ulii and Claudii had ruled for a century. 1 The ascension of Caesar’s heir had been a series of hazards and miracles: his co

mn comedy, staged by a hypocrite. Caesar was a logical man; and the heir of Caesar displayed coherence in thought and act

is the estimate of his political activity when he raised up Caesar’s heir against Antonius. The last year of Cicero’s life,

al dynasts of the closing age of the Republic and for their last sole heir the rule of Augustus was the rule of a party, and

o Notes) PageBook=>008 a government. That was left to Caesar’s heir , at the head of a new coalition, built up from th

, 44, I. PageBook=>009 in their open strife. 1 Augustus is the heir of Caesar or of Pompeius, as you will. Caesar the

ogical garden, ib. 3, 13, 2; ten thousand barrels of wine left to his heir , Pliny, NH 14, 96. 4 L. Licinius Lucullus (cos.

ould ally themselves with the strongest military leader, with Sulla’s heir as before with Sulla. The implacable Cato detes

rchies of the Hellenistic East. Thus may Caesar be represented as the heir in all things of Alexander the Macedonian and as

hereditary succession, for which no provision was made by Caesar. The heir to Caesar’s name, his grand-nephew, attracted lit

rove to recover leadership. Some families looked to Pompeius as the heir of Sulla and the protector of the oligarchy. More

ryman, officer or man of affairs, the progenitor, when he was not the heir , of a family with municipal repute and standing a

he advances of the Liberators. The Dictator left, and could leave, no heir to his personal rule. But Antonius was both a lea

EIR PageBook=>112 BY the terms of his will Caesar appointed as heir to his name and fortune a certain C. Octavius,

nrolled among the patricians; and Caesar drew up his will, naming the heir , on September 13th (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 1

now him as ‘Divus Augustus’. In the early and revolutionary years the heir of Caesar never, it is true, referred to himself

man’s fortune. 2 Italy and the world accepted him as Caesar’s son and heir ; that the relationship by blood was distant was a

emotional grounds. All conventions are baffled and defied by Caesar’s heir . Not for nothing that the ruler of Rome made use

e and by respected conservatives. For the moment, however, Caesar’s heir was merely a nuisance, not a factor of much influ

n what dominance the memory of Caesar retained over the populace. The heir of Caesar at once devoted himself to Caesarian pr

ius intervened, the sympathies of plebs and veterans went to Caesar’s heir . And now Heaven itself took a hand. At the eighth

ow. The prospect of a split between the Caesarian leader and Caesar’s heir was distasteful to the sentiments of soldiers and

s addressed to Antonius: the military men urged him to treat Caesar’s heir with loyalty and respect. Yielding to this moral

on Antonius and stayed the hand he would have raised against Caesar’s heir . The word of the veterans silenced the Senate of

ed the Caesarian sentiments of the mob and the popularity of Caesar’s heir . 2 Ad Jam. 11, 3, 1; Ad. Att. 16, 7, 7. PageB

youth, the dignified bearing, the demagogy and the bribes of Caesar’s heir . With what consummate art he worked upon this mat

nment may be learned from books. The revolutionary career of Caesar’s heir reveals never a trace of theoretical preoccupatio

dead autocrat at once lent their support and devotion to his son and heir . Loyalty could only be won by loyalty in return.

ntonius, the Caesarian general: yet Antonius was impotent against the heir of the Dictator. Once again the ghost of Caesar p

hunned dangerous prominence. The emergence of his stepson as Caesar’s heir put all his talents to the test. On that subject

hey were a minority and could be held in check. The cause of Caesar’s heir was purely revolutionary in origin, attracting al

Antonius is charged with refusing to hand over money due to Caesar’s heir perhaps unjustly. The legacies to the plebs were

ans of his friends. Further, Caesar’s freedmen were very wealthy. The heir could claim their services. 2 Nor is this all. Ca

iberators, would not have looked at this venture. No matter: Caesar’s heir secured almost at once the financial secretaries

respected his secrets. No record survives of his services to Caesar’s heir . After November he slips out of history for four

ered on a familiar errand, this time not for Caesar, but for Caesar’s heir a confidential mission to ensnare an elderly and

nds of Caesar, to whom they owed all, they would surely not repel his heir . Yet these men, mere municipal aristocrats, lacke

agents themselves. Cicero had first made the acquaintance of Caesar’s heir in April. 2 Then nothing more for six weeks. In J

e consul. However that may be, by the beginning of October Caesar’s heir was an alarming phenomenon. But even now, during

o was indeed most dubious. The veterans arose at the call of Caesar’s heir , the towns of Campania were enthusiastic. Among t

was but a youth, he lacked auctoritas. On the other hand, he was the heir of the Dictator, a revolutionary under the sign o

calculation, or even on a short? Of the wisdom of raising up Caesar’s heir , through violence and illegal arms against Antoni

ing libertas and such fair names. 4 In the autumn of 44 B.C. Caesar’s heir set forth to free Rome from the tyranny of the co

army for himself. So Caesar and Pompeius, the precedents for Caesar’s heir . When an adventurer raised troops in Italy on his

