the new order, ostensibly as servants of the Republic and heirs to a great tradition, not as mere lieutenants of a military

dynast was established (60 B.C.). Tacitus in his Histories told of a great civil war, the foundation of a new dynasty, and i

ius, a pupil of Livy. 3 His master had less exacting standards. The great work of Pollio has perished, save for inconsidera

in time to admit the plebeians to political equality, certain of the great patrician houses, Valerii, Fabii and Cornelii, no

he instruments of masculine policy. Far from it: the daughters of the great houses commanded political influence in their own

s’ mother and Caesar’s mistress. The noble was a landed proprietor, great or small. But money was scarce and he did not wis

enemies. The novus homo had to tread warily. Anxious not to offend a great family, he must shun where possible the role of p

te. The Equites belonged, it is true, to the same social class as the great bulk of the senators: the contrast lay in rank an

bed to his talents and his ambition. Not so T. Pomponius Atticus, the great banker. Had Atticus so chosen, wealth, repute and

nators, and thus built up large estates in Italy. Among senators were great holders of property like Pompeius and Ahenobarbus

us and the last survivors of the Marian faction in Spain, against the great Mithridates and against the Pirates. Lack of capa

the Valerii and the Fabii. 1 To the Fasti of the Roman Republic these great houses each contributed forty-five consuls, excee

erations. 3 But there was a prominent Lutatius, whose name recalled a great naval battle and whose father had defeated the Ci

had defeated the Cimbri; there were several families of the Licinii, great soldiers and distinguished orators, not to mentio

and their daughters were planted out in dynastic marriages. In their great age the Metelli overshadowed the Roman State, hol

s, whence double issue, five children of diverse note, among them the great political lady Servilia and the redoubtable leade

amily, and paramount influence in the Senate to sustain the part of a great conservative statesman in the tradition of Philip

uxury. Secluded like indolent monsters in their parks and villas, the great piscinarii, Hortensius and the two Luculli, ponde

ousin of Catulus, a young man early prominent in politics through the great estates in Italy and the clientela among the Roma

M. Calpurnius Bibulus, an honest man, a stubborn character, but of no great moment in politics. 3 Roman noble houses, decad

claiming their support in requital. From of old the Claudii were the great exponents of this policy; and the Claudii remaine

cting three consulates, but not unaided. 4 Against novi homines the great families after Sulla stood with close ranks and f

They were Caesar and Cato, diverse in habit and morals, but supremely great in spirit. 1 C. Julius Caesar, of a patrician h

realist of traditional Roman temper and tenacity, not inferior to the great ancestor whom he emulated almost to a parody, Cat

the Italian insurgents in the Marsic territory (Livy, Per. 75). 4 A great extension of the corn-dole was carried through by

et prevail against the popularity and laurels of Pompeius. When the great imperator, returning, landed in Italy towards the

narchs of the line of Seleucus, the Roman conqueror marched along the great roads of Asia, dispersing the kings of the East,

pia of Italy; 2 and he contracted ties of friendship with a number of great landowners of the class and rank of M. Terentius

and equestrian orders derived, as was fitting, from Picenum men of no great social distinction, the hungry sons of a poor and

West, AJP XLIX (1928), 240 ff., with a stemma on p. 252. Hirrus was a great landowner. Varro (RR 2, 1, 2) refers to his ‘nobi

order. 6 Nepos also silenced the consul Cicero and forbade by veto a great speech from the saviour of the Republic. 7 Abet

an consul Pupius Piso from getting the province of Syria. 3 But the great triumph was Cato’s, and the greater delusion. The

ment needed consuls. The men were not easy to find. Cato gathered a great fund to carry by bribery the election of Bibulus,

nd Caesar did not conquer Gaul in the design of invading Italy with a great army to establish a military autocracy. Their amb

M. Marcellus opened the attack. He was rebuffed by Pompeius, and the great debate on Caesar’s command was postponed till Mar

their enemies and reinforced the party of Caesar. Caesar had risen to great power through Pompeius, helped by the lieutenants

of Caesar. The arrogant and stubborn censor, mindful, like Cato, of a great ancestor, turned his attack on the tribune Curio,

es recalled ancient history and revealed the political decline of two great houses. The Pompeii had once been hangers-on of t

of the plebeian Claudii Marcelli, who emulated the Scipiones in their great age: obscure for a century, they emerge again int

e young Pompeius in a foul and treacherous fashion. Ahenobarbus was a great political dynast in his own right, born to power.

