t Clodia was the wife of L. Licinius Lucullus (cos. 74), who divorced her , making shocking allegations (Plutarch, Lucullus

mbition of the patrician Servilii and ruthless to recapture power for her house. 5 Her brother, Q. Servilius, husband of

useful orator. Terentia, Cicero’s wife, afraid lest he should divorce her and marry Clodia, provoked a breach by making Cic

he nor Caesar were predestined partisans of Pompeius. Servilia reared her son to hate Pompeius, schemed for the Caesarian a

by Servilia, who worked steadily to restore the dignity and power of her family. In her dynastic policy she ruthlessly emp

ho worked steadily to restore the dignity and power of her family. In her dynastic policy she ruthlessly employed the three

In her dynastic policy she ruthlessly employed the three daughters of her second husband, whom she gave in marriage to C. C

change. In Egypt Caesar could support a candidate, Cleopatra, against her sister and the ministers of the Ptolemaic Court;

, themselves for the most part of alien origin. When Alba Longa fell, her gods and her ruling families were transplanted to

for the most part of alien origin. When Alba Longa fell, her gods and her ruling families were transplanted to Rome: hence

umph had ever been celebrated whether they fought against Rome or for her . 4 The Marsi provided the first impulsion to the

sius was resentful and truculent, Brutus undecided. Servilia promised her influence to get the measure revoked. No other de

ius, Brutus’ agent, had arrived at Rome. Servilia promised to pass on her information to Cicero, who was jubilant ‘videtur

erited his policy and his character; and Clodia committed incest with her brother and poisoned her husband. The enormities

character; and Clodia committed incest with her brother and poisoned her husband. The enormities of P. Vatinius ranged fro

. Would that all good men and champions of Rome’s empire might become her citizens! Where a man came from did not matter at

ine Clusinius (Quintilian 7, 2, 26), and Pollio subsequently defended her heirs in a famous lawsuit. 7 Namely L. Quinctiu

nd professions of pietas. 2 Fulvia, if anybody, knew the character of her husband: he neither would nor could go back upon

g, if not by destroying, the rival Caesarian leader, and thus win for her absent and unsuspecting consort the sole power wh

s, exaggerated the role of Fulvia both at the time and later, putting her person and her acts in a hateful light; and there

the role of Fulvia both at the time and later, putting her person and her acts in a hateful light; and there was nobody aft

was nobody afterwards, from piety or even from perversity, to redeem her memory. (For a temperate view of Fulvia, the last

ummoned an important vassal, the Queen of Egypt, to render account of her policy. 2 Cleopatra was alert and seductive. 3

od will but did not surrender. The Queen, who was able to demonstrate her loyalty to the Caesarian party, received confirma

onstrate her loyalty to the Caesarian party, received confirmation in her possessions and departed. Antonius, making necess

us Octavia, left a widow with an infant son by the opportune death of her husband, C. Marcellus, in this year. Such was t

n, no foreign foe had been able to destroy Rome. Her own strength and her own sons laid her low. 1 The war of class against

had been able to destroy Rome. Her own strength and her own sons laid her low. 1 The war of class against class, the domina

to become a father. The sister of Octavianus had a son, Marcellus, by her consular husband; but Marcellus was born two year

nces with his young and beautiful bride and spent the winter of 39 in her company, enjoying the unwonted pleasures of domes

e mediation of Octavia was invoked to secure an accommodation between her brother and her husband or so at least it was all

ctavia was invoked to secure an accommodation between her brother and her husband or so at least it was alleged, in order t

. He may already have tired of Octavia. Anything that reminded him of her brother must have been highly distasteful. His fu

2 M. Aemilius Scaurus was the son of Mucia, Pompeius’ third wife, by her second husband. Sex. Pompeius had married a daugh

nd influential connexions. Herself in the direct line of the Claudii ( her father, slain at Philippi, was a Claudius adopted

ompeius, for L. Antonius and the Republic in the War of Perusia. With her husband and the child Tiberius, Livia fled from t

m of Scribonia’s husbands, intensified by Suetonius when he describes her as ‘nuptam ante duobus consularibus’ (Divus Aug.