Caesar the Dictator. But what of the official recognition of Caesar’s heir ? Senators could recall how twenty years before a

s. The ingenious policy of destroying Antonius and elevating Caesar’s heir commended itself neither to the generals of the w

ble to arrest hostilities after the defeat of Antonius, curb Caesar’s heir and impose some kind of settlement. They were hon

ces with three veteran legions raised in his native Picenum. Caesar’s heir refused to take orders from Caesar’s assassin: no

be destroyed hence ruin to the Caesarian cause, and soon to Caesar’s heir . Antonius had warned him of that, and Antonius wa

n consul Pansa on his death-bed may or may not have given to Caesar’s heir . 4 And now on others beside Octavianus the mena

al coalition. In Italy that coalition had already collapsed; Caesar’s heir turned his arms against his associates and was ma

d all too faithfully the subtle and masterly policy of using Caesar’s heir to wreck the Caesarian party. Octavianus did not

did not act at once. The news of armies raised in Italy and Caesar’s heir marching on Rome will have convinced him at last

not admit to Brutus the ruinous failure of the alliance with Caesar’s heir . He asseverated his responsibility for that polic

ldiers, bearing the mandate of the army and the proposals of Caesar’s heir . For themselves they asked the promised bounty, f

ed. The sword decided. 7 For the second time in ten months Caesar’s heir set out to march on Rome. He crossed the Rubicon

us Aug. 95. Ch. XIV THE PROSCRIPTIONS PageBook=>187 CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten mon

enough. It lay neither in the plans nor even in the power of Caesar’s heir to consummate the ruin of the most powerful of th

d, and many another. That splendid name was now dishonoured. Caesar’s heir was no longer a rash youth but a chill and mature

om record. Philippus and Marcellus had played their part for Caesar’s heir and served their turn: they departed to die in pe

s had not been Antonius’ policy when he was consul. But with Caesar’s heir there could be no pact or peace. 1 When the Caesa

legions. Of the acts and policy of the dynasts, the share of Caesar’s heir was arduous, unpopular and all but fatal to himse

eath among them Ti. Cannutius, the tribune who had presented Caesar’s heir before the people when he marched upon Rome for t

f March before an altar dedicated to Divus Julius. 3 Where Caesar’s heir now stood, Italy learned in horror at Perusia and

remained in the province, was at last overcome and killed. 3 Caesar’s heir would soon be trapped and crushed at last. That w

ing the treaty he is an agent here, not merely a date. Antonius’ son, heir to the NotesPage=>219 1 Ecl. 4, 26 f.: at

rtner he had to defer the complete pacification of the East. Caesar’s heir journeyed to the encounter, taking a varied compa

ppeal to arms, no thought in his mind the chance to suppress Caesar’s heir had been offered repeatedly three years before, b

TAVIANUS XVII pg227-242 PageBook=>227 AT Brundisium Caesar’s heir had again been saved from ruin by the name, the f

ain of the assassins, for whom there could be no pardon from Caesar’s heir , no return to Rome. But the young Pompeius was de

an plebs might riot in his honour it was only from hatred of Caesar’s heir . In reality an adventurer, Pompeius could easily

onia, bears the name of Domitia Lepida. PageBook=>231 Caesar’s heir was damaged and discredited. The military glory o

nough. 4 The soldiers had no opinion of Lepidus and this was Caesar’s heir , in audacious deed as well as in name. Once again

f peace was enhanced by official act and religious sanction. Caesar’s heir was granted sacrosanctity such as tribunes of the

en senators. Again, at Brundisium his position was critical. Caesar’s heir had the army and the plebs, reinforced in devotio

No other nobilis can be found holding military command under Caesar’s heir in the four years before Brundisium, unless Norba

l narrative of the Sicilian campaigns reveals on the side of Caesar’s heir for the first time among his generals or active a

it is uncertain for how long. 5 The young Lepidus went with Caesar’s heir from hatred of his triumviral uncle (who had pros

became a subject of literary warfare, for a time at least, until his heir discountenanced an uncomfortable theme. Oppius an

ars. Maecenas hoped to employ Virgil’s art in the service of Caesar’s heir . The heroic and military age demanded an epic poe

r domination over a servile world, in the guise of divinity, Caesar’s heir as Apollo, Antonius as Dionysus. 5 It was by no m

with Antonius, Messalla and other nobles in the alliance of Caesar’s heir , had shown the way. The new monarchy could not ru

