lagrant. It has not been composed in tranquillity; and it ought to be held back for several years and rewritten. But the the

mperial succession. Such accidents of duration and fortune the future held . None the less, the main elements in the party of

a revolutionary leader. The happy outcome of the Principate might be held to justify, or at least to palliate, the horrors

nation. After Sulla’s ordinances, a restored oligarchy of the nobiles held office at Rome. Pompeius fought against it; but P

he great patrician houses, Valerii, Fabii and Cornelii, none the less held in turn a dynastic and almost regal position. 1 T

ces of Sulla the Dictator, there were many senators whose fathers had held only the lower magistracies or even new-comers, s

of the nobilitas cannot evade detection. 1 Three weapons the nobiles held and wielded, the family, money and the political

regions not directly concerned with Roman political life. Whether he held authority from the State or not, he could thus ra

The lesser was to prevail. The patricians in the restored oligarchy held rank not so much from resources of their own as f

and pliable, resisted the revolutionary designs of M. Livius Drusus, held the censorship under the domination of Marius and

same year furnished an added testimony of his temper. When the Senate held debate concerning the associates of Catilina, Cae

prosecuted, in war and in peace, through illegality and treachery. He held a command in Africa against Marian remnants and t

ing him take command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already held all Spain, in an anomalous and arbitrary fashion.

supporters through inertia, vanity or perfidy, Caesar gained them and held them. The gold of Gaul poured in steady streams t

control of the Roman government in the years 88–83 B.C. The Samnites held Nola even till 80 B.C., Livy, Per. 89. 4 As Tel

. ’ 5 Cicero, Pro Caecina 102; Ad Att. 1, 19, 4, &c. Volaterrae held out till 80 B.C., Livy, Per. 89. PageBook=>0

as to be adequate and of the best, namely his own person. Italy was held to be firm for conservative interests. No doubt:

ent and inevitable: many senators, many of the Liberators themselves, held preferment, office, or provinces from the Dictato

that it was necessary. At the time of Caesar’s death, the armies were held by his partisans, save that certain arrangements

nce. From his career and station, from the authority of the office he held , the predominance of Antonius was a given and ine

hed. To Lepidus Antonius secured the office of pontifex maximus, once held by a glorious and remembered ancestor; 1 he also

eterans in the cause of public order. As for the provinces, D. Brutus held Gallia Cisalpina for the rest of the year, a terr

ovince was Africa Nova, where he succeeded Sallustius. Q. Cornificius held Africa Vetus, without legions; his predecessor ha

itherto been couched in a vein of conciliation; his recent speech was held to be distinctly amicable. 1 To their edict he no

and a faction. As many of the most eminent of the Caesarians already held office and preferment, were loyal to Antonius or

end of the year he disposed his forces around the city of Mutina and held Brutus entrapped. Civil war had begun, but wint

riving his descent on the maternal side from the Cilnii, a house that held dynastic power in the city of Arretium from the b

lders of property. But not for long they were a minority and could be held in check. The cause of Caesar’s heir was purely r

an honest man and a patriot valued. But Brutus was far away. Winter held up warfare in the north, with leisure for grim re

People was ultimately sovran, but the spirit of the constitution was held to be aristocratic. In fact, oligarchy ruled thro

D. Brutus might perhaps be defended: he was at least a magistrate and held his province through legal provisions, namely the

lapse. Gallia Cisalpina dominated Italy; and the generals in the West held the ultimate decision of the contest for the Cisa

d and despised, Pollio in austere independence. L. Munatius Plancus held Gallia Comata, consul designate for 42 B.C., the

granted before now imperiutm and the charge of a war to a man who had held no public office. But there were limits. The Sena

onsul, his position, though not so strong, was valid in this, that he held his extraordinary command in virtue of a plebisci

ithout strong political ties or sentiments. In the north winter still held up military operations. At Rome politics lapsed f

n. The war needed men and money, vigour and enthusiasm. Levies were held . Hirtius, though rising weak and emaciated from

ed himself only after considerable loss. Octavianus, in the meantime, held and defended the camp near Mutina. Along with Pan

run. All that remained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined armies of the Repu

cus, even the perfidious and despised Lepidus may yet in treachery be held true to the Roman People at a time when patriotis

