citizen’s duty. The necessities of a world-empire and the ambition of generals led to the creation of extraordinary commands in

o a rising of the slaves in southern Italy. Then a coup d’état of two generals (70 B.C.), restoring the tribunate, destroyed Sul

for his cellar, his game-park and his fish-ponds. 3 Of the Senate’s generals , Metellus Pius contended for long years in Spain,

carry out a real revolution. The constitution served the purposes of generals or of demagogues well enough. When Pompeius retur

second blow, quite beyond calculation: before the summer was out the generals of Pompeius in Spain were outmanœuvred and overco

nt of this varied company stood trusted officers of the Dictator, the generals of the Gallic and Civil Wars, rewarded already fo

high proportion. 5 Whatever might be their origin or affiliation, the generals of the Gallic Wars as a body stood loyally by the

ble, one or two legions; and Apamea was closely invested by Caesarian generals . So much for provinces and armies. Had the Libe

nly armies east of Macedonia were the six legions under the Caesarian generals beleaguering Apamea (L. Staius Murcus and Q. Marc

tonius, only eight men of senatorial rank can be discovered among his generals and they are not an impressive company. 1 Senat

would be entangled and defeated in Spain by the experienced Pompeian generals . 3 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 4: ‘nimium timemus morte

y: it had ever been his hope to act as political mentor to one of the generals of the Republic. When Pompeius had subdued the Ea

This austere devotion to the Commonwealth excited emulation among the generals of the western provinces when they decided to des

oldiers were often more accessible to appeals to reason than were the generals NotesPage=>158 1 De prov. cons. 20 (cf. 47

nty years of civil war. Zealous to avoid the shedding of Roman blood, generals and soldiers exalted disloyalty into a solemn dut

to Antonius, namely an old enemy, Q. Fufius Calenus, one of Caesar’s generals , a clever politician and an orator of some spirit

ome was doomed to collapse. Gallia Cisalpina dominated Italy; and the generals in the West held the ultimate decision of the con

as ambiguous and disquieting: it was scarcely to be expected that the generals and the veterans of Caesar would lend ready aid t

animity of Italy. The State now had spirit and leadership, armies and generals . No need for timidity or compromise. As for the t

tstripping Dolabella. There he found six legions, under the Caesarian generals Staius Murcus and Marcius Crispus, encamped outsi

Antonius: Antonius suppressed, he would be the next of the Caesarian generals to be assailed. They protested loyalty to the Rep

ed by Pompeians to destroy the Caesarian party, assured them that the generals stood by him, and reiterated his resolve to keep

Antonius and elevating Caesar’s heir commended itself neither to the generals of the western provinces nor to the Liberators; C

not as vigilant against the dangers of fraternization as had been the generals of Pompeius. He did not wish to be nor could he h

chieftain. It would be easy and unprofitable to arraign the Caesarian generals for lack of heroism and lack of principle. They h

n than submitting to tyranny. 3 In these wars between citizens, the generals and the politicians found themselves thwarted at

rs serving in the legions might expect ultimate recompense from their generals without the necessity of fighting for it. Their r

the resources of the East would have been a fatal step. The Caesarian generals would have united at once to destroy him Octavian

r’s heir to consummate the ruin of the most powerful of the Caesarian generals . Hence an immediate change of front NotesPage=&

r enjoyed protection already or now purchased it. 5 The ambition of generals like Pompeius and Caesar provoked civil war witho

appeal to his army in defence of life or honour were now apparent the generals themselves were helpless in the hands of the legi

Messalla, a noble youth of talent and distinction. 8 Three Caesarian generals joined Cassius in Syria. 9 Trebonius the proconsu

s the mysterious family of the Cocceii, which furnished Antonius with generals and diplomats and secured two consulates:4 they w

utus at last was calm and decided. After the triumph of the Caesarian generals and the institution of the proscriptions he knew

men surviving of the Republican cause were led before the victorious generals , Antonius, it is alleged, they saluted as imperat

g. He advanced northward in the hope of effecting a junction with the generals of his brother who held all the Gallic provinces.

t of his difficulties. He might easily be overwhelmed by the Antonian generals , strong in prestige and mass of legions. But th

ommand nor unity of purpose among his motley adversaries. Antonius’ generals in Italy and the western provinces, lacking instr

