xpression and substance I am deeply under obligation to the following friends , Mr. E. B. Birley, Professor A. Degrassi, Mr. M.

ent four years later, which was final and permanent. Outlasting the friends , the enemies and even the memory of his earlier d

ty:4 he was less assertive in the Senate, more candid to his intimate friends . There was no breach in the walls a faction among

ificence of games and shows, to bribe voters and jurors, to subsidize friends and allies. Hence debts, corruption and venality

1 ‘For all his genius, Caesar could not see a way out’, as one of his friends was subsequently to remark. 2 And there was no go

litician whose boast and reputation it was that he never let down his friends . Where Pompeius lost supporters through inertia,

ow turned against the oligarchs. Catullus and Calvus were dead: their friends and companions became Caesarians. 1 He won over m

heart again. It was evident that Caesar would restore and reward his friends and partisans, old allies in intrigue and illegal

en in number from 56 B.C. onwards) from the company of his relatives, friends and political associates, varying widely in socia

ue gloria and display magnitudo animi, his sacred duty to protect his friends and clients and secure their advancement, whateve

f with the nobility to find time to secure the promotion of deserving friends to the station he had himself so arduously attain

ul as an expert manager of supplies and transport. 3 Among Caesar’s friends were his secretaries, counsellors and political a

ts have not been preserved. Many of the bankers were already personal friends of Caesar: it may be presumed that he gave them g

and municipia of the Cisalpina might be found among the officers and friends of Pompeius; 3 and it will not have been forgotte

Caesar, went back to proconsuls a generation or two earlier. Caesar’s friends Troucillus, Trogus and Gallus were not the only m

kers and financiers, the cream and pride of the equestrian order, old friends , loyal associates or grateful clients. Balbus, Op

al careers he may have encouraged or defended certain of his personal friends like M. Caelius Rufus and Cn. Plancius, bankers’

r. 73. PageBook=>092 in the courts of Rome, making enemies and friends in high places. 1 Pollio was with Caesar when he

ntonius had played his hand with cool skill. The Liberators and their friends had lost, at once and for ever, the chance of gai

om Rome: a temporary absence at least might have been admitted by the friends of Brutus, to salvage political concord and publi

yrant was slain, but the tyranny survived hence open dismay among the friends of the Liberators and many a secret muttering at

nor spurred to rash activity the appeal to the troops, which certain friends counselled, was wisely postponed. Nor would he en

, the urban praetor, on July 7th. At last his chance arrived. Certain friends of Caesar supplied abundant funds,1 which along w

anus could scarcely last. On any count, the outlook was black for the friends of settled government. Octavianus did not belong

ivation of the plebs and the soldiers. Not less the need for faithful friends and a coherent party. For lack of that, the great

itical principle. The devotion which Caesar’s memory evoked among his friends was attested by impressive examples; 1 and it was

as not merely from lust of adventure or of gain that certain intimate friends of the dead autocrat at once lent their support a

Campania was organized. With the young man went five of his intimate friends , many soldiers and centurions and a convoy of wag

d into his hands. Of the legal point, no question: Octavianus and his friends were guilty of high treason. NotesPage=>125

B.C. respectively. PageBook=>129 Octavianus turned for help to friends of his own, to loyal Caesarian adherents, to shad

his head, a royal portent. 2 Of the origin and family of M. Agrippa, friends or enemies have nothing to say: even when it beca

perhaps not wholly from his own fortune and the generous loans of his friends . Further, Caesar’s freedmen were very wealthy. Th

began his political career under the auspices of Cato. 2 Most of his friends , allies and relatives followed Cato and Pompeius

e for literature, to which Pompeius was notoriously alien, and common friends , a hankering for applause on the one side and a g

traducing the memory of the Republican martyr. Through emissaries and friends he induced Cicero to compose NotesPage=>138