of him in death. Even Pharsalus was not the end. His former ally, the great Pompeius, glorious from victories in all quarters

present or past joined the enemies of Caesar Cicero’s brother and the great marshal T. Labienus. Honoured and enriched by Cae

ungrateful men of Hispalis. 5 Gades had been loyal to Rome since the great Punic War, and Caesar filched the Balbi, the dyna

Cicero should have sought consolation: he could now see beside him a great company of bankers and financiers, the cream and

.1278. PageBook=>082 relegated by the consul Gabinius, and the great Rabirius, who inherited the generous virtues and

Capua c. 217 B.C., Livy 23, 2, 1 ff. The Fabii seem to have acquired great influence in Etruria, cf. Münzer, RA, 55 f. 6 M

her. 4 The Marsi provided the first impulsion to the insurrection, a great NotesPage=>086 1 The composition of the fa

would be intolerable to refuse admittance to the proconsul after his great exploits in Gaul. 3 The power and wealth of the P

he Paeligni and Marsi were broken and impoverished; 5 and most of the great landowners in Samnium now were not of Samnite sto

ef and moderate:1 the audience was inflammable. At the recital of the great deeds of Caesar and NotesPage=>098 1 Sueto

n illustrious but impoverished plebeian family (his grandfather was a great orator, his father a good-natured but careless pe

t down to his cowardice or to Caesar’s distrust. Dolabella had been a great nuisance in 47 B.C., during Caesar’s absence. If

e failure of the coup d’état. Yet some could find the Ides of March a great comfort; and the NotesPage=>106 1 Ad Att.

ctavianus made himself known to the soldiers and officers of Caesar’s great army of the Balkans. They did not forget him, nor

need for faithful friends and a coherent party. For lack of that, the great Pompeius had been forced at the last into a fatal

day, after a solemn review at Tibur, where not only the troops but a great part of the Senate and many private persons swore

action in the party like Salvidienus and Agrippa, the earliest of the great marshals, occupy the stage of history, crowding o

e=>130 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2. 2 Appian, BC 3, 94, 391 one of the great advantages of the adoption. PageBook=>131

ir, the towns of Campania were enthusiastic. Among the plebs he had a great following; and he might win more respectable back

naries at least were sincere. From personal loyalty they might follow great leaders like Caesar or Antonius: they had no mind

in his despatch to the Senate, to plead for the lives and safety of a great multitude of Roman citizens. 5 Other campaigns we

nk and standing went to M. Aemilius Lepidus. Like the patriciate, the great houses of the plebeian aristocracy, the backbone

ed by the retiring proconsul of Macedonia, Hortensius, the son of the great orator and one of his own near relatives. 3 When

dier in repute or in ambition, but equal to his station and duty. The great Antonius extricated himself only after considerab

proscriptions all told they set one hundred and thirty senators and a great number of Roman knights. 3 Their victory was the

ned the walls and refused to deliver up Sittius. 9 Lucilius Hirrus, a great NotesPage=>193 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 4:

Pompeian, politically innocuous by now: but he was also the owner of great estates. 3 Likewise Lucilius Hirrus, the kinsman

dignant protest. 9 Intimidated by a deputation of Roman ladies with a great Republican personage for leader, the daughter of

enobarbus on the Ionian Sea and Sex. Pompeius in Sicily. 8 It was a great victory. The Romans had never fought such a battl

m her memory. (For a temperate view of Fulvia, the last survivor of a great political family, cf. Münzer, P-W VII, 283 f.)

e loss of the Gallic legions, the odds of war were on the side of the great Antonius. NotesPage=>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7.

nterests of the legions. But his errors were not fatal Octavianus had great difficulty in inducing the veterans from the colo

on, while Rome and the Roman People perished, while a world-empire as great as that of Alexander, torn asunder by the general

r Caesar, and he moved with Caesarian decision and rapidity. In three great battles, at the Cilician Gates, at Mount Amanus (

laves were pressed into service, and Agrippa proceeded to construct a great harbour at the Lucrine Lake beside Puteoli in the

rippa won a victory at Mylae but Octavianus himself was defeated in a great battle in the straits, escaping with difficulty a

was politic and perhaps necessary. Of the legionaries of Pompeius a great number, being servile in origin, lacked any right

as married (Dio 54, 3, 5). Other persons later prominent, such as the great novi homines M. Lollius (cos. 21 B.C.), L. Tarius

ary leader he needed to show the soldiery that he was the peer of the great Antonius in courage, NotesPage=>239 1 In t