5. Ch. XIV THE PROSCRIPTIONS PageBook=>187 CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months. The

r that he is not heard of again. Antonius’ adherent Q. Fufius Calenus held a military command and died in 40 B.C.; but the C

nters the field, almost all non-Latin in their nomenclature. Some had held independent command under Caesar: Allienus and St

ems to have commanded two legions established in Italy,3 while Pollio held the Cisalpina with a strong army. 4 At first th

f ships frustrated an invasion of the island. As for Antonius, he was held up at Brundisium by a hostile navy under the Repu

ν αἰτίᾳ μ λλον ἣ τ ν τυραννούντων. PageBook=>204 cause, it is held , was doomed from the beginning, defeat inevitable

the hope of effecting a junction with the generals of his brother who held all the Gallic provinces. Octavianus, with Agri

last hope. The Triumvir’s own province, all Gaul beyond the Alps, was held for him by Calenus and Ventidius with a huge forc

e town and destroyed it utterly. 4 Nursia, remote in the Sabine land, held out for freedom under Tisienus Gallus, but was fo

march and movements are obscure. Pollio retired north- eastwards and held Venetia for a time against the generals of Octavi

proaching with an armament from the East, Antonius’ man Calenus still held all Gaul beyond the Alps. On the coasts Ahenobarb

mmon ground, available for recruiting to both leaders, while Antonius held all the provinces beyond the sea, from Macedonia

, perhaps, of all the marshals of the Revolution. Like Balbus, he had held as yet no senatorial office the wars had hardly l

early, therefore, the consul of 39 B.C., and not his son, as commonly held (e.g. PIR2, C 353). 2 Appian, BC 5, 66, 277.

own to Peloponnesus. One of its stations was the island of Zacynthus, held by his admiral C. Sosius. 3 But the Balkan peni

Greek freedmen; in the subsequent campaigns in Sicily only two Romans held high command on his side: Tisienus Gallus, the re

diplomacy by his daring and by the services of three friends. Agrippa held the praetorship in that year, but Maecenas and Sa

obscure admiral M. Lurius, never heard of before and only once again, held a command in Sardinia. 7 To this ill-consorted an

ivato consularis’ (2, 51, 3). Two persons of the name of L. Cornelius held suffect consulates in this period, in 38 and in 3

first time among his generals or active associates seven men who had held or were very soon to hold the consulate, all men

als received and retained the appellation of imperator. 3 Cornificius held the consulate at the beginning of 35 B.C.; the up

s probably succeeded by Taurus, who was also augur (ILS 893a). Taurus held ‘complura sacerdotia’ (Velleius 2, 127, 1). 5 D

bed the balance of power and disconcerted Antonius. Three dynasts had held the world in an uneasy equilibrium. With only two

es, coveted only for the bare distinction, were granted in abundance, held for a few days or in absence. 6 The sovran assemb

There was fair evidence at hand to confirm the deeply- rooted belief, held among the learned and the vulgar alike, that hist

us, was so patently the pride and monopoly of the senator that it was held a matter of note, if not of scandal, when an infe

ffices may have preserved or restored the poet’s estate so long as he held Cisalpina, but the disturbances of the Perusian W

e Pact of Brundisium: who was his successor in that province, and who held Macedonia with the command of Antonius’ Balkan ar

in Asia and by the lack of trained troops. The western soldiers were held to be far the best. Eastern levies had an evil

ppointed by Antonius. There is no evidence of any provincial commands held by L. Caninius Gallus, C. Fonteius Capito or L. F

y circumspect. M. Cocceius Nerva and a certain C. Cocceius Balbus had held official commands under Antonius; 2 the amiable a

was soon to be requited with the consulate which Antonius should have held . Republican freedom of speech now revelled in a b