of C. Memmius (pr. 58 B.C.) and of Fausta, Sulla’s daughter (Milo was her second husband). Ch. XVIII ROME UNDER THE TRIUM

heir place, Etruscan or Umbrian, Picene or Lucanian. 4 Rome had known her novi homines for three centuries now, admitted in

is passion and ostensible source of his inspiration (he had inherited her from another),6 NotesPage=>252 1 Above, p.

ost wealthy of the Roman vassals, the Queen of Egypt: he had not seen her for nearly four years. Fonteius brought her to An

of Egypt: he had not seen her for nearly four years. Fonteius brought her to Antioch, where they spent the winter of the ye

leopatra received no greater accession than did other dynasts ; 2 but her portion was exceedingly rich. Her revenues were a

continuous territory northwards into Syria. Antonius refused to give her any more. These grants do not seem to have exci

ndour and wealth, though not in military power. She had reconstituted her heritage, now possessing the realm of Ptolemy Phi

n the high-sounding names of Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene; 2 her next child was to bear the historic and significa

venty ships: of ships Antonius had no need. Octavia was instructed by her brother to bring a body of two thousand picked me

structed by her brother to bring a body of two thousand picked men to her husband. Antonius was confronted with damaging

rown forward as a pawn in the game of high politics, to the profit of her brother, whichever way the adversary moved. 3 Ant

epted the troops. Octavia had come as far as Athens. Her husband told her to go back to Rome, unchivalrous for the first ti

south and south-east, Rome was secure on that flank and could direct her full effort towards the north or the north-east,

&c. (Cinna): Cinna was the son of Pompeia, daughter of Magnus, by her second marriage, namely, with L. Cornelius Cinna,

he domination which Cleopatra had achieved over him and the nature of her own ambitions. A fabricated concatenation of unre

,1 but when he abode there as consort of Egypt’s Queen, the father of her children who were crowned kings and queens, his d

273 1 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 81. The rulers of Egypt were Cleopatra and her eldest son Ptolemy Caesar (alleged son of the Dic

h Cleopatra it was different: she was a goddess as well as a queen in her own right. The assumption of divinity presented a

llow that he was merely a tool in the hands of Cleopatra, beguiled by her beauty or dominated by her intellect. His positio

ool in the hands of Cleopatra, beguiled by her beauty or dominated by her intellect. His position was awkward if he did not

ward if he did not placate the Queen of Egypt he would have to depose her . Yet he was quite able to repel her insistent att

of Egypt he would have to depose her. Yet he was quite able to repel her insistent attempts to augment her kingdom at the

her. Yet he was quite able to repel her insistent attempts to augment her kingdom at the expense of Judaea. There is no sig

e dangerous forms of domination he may have succumbed to the power of her imagination and her understanding. Yet that is no

domination he may have succumbed to the power of her imagination and her understanding. Yet that is not proved. Antonius w

urate a new universal kingdom. 4 In this deep design Antonius was but her dupe and her agent. Of the ability of Cleopatra

niversal kingdom. 4 In this deep design Antonius was but her dupe and her agent. Of the ability of Cleopatra there is no

dupe and her agent. Of the ability of Cleopatra there is no doubt: her importance in history, apart from literature and

II (1932), 141; CAH x, 82 f. PageBook=>275 is not certain that her ambition was greater than this, to secure and aug

ertain that her ambition was greater than this, to secure and augment her Ptolemaic kingdom under the protection of Rome. T

man now much more than an accident in the contest, inevitable without her , between the two Caesarian leaders. Failing Cleop

without her, between the two Caesarian leaders. Failing Cleopatra and her children, Octavianus would have been reduced to i

Armenia was outweighed by the donations of Antonius to Cleopatra and her children, a vulnerable point for hostile attack i

Cleopatra or no Cleopatra. But the Queen was there: Antonius stood as her ally, whatever the nature of the tie that bound t

rough against the blandishments of Cleopatra, refusing even to salute her with the title of ‘Queen’:2 Republican principle,

s Plancus, who set himself to win the favour of Cleopatra, pronounced her the winner in a famed if not fabulous wager with