, 7ff. PageBook=>242 Agrippa had already begun the repair of a great aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia. Now in 33 B.C., though

d by no known military service to the Triumvirs. Nor did they achieve great fame afterwards, either the nobiles or the novi h

found Cicero firm and masculine enough for their taste. 3 Of those great exemplars none had survived; and they left few en

power. 3 With the past returned all the shapes and ministers of evil, great and small Vettius the Picene, the scribe Corneliu

strength and popularity that by now had accrued to Octavianus. It was great , indeed, not so much by contrast with Antonius as

ans, Potamo the son of Lesbonax from Mytilene (perhaps a rival of the great Theophanes), and Satyrus from Chersonesus. 1 Mith

eastern lands many Julii reveal their patron by their names, despots great and small or leading men in their own cities and

not only did he invest Polemo, the orator’s son from Laodicea, with a great kingdom: he gave his own daughter Antonia in marr

tably Asianic, the fashion of his life regal and lavish ’Antonius the great and inimitable’. 4 Thus did Antonius carry yet fa

heavily on the support of eastern allies. Antonius set out upon his great campaign, leaving Syria in the spring of 36 B.C.,

ius was waiting with his legions. In the neighbourhood of Erzerum the great army mustered, sixteen legions, ten thousand Gall

powerful group of nobiles, yet accused of monarchic designs, was the great exemplar. He was the champion, friend and patron

ls for supreme power. The elder, like Pompeius twenty years before, a great reputation but on the wane: nec reparare novas

coming from Italy. If that was his plan, it failed. Antonius had a great fleet and good admirals. But his ships and his of

dequate record. Antonius’ admiral Sosius was defeated by Agrippa in a great naval battle; 2 and Antonius’ attempt to cut off

ion. Now the military situation was desperate, heralding the end of a great career and a powerful party. Only three men of co

mensions and an intense emotional colouring, being transformed into a great naval battle, with lavish wealth of convincing an

saster of Crassus and the ill success of Antonius, even though not as great as many believed, were sobering lessons; and ther

s Cicero (cos. suff. 30 B.C.), the dissolute and irascible son of the great orator ; 1 in Macedonia, a very different charact

o triumphed from Gaul on September 25th, 27 B.C., was in command of a great military province at the time of Crassus’ dispute

utional propriety—or rather, impropriety. Crassus was a noble, from a great house, the grandson of a dynast who had taken ran

f his powers. The term ‘dux’ was familiar from its application to the great generals of the Republic; and the victor of Actiu

Antonius, dead and disgraced. Augustus bore testimony: ‘Cicero was a great orator—and a great patriot. ’2 But any official c

disgraced. Augustus bore testimony: ‘Cicero was a great orator—and a great patriot. ’2 But any official cult of Cicero was a

Saxa, in the campaign of Philippi. Norbanus himself was married to a great heiress in the Caesarian party, the daughter of C

ll adjuncts of Cyprus and Cilicia Campestris); 1 their garrison was a great army of twenty legions or more. In recent years t

r their own auspices and had celebrated triumphs would consider it no great honour to serve as legates. The Triumvirate had r

cipate of Augustus. 3 From a constitutional crisis, in itself of no great moment, arose grave consequences for the Caesaria

ncient virtue and the decline of ancient patriotism had brought low a great people. Ruin had been averted but narrowly, peace

