of money. The financiers were strong enough to ruin any politician or general who sought to secure fair treatment for provincia

s led to the creation of extraordinary commands in the provinces. The general had to be a politician, for his legionaries were

oligarchic practice and confer exorbitant military power on a single general , to the salvation of Rome’s empire and to their o

iage. 2 The virtue and integrity of Catulus, rare in that age, earned general recognition: brilliance and vigour were lacking.

rovincial governor, to attack some pestilential tribune, or to curb a general hostile to the government. 3 But the Optimates we

the financial interests were discontented with Lucullus, the Senate’s general . The absent dynast overshadowed the politics of R

l, no argument needed save that the measure was aimed at the People’s general . 2 Among the ambitious politicians who had public

sul, suppressing the revolution of Catilina, robbed the indispensable general of the glory of saving the Republic in Italy as h

herents like Afranius and Gabinius but nobiles in the alliance of the general , seeking profit and advancement in their careers,

aesar worked with Pompeius’ tribunes, devising honours for the absent general and trouble for the government. 2 He had also pro

in pronounced political opinions, and two novi homines, the Pompeian general Afranius and the orator Cicero, pathetically loya

hist. Abt., N.F. 15 (1937), 32 ff. Premerstein argues that this was a general oath, not confined to senators. 3 If the Sallus

ster Caesar had once been married, and C. Carrinas, son of the Marian general . On Norbanus, cf. below, p. 200; on Carrinas, p.

new senators were drawn, cf. H. Hill, CQ XXVI (1932), 170 ff. 2 In general , a ‘colluvies’ (Ad Att. 9, 10, 7), a vὲĸuια (ib.

938), 4 ff.; 23 f. To support this view one need not appeal merely to general statements like ‘cetera multitudo insiticia’ (‘Sa

Apol. 24), W Schulze, Zur Gesch. lat. Eigennamen (1904), 123; and, in general with reference to this type of name, with numerou

s ad honesta coegerat arma. ’ 4 Strabo, p. 241 PageBook=>087 general , Q. Poppaedius Silo, and the earliest official ti

R. Rep. 11, 317 ff.) are highly revealing, above all the coin of the general Q. Silo which shows eight warriors swearing a com

downers in Samnium now were not of Samnite stock. 6 But the Caesarian general L. Staius Murcus was presumably of central Italia

Pollio was with Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon. Herennius was a general of the insurgents in Picenum; and a Picene Herenn

dashing cavalry leader: yet at the same time a steady and resourceful general . He commanded the left wing NotesPage=>103

te army of Octavianus would not stand against Antonius, the Caesarian general : yet Antonius was impotent against the heir of th

ntil his consulate, August 43 B.C. Pinarius, otherwise unknown, was a general at Philippi and probably the same person as the A

War he had spontaneously offered his good offices to bring a Pompeian general to his senses. 8 The soldiers were often more acc

nd his friends had reckoned without the military resource of the best general of the day and the political maturity of the yout

At a famous scene by the bank of the river Apsus in Albania, Caesar’s general Vatinius essayed his vigorous oratory on the sold

y and power be won in any other way. The consequences of compelling a general to appeal to his army in defence of life or honou

the suicide of a prominent citizen, whose ostentatious pyre started a general conflagration. 7 Such was the end of Perusia, an

t M. Lurius and captured Sardinia; 1 in Hispania Ulterior Octavianus’ general Carrinas was faced by the invasion of a Moorish p

. From Sex. Pompeius came envoys, with offer of alliance. 6 Failing a general compact and peace that would NotesPage=>215

nd immediately upon the conclusion of the pact Antonius sent his best general Ventidius to disperse the Parthians. 4 Pollio may

nd consulate, with long experience of warfare and little success as a general . The Pact of Puteoli brought Italy a respite at

the proscribed Marian consul, be accorded this rank: Norbanus was the general who along with Saxa opened the operations against

egy the double object was triumphantly achieved. 1 Not only this. A general secure of the loyalty and the affection of his tr

gross superstitions, invading all classes. T. Sextius, the Caesarian general in Africa, carried with him a bull’s head whereve

eir sufferings for political advantage, to the discredit of their old general . 2 Antonius was delayed in the next year by the

and into a Roman province, leaving there a large army under the tried general Canidius. With Media Antonius was now on good ter