Cleopatra and directed that, when he died, he should be buried beside her in Alexandria. 2 The signal was given for a ren

the most eloquent of the Romans, because Cleopatra was passing by in her litter, that he had bestowed upon his paramour th

oman politicians, a firm disinclination to join in quarrels fought at her expense. Why should Italy sacrifice brave sons an

a degenerate Roman to install a barbarian queen upon the Capitol with her eunuchs, her mosquito-nets and all the apparatus

Roman to install a barbarian queen upon the Capitol with her eunuchs, her mosquito-nets and all the apparatus of oriental l

grown rich from the revenues of the East, the return she gained from her export of soldiers, financiers and governors. The

o became King of Mauretania. Such was the fate of Egypt’s Queen and her children, crowned kings and queens. The Roman imp

re superbos. 1 But the armies of Rome presented a greater danger to her stability than did any foreign enemy. After Actiu

0 B.C. It would be exceedingly rash to speculate on the identity of her husband Gallus: but a knight as powerful as C. Co

rs of Illyricum and Macedonia were satisfactory; and Africa nourished her proverbial wars. Special commands were no novel

in Rome of their own right, the Claudii and the Livii. She exploited her skill for the advantage of herself and her family

d the Livii. She exploited her skill for the advantage of herself and her family. Augustus never failed to take her advice

he advantage of herself and her family. Augustus never failed to take her advice on matters of state. It was worth having,

secret. Livia had not given the Princeps a child. She had two sons by her first husband, Ti. Claudius Nero and Nero Claudiu

ii, the Nerones. There was closer kin. Octavia had been employed in her brother’s interest before and knew no policy but

s made a fatal mistake he told Terentia of the danger that threatened her brother. 3 Augustus could not forgive a breach of

confidence. Maecenas’ wife was beautiful and temperamental. Life with her was not easy. 4 An added complication was Augustu

tch had been contrived long ago by Livia, that astute politician whom her great-grandson called ‘the Roman Ulysses’. 1 For

politician whom her great-grandson called ‘the Roman Ulysses’. 1 For her son she might have selected an heiress from the m

Livia Drusilla held the office of a municipal magistrate at Fundi, so her irreverent great-grandson alleged. 1 The Empire

rebuke of the princess his paramour for the disgrace she brought upon her family, her ancestors and all posterity by succum

e princess his paramour for the disgrace she brought upon her family, her ancestors and all posterity by succumbing to the

gt;358 1 Suetonius, Cal. 23, 2 (Aufidius Lurco or rather, Alfidius: her mother was called Alfidia, ILS 125). 2 Tacitus,

time the capital city was relieved of the burdensome presence of both her rulers. There followed a certain relaxation in th

r was not the Princeps’ only pawn. His sister Octavia had children by her two marriages: from the first, C. Marcellus and t

ere each twice married. Hence another Octavia, Augustus’ half-sister: her sons were Sex. Appuleius and M. Appuleius, both c

fter the death of his wife Cornelia in 16 B.C. He died soon after and her second husband Barbatus died in his consulate.

ghter, the beautiful Lollia Paullina, paraded like a princess. It was her habit to appear, not merely at state banquets, bu

rely at state banquets, but on less exacting occasions, draped in all her pearls, and little else: her attire was valued at

n less exacting occasions, draped in all her pearls, and little else: her attire was valued at a mere forty million sesterc

oman matrons, herself the model and paragon, or weaving garments with her own hands, destined to clothe her husband, the Ro

d paragon, or weaving garments with her own hands, destined to clothe her husband, the Roman magistrate. Her private activi

vius Otho, the consulate for M. Plautius Silvanus, who was the son of her intimate friend Urgulania. 4 NotesPage=>385

itus, Ann. 2, 34; 4, 21 f. It may also be surmised in the marriage of her granddaughter to Claudius the son of Drusus (Suet

atrician Ser. Sulpicius Galba were handsomely rewarded by legacies in her will. 1 Much worse than that was suspected and ru