: it has found vivid and enduring expression in the preface of Livy’s great history and in certain of the Odes of Horace. 1

provinces to proconsuls: they were merely Narbonensis and Cyprus, no great loss to Gaul and Syria. 1 There had been successf

the constitutional façade of the New Republic men like Agrippa had no great reverence for forms and names. It went beyond t

proverb about unity that Agrippa was in the habit of acknowledging a great debt. 1 On the surface all was harmony, as ever,

ead the daughter of Agrippa and Caecilia, and bound by close link the great general to herself and to Augustus. Livia deserve

ary age. Obscurity of birth or provincial origin was no bar. Of the great plebeian marshals a number had perished Salvidien

s of the proscribed. Their number and their gains must have been very great : during Octavianus’ preparations before Actium sp

s. But Augustus did not suffer them to return to their old games. The great companies of publicani die or dwindle. For the mo

e Etruscan M. Perperna, cos. 92 B.C. To precisely which branch of the great Volaterran gens this Caecina belonged evades conj

during the reign of Augustus, soon followed by Cn. Domitius Afer, the great orator from Nemausus. 2 Men from the provinces

no restoration of the nobiles, the proportion on the Fasti showing no great change from the Triumviral period. After 19 B.C

his family tree. 3 Some frauds could perhaps evade detection. Certain great houses had sunk for ever. Others, through casualt

lio’s ambitious son. What would have happened if Augustus like that great politician, the censor Appius Claudius had been b

d upon other partisans of Augustus. Unfortunately the partners of the great marshals, Taurus, Lollius, Vinicius and Tarius, e

2, 14, 3. 7 Dio 53, 27, 5. PageBook=>381 The fortunes of the great politicians were gross and scandalous. When the e

doubt to justify the date chosen by the government. 6 Yet beside the great soldiers and politicians there was still a place

.), a novus homo, attests the influence of C. Sallustius Crispus. The great minister also adopted his friend’s son, who becam

re sinister were quietly at work all the time women and freedmen. The great political ladies of the Republic, from the daught

Caenis, a freedwoman of Antonia; 2 and it was to the patronage of the great Narcissus that he owed the command of a legion. 3

hed and Galba assumed the heritage of the Julii and Claudii, that the great secret was first published abroad an emperor coul

in the provinces of the northern frontier, from Gaul to Macedonia: a great advance was designed all along the line. 1 Illyri

ruary, 12 B.C. Further, there was delay from the side of Macedonia. A great insurrection broke out in Thrace. L. Calpurnius P

astic reasons, for the glory of the Princeps and his stepsons. Of the great plebeian marshals commanding armies under the Pri

ve as military tribunes, sometimes as praefecti equitum as well. 5 So great was the emphasis laid by Augustus on military ser

vir militaris’, and destined after his consulate to govern one of the great military provinces, had not always been very long

tionary age such as Taurus and Canidius were models and precedents. A great school of admirals had also been created. After A

alkans, fought along with Caecina Severus, the legate of Moesia, in a great battle all but disastrous for Rome, and remained

important than Syria or Galatia were the northern armies with the two great commands in Illyricum and on the Rhine, a more se

Princeps seized control of all games and largesse. The descendants of great Republican houses still retained popularity with

; and towns and trophies commemorated the glory and the vanity of the great Pompeius. Of all that, nothing more. Domitius and

storian has been aggravated beyond all measure under the Republic the great questions of policy had been the subject of open

charge of two praetors each year, chosen by lot. 6 The finances of a great empire cannot be conducted in so simple a fashion

and fiscal policy to say nothing of the food supply and policing of a great capital. 1 The knight Seius Strabo, a personal fr

example of converging strategy, may not unfairly be attributed to the great road-builder and organizer. He did not live to se

led now on the northern frontiers, natural if not necessary after the great wars of conquest, the effort of Rome did not flag

his daughter Julia. Ahenobarbus held in succession the command of the great northern armies, passing from Illyricum to German

both Caesar and Pompeius, had fallen at Pharsalus; his father was the great Republican admiral. The Aemilii perpetuated the

ing of a party. 1 The Scipiones were all but extinct; 2 but the other great branch of the Cornelii, the Lentuli, rising in po

cies of the Princeps. 3 In Ahenobarbus, the husband of Antonia, the great plebeian family of the Domitii boasted a solitary

g or sadly reduced above all the faction of the Liberators. Certain great houses remained, however, rivals of the Julii and

nd none, so far as is known, were permitted by Augustus to govern the great military provinces. They made alliances among the

4 The last consular Marcellus is Aeserninus (22 B.C.), a person of no great note who had been a partisan of Caesar the Dictat

y. Whether wanton or merely traduced, Julia was not a nonentity but a great political lady. Her paramours the five nobiles ar

at of varied accomplishments, of literary tastes, yet the victor in a great Thracian war, a hard drinker, the boon companion

citizen for services rendered and expected. The task might appear too great for any one man but Augustus alone, a syndicate m