Certain charges, believed or not, became standard jests, treasured by friends as well as enemies. Ventidius was called a mulete

le sense. The word ‘pacificator’ already had a derisive ring. 3 The friends of peace had to abandon their plea when they spok

the formation of another was justified by good sense to acquire new friends without losing the old; or by lofty NotesPage=&

y of a Cicero or a Plancus would have excited rational distrust among friends as well as among enemies. The West showed scant

, while delaying news, would facilitate a revolution in the East. The friends and relatives of Brutus and Cassius at Rome, what

ity of the government. This was a firm and menacing demand. For the friends of Antonius, however, it meant that a declaration

n the associates of Antonius, on many a Caesarian, and on such honest friends of peace as were not blinded by the partisan emot

inces of the East. The revolutionary change in the East alarmed the friends of Antonius: there was little time to be lost, fo

nerals of the western provinces nor to the Liberators; Cicero and his friends had reckoned without the military resource of the

ot intend to be removed; and the emphasis that open enemies and false friends laid upon his extreme youth was becoming more and

Brutus spoke about ‘Varronis thensauros’ (Ad fam. 11, 10, 5). On the friends of Varro, wealthy landowners, cf. above, p. 31.

tical adherents like the inseparable Favonius and by his own personal friends and agents of equestrian rank, such as the banker

urple cloak and cast it over the body of Brutus. 3 They had once been friends . As Antonius gazed in sorrow upon the Roman dead,

rable capitulation to Antonius, some entering his service. One of the friends of Brutus, the faithful Lucilius, remained with A

wo. Antonius distributed fines and privileges over the East, rewarded friends and punished enemies, set up petty kings or depos

he name, the fortune and the veterans of Caesar, the diplomacy of his friends and his own cool resolution. Not to mention chanc

us still retained in his following persons of distinction, relatives, friends or adherents of his family. 1 Scaurus his step-br

lent or ambiguous. Ambition had made him a Caesarian, but he numbered friends and kinsmen among the Republicans. Lacking author

Galatian prince Amyntas. Pompeius refused an accommodation; then his friends and associates, even his father-in-law Libo, dese

y had triumphed over incalculable odds. He had loyal and unscrupulous friends like Agrippa and Maecenas, a nucleus of support a

saved in war and diplomacy by his daring and by the services of three friends . Agrippa held the praetorship in that year, but M

essalla was created an augur extraordinary. 5 Octavianus enriched his friends by granting war-booty or private subsidy in lavis

griculture, of which matter, as a landowner with comfortably situated friends and relatives, he possessed ample knowledge. Th

le, but hardly with Pompeius. Cornificius, Cinna, and others of their friends were found on Caesar’s side when war came. 1 Th

gh to acquire the adherence of influential dynasts over all the East, friends of Rome and friends of Antonius. A ruler endowed

herence of influential dynasts over all the East, friends of Rome and friends of Antonius. A ruler endowed with liberal foresig

t? ’ Antonius also complained of the execution of Caesar’s Thessalian friends Petraeus and Menedemus (ib.). 6 Cf. PIR1, P 835

ook=>267 It was later remarked that certain of his most intimate friends had once been Antonians. 1 Evidence is scanty.

well as by the necessities of war. Like Caesar, he never deserted his friends or his allies. Nobler qualities, not the basest,

nt and designed to fill the middle class with horror and anger. 3 The friends of Antonius were baffled, unable to defend him op

h tribunes’ laws and the division of lands, Scipio Aemilianus and his friends , championing Italy against the plebs of Rome, got

sion the levying of ‘volunteer’ armies in a patriotic cause. Cicero’s friends used votes of the colonies and municipia to influ

r estates. Many regions were under the control of Octavianus’ firmest friends and partisans. It would be a brave man, or a very

nesty and his intellect: he had no illusions about Octavianus and his friends in the Caesarian party, old and new, about Plancu

rder the execution of a woman. After negotiations managed through his friends Gallus and Proculeius, he interviewed the Queen.

these exemplary manifestations. The ruler had taken counsel with his friends and allies—and perhaps with neutral politicians.