B.C. when Antonius returned from the conquest of Armenia. 1 The Roman general celebrated a kind of triumph, in which Artavasdes

thousand volumes. 1 The loyal efforts of Calvisius were not accorded general credence; and touching the testament of Antonius,

wars took long to die; and the true Roman in just pride disdained the general and undistinctive appellation of ‘Italian’. Withi

d of superior sea-power. Not perhaps by a battle at sea: the greatest general of the day would prefer to re-enact the strategy

gypt? They had all the old personal loyalty of Caesarian legions to a general of Caesar’s dash and vigour; but they lacked the

what right had it been in his hand? He indicates that it was through general consent that he had acquired supreme power—‘per c

νων From this Premerstein deduces a definite grant by the Senate of a general ‘cura rei publicae’ (o. c, 120 ff.). That Augustu

ppus and Balbus. To retain power, however, he must base his rule upon general consent, the support of men of property and the a

tonius, thence to the better cause. 3 The father of Norbanus had been general , along with Saxa, in the campaign of Philippi. No

of Caesar’s legates in the Civil Wars, Carrinas and Calvisius, and a general from the campaign of Philippi, C. Norbanus. But t

istracy year by year. In the place of the consulate, which gave him a general initiative in policy, he took various powers, abo

e daughter of Agrippa and Caecilia, and bound by close link the great general to herself and to Augustus. Livia deserved to suc

ividual legionary was to be isolated from politics, divorced from his general and personally attached to the head of the govern

ans. 1 Roman citizens protected him the cohors praetoria of the Roman general was perpetuated in times of peace by the standing

the trial. For all his capacity and merits, Tiberius was not the only general or administrator among the principes. Other compe

create the impression that Tiberius was Rome’s sole and incomparable general . 1 A system of government had by now been built

abit ingrained in the Roman whether he acted as parent, magistrate or general . Augustus could have invoked tradition and propri

of the Princeps was delicate and perilous, being held to repose upon general consent and modest executive powers. It was there

but that was after service in war, as a military tribune in Spain, a general in Armenia and in the Alpine campaigns. The steps

services of Vinicius as his personal attachment to the family of that general could with decency permit. 4 The soldiers at leas

at least were quite glad to see Tiberius, a cautious and considerate general . 5 After two campaigns he passed to Illyricum. In

Lamia came Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (cos. 1 B.C.), the distinguished general of a war in Africa, a somnolent and lazy person t

perhaps carrying out the instructions of a concealed oligarchy or the general mandate of his adherents? It was not Rome alone

ed in his own school, a Roman aristocrat from among the principes, by general consent capable of Empire. It might have been bet

e and Roman practice, as a combination between the elogium of a Roman general and the statement of accounts of a Roman magistra

racies, against Augustus, 298, 333 f., 414, 426 f., 432, 444, 478; in general , 479. Constitution, the Roman, character of, 11

ruption, electoral, 12, 13, 25, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 62; political and general , 63, 379 f. Cossinius, L., Pompeian partisan an

mbria, C. (cos. 104 B.C.), novus homo, 94. Flavius Gallus, Antonian general , 264. Flavius Petro, T., Pompeian veteran, 354. F

(cos. suff. 34 B.C.), 92, 200, 242, 328, 498. Herennius, T., Italian general , 92. Herennius Picens, M. (cos. suff. A.D. 1),

dius Ventrio, L., dignitary from Sulmo, 289, 363. Pacorus, Parthian general , 223. Paeligni, 86, 89, 90, 193, 359, 363; sena

ius, P. (tr. pl. 57 B.C.), 335. Seviri, 472. Sextius, T., Caesarian general , 110; in Africa, 189, 199, 213; his superstition,

; in Spain, 302; at Rome, 372; praefectus urbi, 403 f.; his career in general , 325; origin, 237; wealth, 380 f.; connexions, 37

144 f., 318 f., 351; repute under Augustus, 318, 321, 484, 506, 520; general repute and rank in history, 4, 146. Tullius Cic