. Agrippa and Salvidienus out-manoeuvred him. Along with the defeated generals Furnius, Tisienus and a number of Antonian or Rep

m. 5 There was no mutual confidence in the counsels of the Antonian generals . The soldierly Ventidius knew that Plancus had ca

there was a more potent factor than the doubts and dissensions of the generals their soldiers had an acute perception of their o

n fighting for freedom. Octavianus imposed a crushing fine. 4 The generals of Antonius dispersed. Along with Fulvia, Plancus

llio retired north- eastwards and held Venetia for a time against the generals of Octavianus. Then all is a blank, save that he

ich for three years had been the theatre of confused fighting between generals of dubious party allegiance. The compact was seal

ile a world-empire as great as that of Alexander, torn asunder by the generals struggling for the inheritance, broke up into sep

Cornificius rescued the remnants of the fleet. Hope soon revived. His generals , and Lepidus as well, had secured a firm footing

r ridicule (quoted in Suetonius, Divus Aug. 16). PageBook=>232 generals of Antonius. Gradually and relentlessly they hunt

hor but a fine show of splendid courage. 6 It was easier to deal with generals than with soldiers. In Sicily NotesPage=>232

gns reveals on the side of Caesar’s heir for the first time among his generals or active associates seven men who had held or we

den crown to be worn on the occasion of triumphs. 2 Other admirals or generals received and retained the appellation of imperato

th of Alexander the Macedonian, the long contests for power among the generals his successors, the breaking of his empire into s

evident in his following of Roman senators his provincial governors, generals , admirals and diplomats. 3 Of his earlier Caesari

consul Messalla, by L. Arruntius, M. Lurius and L. Tarius Rufus. Two generals , Statilius Taurus, the greatest of the marshals a

revenge; and the last of the dynasts might desire to outshine all the generals of the Republic, Pompeius, Crassus and Antonius,

rchaic ceremony did not, however, mean that warfare was to cease: the generals of Rome were active in the frontier provinces. Th

powers. The term ‘dux’ was familiar from its application to the great generals of the Republic; and the victor of Actium was the

y the consul of 15 B.C. The precise definition of the command held by generals operating in northern Italy in this period is a m

recognized, the soldiers had been able to baffle politicians, disarm generals and avert bloodshed. In possession of their farms

vinces, legates of Pompeius and Caesar like Afranius and Labienus and generals of the revolutionary age such as Taurus and Canid

rnors of the military provinces or of the careers of the most eminent generals and administrators in the New State. None the les

s after the conquest of Illyricum and the invasions of Germany. Other generals in their turn would have commanded in the north.

h accuracy and completeness be recovered, the full record of wars and generals in the north would reveal momentous political fac

ble should take an active part in administration. 1 In the past the generals of the Republic had commonly devoted the profits

3 The charge of other roads radiating from Rome, fell to some of his generals who had recently celebrated triumphs both Messall

n clients it was treason to tamper with them. Hence constant alarm if generals by good arts or bad acquired popularity with the

d not flag or fail. The governmental oligarchy could furnish adequate generals and sagacious counsellors, the most prominent amo

return of Tiberius will have changed the army commands. Most of the generals of the earlier wars of conquest were now dead, de

one C. Silius A. Caecina Largus, the son of one of Augustus’ faithful generals , the other A. Caecina Severus (perhaps a relati

Roman in their character. Augustus paid especial honour to the great generals of the Republic. To judge by the catalogues of wo

f war. Next to the gods, Augustus’ most urgent care was to honour the generals of ancient days, the builders of empire. 1 He cau

life, habit and ideals with the rough farmers whom they led to battle generals and soldiers alike the products of ‘saeva paupert

rine and the setting where the Senate debated on war and peace, where generals offered prayers before going to their armies or t

. 2 In Arretium were to be seen the statues and inscriptions of Roman generals , imitating Augustus’ Forum. 3 At Carthage there s

recounts certain court scandals is matched by his depreciation of the generals of Augustus who encroached upon Tiberius’ monopol

h the Cornelii Lentuli and the Pisones supported Tiberius, furnishing generals and political counsellors. 4 The prominence of th

Censor, made his protest against this practice, omitting the names of generals in order to honour instead the ‘gesta populi Roma

iat of Italy pressed into the legions to shed its blood for ambitious generals or spurious principles, no longer were the peacef

n the end of a frail life, Augustus composed his Autobiography. Other generals before him, like Sulla and Caesar, had published

tics: none can have fabricated history with such calm audacity. Other generals had their memorial in the trophies, temples or th