provincial command and finally the prae
ion, personal feuds and personal interest masked by the profession of
high
principle, family tradition and the primacy of ci
Gallic and Civil Wars, rewarded already for service or designated to
high
office. 2 Their coalition with Pompeians and Repu
sons of Roman knights: the latter class does not show a conspicuously
high
proportion. 5 Whatever might be their origin or a
he Senate. 4 Hirtius was a comfortable person of scholarly tastes, in
high
repute as a gourmet: it was a danger to ask him t
inimicus aut quis iure esse potuit? ’ PageBook=>073 classes or
high
finance against Caesar. 1 The financier Atticus w
red unknown to history, the Senate after Sulla must have contained in
high
proportion the sons of Roman knights. 1 The same
settled at Rome, the ancestor of the gens Claudia. 1 Sabine, too, in
high
probability were the Valerii, perhaps the Fabii.
geBook=>092 in the courts of Rome, making enemies and friends in
high
places. 1 Pollio was with Caesar when he crossed
break of the Civil War. Five of them were nobiles, with patricians in
high
and striking relief. 6 The four novi homines were
es in a manner which on any theory of legality can only be branded as
high
treason. So far the plea for Antonius. Security
landed near Brundisium. When he learned about the will, he conceived
high
hopes, refusing to be deterred by letters from hi
for an appeal to the citizen body in cases of breach of the peace or
high
treason. This time there was criticism and opposi
e legal point, no question: Octavianus and his friends were guilty of
high
treason. NotesPage=>125 1 Nicolaus, Vita C
re strong enough to achieve it. Public pronouncements on matters of
high
policy, however partisan in tone, cannot altogeth
at is to say, behind the scenes private ambition, family politics and
high
finance were at their old games. Cicero and the a
was no other than the unimpeachable Philodemus from Gadara, a town in
high
repute for literature and learning. 10 Antonius h
him and executed him after a summary trial:2 the charge was probably
high
treason, justified by assistance which Trebonius
he adventurer emerges again, now unexpectedly to dominate the game of
high
politics. Brutus urged Octavianus to turn south
mmand over the fleets and sea-coasts of the Roman dominions. It was
high
time for the Caesarians to repent and close their
achery be held true to the Roman People at a time when patriotism and
high
principle were invoked to justify the shedding of
admiral of the Republic. The ambitious or the shameless made show of
high
loyalty and competed for the right to prosecute.
dissentient neutrals; and the total of victims was probably never as
high
as was believed with horror at the time, or uncri
the establishment of the Triumvirate, four of them are found holding
high
command. Of these, T. Sextius and Q. Fufius Calen
Antonius revealed the treachery of Salvidienus; who was arraigned for
high
treason before the Senate and condemned to death.
ty of Rome. The life of Octavianus was endangered. Unpopular taxes,
high
prices and the shortage of food provoked serious
freedmen; in the subsequent campaigns in Sicily only two Romans held
high
command on his side: Tisienus Gallus, the refugee
Livia was about to give birth to another son no obstacle, however, in
high
politics. The college of pontifices when consulte
d the triumph that would have thrown the disasters of Octavianus into
high
and startling relief. 1 The young Caesar was now
was frail, scanty indeed his military skill. But craft and diplomacy,
high
courage and a sense of destiny had triumphed over
bove, p. 196. PageBook=>245 existence, for the transactions of
high
policy were conducted by the rulers in secret or
PageBook=>259 AFTER Brundisium the prestige of Antonius stood
high
, and his predominance was confirmed by the renewa
ater the lord of Derbe and Laranda, whose principality lay beside the
high
road into Asia. 2 The kings of Commagene and Capp
iment. Once again Octavia was thrown forward as a pawn in the game of
high
politics, to the profit of her brother, whichever
not have left Italy after the Pact of Brundisium. Plancus remained,
high
in office and in favour, perhaps aspiring to prim
adequately. Men could see that divorce, like marriage, was an act of
high
politics. Now came an opportune discovery so oppo
anus disowned him, breaking off all amicitia. After a prosecution for
high
treason in the law courts the Senate passed a dec
n of the ‘higher legality’ should find no quarrel with a rigid law of
high
treason. It is time to turn from words and theo
PageBook=>325 The choice of means did not demand deep thought or
high
debate in the party councils. Augustus took what
y one was of consular standing. 1 The others were praetorian. Nor was
high
birth in evidence. The family and connexions of o
a certain M. Primus, gave trouble. He was arraigned in the courts for
high
treason on a charge of having made war against th
not sentimental. Their loyalty to Augustus was also loyalty to Rome a
high
and sombre patriotism could prevail over politica
The tall trees fall in the tempest and the thunderbolt strikes the