s suspected and rumoured about Livia poison and murder. Her power and her following can be detected in the time of her son,

nd murder. Her power and her following can be detected in the time of her son, most distasteful to him. Antonius’ daughter,

t of Pompeius, Livia would have been a political force, comparable to her kinswoman Servilia. When Augustus took counsel wi

t relationship. Yet even had Livia not been the wife of the Princeps, her son under the revived aristocracy of the New Stat

e in low water: Tiberius lived on in exile and might never return. On her own side of the family she lacked relatives who m

atives who might be built up into a faction. 2 To be sure, there were her grandchildren, the three children of Drusus and A

4, 1), was a distant relative. Likewise Livia Medullina, who died on her wedding day (Suetonius, Divus Claudius 26, 1). Cf

f Rome now had their turn for nine years. Livia waited and worked for her family, patient and unobtrusive. There must be no

rd in the syndicate of government. In the end, everything played into her hands. In 2 B.C. an opportune scandal burst into

t it was not of Livia’s doing, and it brought no immediate benefit to her son. The whole episode is mysterious. NotesPage

sland. He provided the Senate with a document and full particulars of her misbehaviour, her paramours and her accomplices:

the Senate with a document and full particulars of her misbehaviour, her paramours and her accomplices: they were said to

document and full particulars of her misbehaviour, her paramours and her accomplices: they were said to be numerous, of ev

stantial reports of the revels of Julia, of the number and variety of her lovers, were propagated by rumour, embellished wi

cturnal debauch the Forum and the very Rostra from which the Princeps her father had promulgated the laws that were to sanc

Rome. 7 It may be tempting, but it is not necessary, to rehabilitate her entirely. Julia may have been immodest, but she w

adultery Julia was a Roman aristocrat and claimed the prerogatives of her station and family8 was it necessary that there s

ight have been suspected, bearing heavily on the Julii who supplanted her son. But no ancient testimony makes this easy gue

the erring mother did not impair the succession of Gaius and Lucius, her sons. The motive must have been political, the

Julia may well have found the accomplished Antonius more amiable than her grim husband. But all is uncertain if Augustus st

scandal and conspiracy, merciless towards Julia and the five nobiles her allies; and in A.D.I, when his son and heir was c

Then Germany rose. Varus and three legions perished. Rome did not see her new master for many years. The adoption of Tibe

People. Julia, it was alleged, had slipped into the wayward habits of her gay and careless mother. She was therefore relega

e accused of adultery with Julia, for she was his wife. Connivance in her misconduct may have been invoked to palliate his

he scholiast on Juvenal 6, 158, states that Julia was relegated after her husband had been put to death, then recalled, but

th, then recalled, but finally exiled when she proved incorrigible in her vices. If this could be taken as quite reliable,

The Roman matron could claim that she needed no written law to guide her , no judge to correct: mi natura dedit leges a s

ion of the State a measure quite superfluous so long as Rome remained her ancient self. In the aristocracy of the last age

husband, after divorcing, could prosecute both the guilty partner and her paramour. The penalty was severe relegation to th

r all time in war. In the exaltation of ‘Itala virtus’ Rome magnified her valour, for Rome had prevailed over Italy. Page

ld no longer disguise, the decline of Italy and the transformation of her governing class, the rule of wealth was convenien

Aeneas a foreshadowing of Augustus. Like the transference of Troy and her gods to Italy, the building of the New Rome was a

harmlessness would divert attention from the real offences of Julia, her husband and her ostensible paramours, and create

uld divert attention from the real offences of Julia, her husband and her ostensible paramours, and create the impression t

with the gods and honoured the land. Earth requited with the gift of her fruits ‘iustissima tellus’. The figure of Terra M

rganized a procession of society ladies in protest against Quirinius, her former husband. The spectators responded loyally,

r resources and tightened their alliances. Thus did Servilia work for her family, capturing the Aemilian connexion. But all