Empire. Armies of robust Italian peasants had crushed and broken the great kings in the eastern lands, the successors of the

the virtues that had won it? 4 A well-ordered state has no need of great men, and no room for them. The last century of th

tional Roman in their character. Augustus paid especial honour to the great generals of the Republic. To judge by the catalog

ording to the interest or the whim of either party. Few indeed of the great ladies would have been able or eager to claim, li

umvirs was at last dedicated. The next year saw the completion of the great temple of Apollo on the Palatine. Neither god had

dejected and mutinous. 5 Agrippa dealt with the offenders. Again, the great rebellion of Illyricum in A.D. 6 showed up the ma

previous age, by the return to earlier and classic exemplars, to the great age of Greece. The new Roman literature was desig

lis erat Romanam condere gentem. 1 Destiny foretold the coming of a great ruler in Italy and conqueror of all the world: se

ties were mixed and confused. There was patriotic recollection of the great Marius who had saved Italy from the German invade

was visited by a snake. On the very day of the birth of his son, the great astrologer Nigidius Figulus cast the horoscope a

ic gymnastics in which one of his grandsons had broken a leg. 4 The great jurist M. Antistius Labeo, whose father, one of t

d detraction. 1 Horace assured Augustus that the envy incurred by the great ones of earth in their lifetime is silenced in de

traditional and literary figure. Very different the proud sons of the great priestly and dynastic houses of Asia, now holding

es and towns named in their honour and commemorating the glory of the great houses that were the Republic and Rome. The fac

ernment. In the background lurk their allies or their rivals, certain great houses or permanent factions. The Scipiones had b

and her kin. 2 Yet Cassius’ stock, with eminent consuls, among them a great jurist, endured down to Nero. 3 Certain noble f

. 3, 23. PageBook=>493 His son became consul under Tiberius, a great orator and a man of infamous life,5 fit partner f

f the Dictator, an Octavius from Velitrae, after fighting against the great houses, attached them to his family and built up

1, 53). PageBook=>494 That was fitting. From the day when the great ancestor, Attus Clausus, migrating from the Sabin

ined to achieve power in the end. Inheriting from his father not only great estates but boundless popularity with the plebs o

than had Pompeius’ consuls Afranius and Gabinius. Cicero had been the great novus homo of that age: the family ended with his

nce the Fasti become less alien and truculent to public view. Yet the great Lucanian Taurus, Calvisius his ally and peer and

ll else they were believed a danger, though often only a nuisance, so great a tribute did Roman conservatism and snobbery pay

ib., 870. Of all noble houses, however, the Acilii Glabriones, not of great political consequence in the early Principate, su

enus, adopted by the Augustan secretary of state Sallustius, became a great courtier, an artist in adulation and the husband

me, the Emperor could not. Before long the nobiles disappear from the great military commands. Eight legions on the Rhine, br

ity, sons or grandsons of Roman knights for the most part, govern the great military provinces of the Empire. Though all to

was to die like a gentleman. If he wished to survive, the bearer of a great name had to veil himself in caution or frivolity

abroad, for it sought to abolish war and politics. There could be no great men any more: the aristocracy was degraded and pe

s social and moral: it was more often a harmless act of homage to the great past of Rome than a manifestation of active disco

ILS 1448). PageBook=>515 The Republic, with its full record of great wars abroad and political dissensions at home, wa

closing days of the Republic. 4 He might pause when he reflected that great oratory is a symptom of decay and disorder, both

ortion in the provinces and the execution of Roman citizens furnished great themes and orators to match. By definition, the b

family of the Cocceii, they had a genius for safety. There could be great men still, even under bad emperors, if they abate

e enrolled by vote of the Roman Senate among the gods of Rome for his great merits and for reasons of high politics. None the

55; activities for Caesar, 71 f., 139, 159, 407; prosecuted, 72, 151; great wealth, 77, 381; does not enter the Senate, 80 f.

t and orator, 63, 245, 246, 251. Licinius Crassus, L. (cos, 95 B.C.), great orator, 36. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 70 B.C.)

Silvanus Aelianus, Ti. (cos. A.D. 45), 500, 504. Plebeians, 10, 68; great plebeian families, 19 f.; local origins, 84 f.