high
peaks. 2 Another of the party-dynasts had come to
quick repentance, joining the company of those renegades who rose to
high
office, Crassus, Titius and M. Junius Silanus. Ot
class of senators unable to keep up their station. For the rest, the
high
assembly now discarded certain useless or unsound
owards the Princeps, service to the Caesarian cause and protection in
high
places. The Caesarian partisans and the successfu
Wars waged between Romans with veteran armies on either side set a
high
standard of mobility, supply and strategy, at onc
t praefecti classium; and the position of praefectus castrorum stands
high
in the equestris militia (e.g. ILS 2688). 2 Vel
rity from riot or fire. 3 The Viceroy of Egypt could look down from
high
eminence upon a mere proconsul of Crete or Cyprus
rs in the equestris militia; 3 further, they held procuratorships and
high
equestrian posts under Augustus, which gave them
the consulate after A.D. 4.2 But Tiberius was not the only force in
high
politics; and even if Taurus could not retain und
d Spain for Pompeius. Of the others, the obscure Petreius was also in
high
repute as a military man. 4 He may have served in
llius. Silvanus and Piso, however, were nobiles. These men all held
high
command in the provinces of the East with which,
ts of Pompeius survived: no chance that they would be allowed to hold
high
command in Spain. The earlier class of provincial
ins his imperium in the city of Rome ; 2 he controls admission to the
high
assembly; he takes charge of public provinces; he
he safety of the State in an emergency, and gradually develops into a
high
court of justice under the presidency of the cons
ed the decisions of the government; senatorial rank and the tenure of
high
office were no longer an end in themselves but th
en holding no public office, the intrigues of ladies at the centre of
high
society or hanging ambiguous about its fringes, t
adventurer. The hazards and intrigues of the revolutionary era set a
high
premium on secret counsel and secret diplomacy; a
NotesPage=>413 1 Which explains the origin of Narbonensis (the
high
road to Spain), Macedonia(the Egnatia) and the di
, beneath the mask of service and subordination, Tiberius concealed a
high
ambition; like Agrippa, he would yield to Augustu
nishment went beyond that, and the procedure was probably a trial for
high
treason. 6 Circumstantial reports of the revels o
hardly afford in this critical season the luxury of a moral purge of
high
society. What induced him to court public scandal
e presumed, no lack of open joy and welcome, to dissemble the ruin of
high
ambitions. It was expedient to demonstrate withou
gh only for a year, was L. Aelius Lamia, a lively old man who enjoyed
high
social distinction although the first consul in h
r none at all. With marriage and without it, the tone and habits of
high
society were gay and abandoned. The New State sup
verning class the penalties were in proportion to the duties of their
high
station. Marriage with freedwomen, though now for
ch return they secured from their vines. 1 But the advocates of the
high
ideals of the New State were not asked to examine
en defies but cannot always evade detection: it will seldom have been
high
. Indeed, natives from the recently conquered vall
es the social status of the legionary in the time of Augustus far too
high
. 3 Indirect arguments can be used. For example,
could not have been domesticated, tamely to chant the regeneration of
high
society, the reiterated nuptials of Julia or the
e most illuminating commentary upon it. After eloquent discourse upon
high
themes Horace recovers himself at the end: non
Aeneas’, as he stamps himself at once. Throughout all hazards of his
high
mission, Aeneas is sober, steadfast and tenacious
PageNotes. 475 1 For examples of these men, ILS 7013 ff. The first
high
priest was C. Julius Vercondaridubnus, an Aeduan
hat edifice witnessed a similar spectacle. Aemilia Lepida, a woman of
high
birth and abandoned habits, organized a processio
his stature was short, a defect which he sought to repair by wearing
high
heels. Nor were all his features prepossessing he
t decisions were taken in private and known to few, speculation about
high
politics ran rife in the clubs and salons of the
d with his grandson (cos. A.D. 26), legate of Pannonia and accused of
high
treason in A.D. 39. Presumably an ally of Gaetuli
cracy at least, counterbalanced other benefits. The Senate became a
high
court of justice and the Princeps’ own jurisdicti
a high court of justice and the Princeps’ own jurisdiction developed:
high
treason was a flexible and comprehensive offence.
4, 5. 4 Titinius Capito (Pliny, Epp. 1, 17). This person had been a
high
secretary of state under Domitian, Nerva and Traj
Senate among the gods of Rome for his great merits and for reasons of
high
politics. None the less, it will not help to desc
cus, C, Greek in imperial service, 506. Julius Vercondaridubnus, C,
high
priest at Lugdunum, 475. Julius Viator, Ti., free
as a cardinal factor in the Principate, 355; as procurators, 356; in
high
office, 356 f., 409; personal friends and counsel