, namely De re publica, in which Scipio Aemilianus and certain of his friends hold debate about the ‘optimus status civitatis’.

and Proculeius got credit for his efforts on behalf of Murena. 4 What friends or following Murena had is uncertain but the lega

the core of a Roman political group are the family and most intimate friends of the real or nominal leader. In the critical ye

ly in numbers and in dignity as Caesar’s heir recruited followers and friends from the camps of his adversaries until in the en

y rational distaste both Augustus’ own equestrian grandfather and his friends Maecenas and Proculeius furnished palpable eviden

d in habits to his origin; Roman knights were among his most intimate friends and earliest partisans. In the first months of it

V. THE WORKING OF PATRONAGE PageBook=>369 THE Princeps and his friends controlled access to all positions of honour and

ty-six. The constitution never recovered from its enemies or from its friends . Augustus in the first years masked or palliated

his allies, bound by amicitia, but in a true sense his intimates and friends the Princeps regaled himself on holidays by playi

nfluence followed traditional devices and secured promotion for their friends and their adherents, bringing young men of respec

erms which develop almost into titles; and there are grades among his friends . 2 When the Princeps, offended, declares in due s

of the nobiles. After the constructions of the viri triumphales, the friends of Augustus, there was scarcely ever a public bui

im he would summon from time to time a consilium, drawn from personal friends , representative senators and legal experts. Not

ferent councils of state. Roman knights had been amongst the earliest friends of Augustus. Some attained senatorial rank. Other

too much even for Augustus, notoriously indulgent to the vices of his friends . 3 Yet Vedius Pollio had once been useful he ap

the decadent, pleasure-loving aristocracy of Rome. Among the intimate friends of Augustus were to be found characters like Maec

thing of the patent vice or rapacity of the greater novi homines, the friends of Augustus: the lesser crawled for favour, ignob

aia pandetur ab urbe. 3 From the first decision in council with his friends at Apollonia, the young Caesar had not wavered or

ss, the poet had eminent connexions, the Aelii Galli, and influential friends , Maecenas and the Volcacii, a Perusine family of

its sculptured panels could be seen the Princeps, his family and his friends moving in solemn procession to sacrifice. A grate

ustus will have preferred to condone the vices or the rapacity of his friends rather than expose or surrender the principal min

s municipal origin. The person and character of Augustus and of his friends provided rich material for gossip, for the reviva

mbition and political intrigue. Augustus was invulnerable. Not so his friends : a trial might be the occasion either of a direct

with salutary rebuke of their enemies. 3 Augustus did not forget his friends and allies: he was able to preserve from justice

silent: he introduced the practice of holding recitations, though to friends only and not to an indiscriminate public. 5 Pag

ern the world for Nero, dispensing patronage and advancement to their friends or fellow countrymen. 2 Agricola, one of the prin

morse for his sins or by anxiety for the Empire. He quietly asked his friends whether he had played well his part in the comedy

; as protecting deity of Augustus, 448, 454. Apollonia, Octavianus’ friends at, 129, 463. Appius, see Claudius. Appuleii, 2

dius Pulcher, P. (tr. pl. 58 B.C.), 20, 23, 24, 33 f.; his death, 36; friends and allies, 60; shocking vices, 149; as a demagog

pate, 355; as procurators, 356; in high office, 356 f., 409; personal friends and counsellors of the Princeps, 358, 409 ff. L

opertius, Sex., 252; his origin and poetry, 466 f.; on Cornelia, 467; friends and relatives, 384, 466. Propertius Postumus, C

ribonius Curio, C. (tr. pl. 50 B.C.), becomes a Caesarian, 41 f.; his friends and enemies, 63, 66; his relationship to L. Aemil

s, 178. Terentius Varro, M., Pompeian partisan and scholar, 31; his friends , 31; wealth, 195; proscribed, 193, 247; literary

68; attitude to novi homines, 434; Pompeian affinities, 414, 424; his friends and partisans, 383, 423, 433 ff.; his literary st

n, 74, 251; relations with Caesar, 152; as a poet, 251, 460, 461; his friends , 63, 269. Valerius Catullus, L., Augustan senat