Cassius’ wife, was the last. She died at the age of ninety-three. At her funeral were borne the imagines of twenty noble h

three. At her funeral were borne the imagines of twenty noble houses, her ancestors and her kin. 2 Yet Cassius’ stock, with

ral were borne the imagines of twenty noble houses, her ancestors and her kin. 2 Yet Cassius’ stock, with eminent consuls,

rank and leaving no heir; 4 his spirited sister chose to perish with her husband, young Lepidus. Scaurus was spared after

ce to the later generations of the Julii and Claudii. Livia had given her husband no children but the Claudii ruled. And in

13, 1). Junia Calvina was relegated on a charge of incest with one of her brothers (Ann. 12, 4); for the date of her death,

arge of incest with one of her brothers (Ann. 12, 4); for the date of her death, cf. Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 23, 4. PageBo

ius Ahenobarbus, 378, 421. Antonia (Minor), married to Drusus, 378; her court, 386; her three children, 422. Antonii, 19,

378, 421. Antonia (Minor), married to Drusus, 378; her court, 386; her three children, 422. Antonii, 19, 493, 494, 495.

relations with Caesar, 275; donations by Antonius, 260, 270, 300 f.; her rapacity, 260, 270; relations with Antonius and t

elative unimportance, 274; end of Cleopatra, 298 f.; the legend, 299; her children, 261, 270, 300. Cleopatra Selene, 261,

ghter of Sulla, 25, 279. Cornelia, daughter of Scribonia, 229, 238; her sons, 422; exemplar of female virtue, 444, 467.

the proscriptions, 191; in the Perusine War, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212; her flight and death, 215, 217; her children, 189, 29

erusine War, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212; her flight and death, 215, 217; her children, 189, 299; a rehabilitation, 208. Fulv

man’s son in militia equestris, 354. Junia, wife of Cassius, 69, 116; her funeral, 492. Junia, mother of C. Claudius Marc

rnment writers, 488. See also History, Roman Poets. Livia Drusilla, her marriage to Octavianus, 229; character and ambiti

her marriage to Octavianus, 229; character and ambitions of, 340 f.; her success in 23 B.C., 345; political activities of,

racter, 422, 425. Lollia, wife of A. Gabinius, 31. Lollia Paullina, her pearls, 381, 477; husbands, 499, 518. Lollii, 3

, marries a woman from Asculum, 357. Mantua, 465. Marcella (Major), her husbands, 378, 379; her daughter Claudia Pulchra,

sculum, 357. Mantua, 465. Marcella (Major), her husbands, 378, 379; her daughter Claudia Pulchra, 421. Marcella (Minor),

bands, 378, 379; her daughter Claudia Pulchra, 421. Marcella (Minor), her marriages, 378, 421, 422. Marcellus, see Claudi

nt back by Antonius, 226; behaviour in 35 B.C., 265; divorce of, 280; her son Marcellus, 341. Octavia, half-sister of Aug

., partisan of Sex. Pompeius, 228, 232. Plotina, wife of Trajan, 415; her origin, 502. Plotius Plancus, L., proscribed, 1

cipio, see Cornelius. Scribonia, wife of Octavianus, 213, 219, 229; her other husbands, 229. Scribonia, wife of Sex. Po

29; her other husbands, 229. Scribonia, wife of Sex. Pompeius, 213; her descendants, 425, 496 f. Scribonia, wife of M. Li

), 23, 45. Servilia, the mother of Brutus, 12, 21, 23 f., 136, 185; her ambition and influence, 23 f., 69; liaison with C

; her ambition and influence, 23 f., 69; liaison with Caesar, 35, 58; her hatred of Pompeius, 58, 69; as amatchmaker, 58, 6

cus, betrothed to Octavianus, 182, 189; married to Lepidus’ son, 230; her death, 298. Servilii, 18 f., 21, 23, 69, 84, 42

n the Bellum Italicum, 87; men from Umbria, 90, 360 f., 466. Urbinia, her heirs defended by Pollio, 193. Urbinius Panapio

to Claudius, 422. Urvinum, 353. Valeria Messallina, 499, 500, 504; her lineage, 496. Valerii, 10, 18, 84, 85, 163, 238