f his ordering of the provinces and kingdoms of the East. Ahenobarbus held back, perhaps in hope of peace. 2 Sosius took the

nate and People were not utterly to be despised: the consuls could be held guilty of a grave misdemeanour in leaving Italy w

e revelations of the renegade Plancus. 2 None the less the will was held genuine, and did not fail in its working, at leas

fe partisans. The tried soldiers C. Carrinas and C. Calvisius Sabinus held Gaul and Spain, L. Autronius Paetus (or another)

admirals, the principal were Sosius and Poplicola; commands were also held by M. Insteius, a man from Pisaurum, by the exper

ivil war would soon be felt. Some at least of the triumphs soon to be held by Caesarian marshals (no fewer than six in 28-26

5 Taurus in Spain, Dio 51, 20, 5 (under the year 29 B.C.). Calvisius held his triumph on May 26th, 28 B.C. (CIL I 2, p. 77)

of Nonius Gallus (50, 20, 5) and of C. Carrinas (51, 21, 6). Carrinas held a triumph, on May 30th, 28 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 77).

. Valerius Messalla. The proconsul of Macedonia, M. Licinius Crassus, held that his successes deserved special honour: he wa

augmented the total of the patrician families; the two colleagues now held a census in virtue of powers specially granted an

ot all. The young despot not only conceded, but even claimed, that he held sovranty over the whole State and the whole Empir

to the ruinous ambition of politicians who sought power illegally and held it for glory and for profit. Rival dynasts rent t

uspend the constitution, down to his third consulate and the power he held by force NotesPage=>316 1 Cicero, De re pu

in a brief footnote (Der Glaube der Hellenen 11, 428 n.). 3 Scipio held the ancient constitution to be far the best (De r

sources, open or secret—all that the principes in the last generation held , but now stolen from them and enhanced to an exor

Crassus and Caesar took a large share of provinces. From 55 B.C. they held Gaul, Cisalpine and Transalpine, Spain and Syria,

provinces gradually developed; and it is by no means certain that it held good for the public provinces from the beginning.

r the work of conquest and pacification went on, or whether order was held to be established, the territories of Augustus’ p

established, the territories of Augustus’ provincia were to be firmly held by men whom he could trust. Northern Italy was no

resumably the consul of 15 B.C. The precise definition of the command held by generals operating in northern Italy in this p

s Rufus (cos. suff. 16) and M. Vinicius (cos. suff. 19) may well have held more than one praetorian command in the provinces

Republican of independent and recalcitrant temper. Hitherto Piso had held aloof from public life, disdaining office. August

usibly to be derived from the social and moral programme which he was held to have inspired. He was no puppet: but the deeds

te glance had inherited in full measure the statecraft of houses that held power in Rome of their own right, the Claudii and

istoria 2, 20. PageBook=>345 Though the patrician Claudii were held to be arrogant, they were the very reverse of exc

wo emperors might one day be required or four. Yet the fabric must be held together. Two remedies were available. The Prince

uld now become safely domiciled in regular and normal administration, held by the principal servants of the government. Pa

ustus proudly affirmed, no fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with that su

from good fortune or a better calculation in treason, they would have held pride of place among the grand old men of the New

that is to say, for knights (including senators’ sons who had not yet held the quaestorship). Ex-centurions would naturally

many enemies. L. Annaeus Seneca, a wealthy man from Corduba, may have held a post of this kind before he devoted himself to