. Atticus by his accommodating manners won the friendship of Caesar’s heir without needing to break with Antonius a sign and

f lull when many feared the imminent clash and some favoured Caesar’s heir , none could have foreseen by what arts a national

well. Other partisans may already have been verging towards Caesar’s heir or neutrality with safeguards, in fear of a new c

r, the magnificent lie upon which was built the supremacy of Caesar’s heir and the resurgent nation of Italy. Yet, for all t

eld with alacrity. Antonius asserted that Ptolemy Caesar was the true heir as well as authentic son of the Dictator. Octav

nius, they had received their lands from his rival, regarded Caesar’s heir as their patron and defender and were firmly atta

ns. The battle was to be fought under the auspices of Caesar—Caesar’s heir in the forefront, stans celsa in puppi, geminas

nd in the mythology of the Principate. On the one side stood Caesar’s heir with the Senate and People of Rome, the star of t

e of clemency to extenuate the guilt of civil war. 3 Likewise did his heir , when murder could serve no useful purpose : he e

r vassals, however, he was eager to attach to his own clientela. 6 As heir to the power of Antonius in the East he confirmed

nd the very spirit of Rome from the alien menace, imposed on Caesar’s heir in Italy for the needs of his war and not safely

na Fides et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus iura dabunt. 1 Caesar’s heir was veritably a world-conqueror, not in verse onl

um. Caesar had set his own statue in the temple of Quirinus: Caesar’s heir was identified with that god by the poet Virgil.

listed, not only all Italy, but the whole world. 3 In 28 B.C Caesar’s heir stood supreme—’potentiae securus’. 4 Naked desp

lis’ also acquired the force and meaning of ‘dominatus’. 3 Caesar’s heir came to use the term ‘princeps’, but not as part

r L. Munatius Plancus, proposed the decree that conferred on Caesar’s heir the appellation of Augustus. 2 Nothing was left

eeking to establish continuity with a legitimate government, Caesar’s heir forswore the memory of Caesar: in the official co

blic, which in politics is the Age of Pompeius. In his youth Caesar’s heir , the revolutionary adventurer, won Pompeian suppo

o a comet and lending celestial auspices to the ascension of Caesar’s heir . 1 The picture is consistent. Livy, Virgil and

e maintenance of peace, it was necessary that the primacy of Caesar’s heir should be strengthened and perpetuated. Not, howe

ly a recognition of the past services and unique eminence of Caesar’s heir , not merely a due guarantee of his dignitas and p

men of the Caesarian party had remained steadfastly loyal to Caesar’s heir even in the absence of a full measure of mutual t

e chief men of the Caesarian party had their own reasons. If Caesar’s heir perished by disease or by the dagger, there might

of Libertas, twenty-one years from the first coup d’état of Caesar’s heir . Liberty had perished. The Revolution had triumph

er than the legal provision. 1 Marcellus might well seem the destined heir , soon to succeed a frail and shattered Princeps.

litical successor of Caesar the Dictator, and Octavianus, who was his heir in name and blood. The sentiments of the Caesar

r was never recorded. The novus homo of the revolutionary age and the heir of the Claudian house were perhaps not so far apa

legal in definition, magisterial in character; and Augustus, Caesar’s heir , a god’s son and saviour of Rome and the world, w

ugustus’ own arrangements, however, were careful devices to ensure an heir in his own family as well; he wished to provide f

time to time. It grew steadily in numbers and in dignity as Caesar’s heir recruited followers and friends from the camps of

rtisans. In the first months of its existence the faction of Caesar’s heir numbered hardly a single senator; in its first ye

oyed the Republic and themselves, down to the last survivor, Caesar’s heir . Engrossing all their power and all their patrona

osed that the Senate should confer the name of Augustus upon Caesar’s heir . It will be inferred that the motion was inspired

ceps’ powers lapsed he might designate, but he could not appoint, his heir . When the Principate was first transmitted to a s

the proclamation of a new Emperor in default of a clearly designated heir was not always due to threat or exertion of open

anicus being betrothed to Agrippina, Julia Livia to Gaius Caesar, the heir presumptive. The youngest child, Claudius, displa

e less called for attention. Moreover it was advisable to display the heir apparent to provinces and armies which had seen n

Julia and the five nobiles her allies; and in A.D.I, when his son and heir was consul, he came safely through the climacteri

e awkward moments in the public conferment of the Principate upon the heir whom he had designated. Tiberius himself was ill

the Caesarian army; and Divus Julius had been avenged by his son and heir . This dynastic monument is a reminder, if such be

g of Caesar had been the battle-cry and the justification of Caesar’s heir . Antonius, on the other hand, was remiss, willing

s atmosphere of the Revolution portents of divine favour for Caesar’s heir were seen, recalled or invented everywhere, espec

gs be silent. No frog croaked in that place ever again. When Caesar’s heir entered Rome for the first time, the sun was surr

th of the assassins of Caesar. It was no doubt recalled that Caesar’s heir had been willing, for the ends of political ambit

lived on in dull indolence, merely praetorian in rank and leaving no heir ; 4 his spirited sister chose to perish with her h

d the dominant faction of the nobilitas. But the Julii left no direct heir , and the grandnephew of the Dictator, an Octavius

ii and the Antonii: to rule at Rome, he needed their descendants. The heir to his power was a Claudian. PageNotes. 493 1

ns of that ideal, Brutus and Cassius, who had fought against Caesar’s heir at Philippi, could not have been invoked to suppo

constitution had been corrupt, unrepresentative and ruinous. Caesar’s heir passed beyond it. What was a special plea and pol

ng of all Italy, Philippi is transformed into the victory of Caesar’s heir and avenger alone. 1 Agrippa indeed occurs twice,

as a revolutionary leader in public sedition and armed violence, the heir of Caesar had endured to the end. He died on the