. PageBook=>358 and the maternal grandfather of Livia Drusilla held the office of a municipal magistrate at Fundi, so

he origin of M. Lollius and of P. Silius is unknown. 3 A novus homo held the consulate as colleague of Quirinius in 12 B.C

ed or sought to stem their steady advance. Augustus, it is commonly held , lacked both the broad imperial vision and the li

rovinces served as officers in the equestris militia; 3 further, they held procuratorships and high equestrian posts under A

stricius, the son of Myriotalentus (clearly of non-Roman extraction), held a minor magistracy at least perhaps as promotion

d probably fixed thirty as the age at which the quaestorship could be held , forty- two the consulate. Caesar had been hasty

rom consuls secured the consulate even to the most unworthy which was held to be right and proper, a debt repaid to ancestor

he new order Cicero would have won the consulate without competition, held it without ostentation or danger, and lived secur

ion: they continued thus to be recruited. 3 Calvisius and Taurus each held at least two priesthoods; 4 the excellent Sentius

his own legates. Before long the more important of his provinces were held by consulars, who are the principal ministers of

on, most distasteful to him. Antonius’ daughter, the widow of Drusus, held a rival court. Among the most zealous in cultivat

1 There were good reasons for that. Rome and Italy could be firmly held for the Princeps in his absence by party- dynasts

nt. In the first and tentative years of the new dispensation Augustus held the territories and armies of his provincia throu

e last years of the Principate, there existed seven military commands held by imperial legates of consular rank; of these, f

distasteful novelty (A.D. 6). 4 M. Plautius Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C.) held in succession the posts of proconsul of Asia and

as Lollius. Silvanus and Piso, however, were nobiles. These men all held high command in the provinces of the East with wh

Before long, however, that important command, with five legions, was held by Ahenobarbus and by Vinicius in immediate succe

t;402 For certain services in the city Augustus devised posts to be held by Roman knights. For the rest, he called upon se

arum thus officially constituted the first president was Messalla. He held the post until his death. Ateius Capito followed,

already existed in the brief Dictatorship of Caesar. While the Senate held empty debate or none at all, and prominent dignit

th, and the position of the Princeps was delicate and perilous, being held to repose upon general consent and modest executi

Principate was first transmitted to a successor, that person already held sufficient powers to preclude any real opposition

tonia) and the successive consorts of his daughter Julia. Ahenobarbus held in succession the command of the great northern a

ough absent, Tiberius still had a following; though an exile he still held his tribunicia potestas; and he was still the Pri

ainst this powerful and unpopular ally of the Princeps may perhaps be held confirmed rather than refuted by Horace’s eager p

men. Lepidus, of Scipionic ancestry, son of Augustus’ friend Paullus, held aloof from the politics of the Aemilii and the al

he Guard, C. Turranius of the corn supply; another knight, M. Magius, held Egypt. All the provincial armies were in the hand

command. 4 In Illyricum, now divided into two provinces, Pannonia was held by Q. Junius Blaesus, the uncle of Seianus, Dalma

PageBook=>440 SO far the manner in which power was seized and held , the working of patronage, the creation of an oli

ge could confidently be inaugurated. The Secular Games were therefore held in 17 B.C. Q. Horatius Flaccus, who composed the

excess did not fit a Roman and a senator. 2 Only law and oratory were held to be respectable. But they must not be left to s

en before all others should have provided the ‘Itala virtus’ that was held to be lacking in the decadent, pleasure-loving ar

m Aeneas and Romulus in the beginning down to recent worthies who had held triumphs or received the ornamenta triumphalia in

or country there was poverty and social unrest but Rome could not be held directly responsible for the transgressions of th

nothing but the Roman plebs remembered. When Titius presided at games held in the Theatre of Pompeius the people arose in in

various of interpretations have been advanced. Tatavinitas’ has been held to be a characteristic of the literary style of L

ht to power deserved any public repute, and that was Agrippa, so some held . 1 Candid or malignant informants reveal the most

,3 the more so because a respectable tradition of philosophic thought held monarchy to be the best form of government. It wa

μένονς ἂνϵν διχοσταίας . PageBook=>517 Libertas, it was widely held in senatorial circles, should be the very spirit

of, 290, 304, 380; under Augustus, 314, 357; garrison, 356; property held there, 380; worship of Augustus, 474; Prefects of

exions, 64, 134. Superstition, spread of, 218, 256, 471 f. Syria, held by Crassus, 37; in 44–43 B.C., 107, 111, 124, 171