es, a restored oligarchy of the nobiles held office at Rome. Pompeius fought against it; but Pompeius, for all his power, had

den island. Nor were the kinsmen of the Metelli inactive. Ap. Pulcher fought in Macedonia, where he died; P. Servilius with

was Cato’s, and the greater delusion. The leader of the Optimates had fought against the consuls and tribunes of Pompeius Magn

Caesar’s rivals and enemies, many illustrious consulars. Ahenobarbus fought and fell at Pharsalus, and Q. Metellus Scipio end

3 L. Julius Caesar (cos. 64) was a legate (BC 1, 8, 2), but his son fought for the Republic in Africa and was killed there.

rried his lineage back to Attius Tullus, a king of the Volsci who had fought against Rome. 3 Yet there was no lack of eviden

Marsi and Paeligni down to Samnium and Lucania rose against Rome and fought for freedom and justice. 3 They were all hardy,

efront, without whom no triumph had ever been celebrated whether they fought against Rome or for her. 4 The Marsi provided the

of Pompeii: his two sons became praetors at Rome. 1 A certain Statius fought bravely for Samnium. In recognition of valour, we

etection, certain of the marshals, adherents of long standing who had fought in Gaul, conspired to assassinate their leader. 4

s of Caesar in Gaul and elsewhere, and Cn. Domitius Calvinus, who had fought in Thessaly, Pontus and Africa. There was no publ

Two political groups were conspicuously absent from the Senate that fought against Antonius. The assassins of Caesar had lef

us NotesPage=>164 M. Junius Silanus, his kinsman, had actually fought at Mutina (Ad fam. 10, 30, 1). It was Q. Terentiu

landowner, mustered his adherents and tenants, armed the slaves and fought his way through Italy to the sea coasts. 1 Arru

t of despots over the corpse of liberty. The men who fell at Philippi fought for a principle, a tradition and a class narrow,

Pompeius in Sicily. 8 It was a great victory. The Romans had never fought such a battle before. 9 The glory of it went to A

contests at Rome and the civil wars into which they degenerated were fought at the expense of Italy. Denied justice and liber

ia and the Sabine country, which had been loyal to Rome then, but had fought for the Marian cause against Sulla. Now a new Sul

ne Livius Drusus),2 she married a kinsman, Ti. Claudius Nero, who had fought for Caesar against Pompeius, for L. Antonius and

f. 2 Ib. 5, 132, 548. 3 Above, pp. 90 and 188. For Octavianus he fought in Spain in 41 B.C. (Appian, BC 4, 83, 351) and i

cos. 31). The gifted and eloquent Messalla, ‘fulgentissimus iuvenis’, fought for liberty at Philippi and was proud of it. He t

from the lectures of philosophers into the army of the Liberators. He fought at Philippi, for the Republic but not from Republ

h, Antonius 36). 7 M. Insteius from Pisaurum (Cicero, Phil. 13, 26) fought at Actium (Plutarch, Antonius 65). Q. Didius, att

company of the assassins in will and sympathy, if not in the deed, he fought at Philippi. Then, refusing either to agree with

9). 3 Q. Nasidius (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 564 f.; Appian, BC 5, 139, 579) fought as an admiral at Actium (Dio 50, 13, 5); for Turu

the War of Actium is quite simple, consistent and suspect a just war, fought in defence of freedom and peace against a foreign

ublicans in the Caesarian party. 3 More than seven hundred senators fought on Octavianus’ side in the War of Actium (Res Ges

most important things. Under what name and plea was the contest to be fought ? For Rome, for the consuls and the Republic again

gainst Rome by the peoples of Italy, precisely the Italiciy when they fought for freedom and justice in 90 B.C That was the fi

igues of Roman politicians, a firm disinclination to join in quarrels fought at her expense. Why should Italy sacrifice brave

s of Roman blood, as fitted the character of a civil war in which men fought , not for a principle, but only for a choice of ma

of barbarian allies. 4 The battle of Actium was decided before it was fought . The true story is gone beyond recall. It is un

ide the fleet of Octavianus faced the Antonians. The battle was to be fought under the auspices of Caesar—Caesar’s heir in the

al stabilization of the revolutionary age. The War of Actium had been fought and won, the menace to Italy’s life and soul aver

ms were changed, and not all of them. As ‘dux’ the young Caesar had fought the war under the national mandate, and ‘dux’ he

tood second only to Agrippa as a soldier and an administrator: he had fought with the young leader in Sicily and in Illyricum,

ted. Consulars who had governed vast provinces as proconsuls, who had fought wars under their own auspices and had celebrated

ona in Dalmatia): ‘P. Silio | P. f. procos. I patron. | d. d.’ Silius fought against the Camunni and Vennones. 4 Horace, Ode

wo Claudii. Agrippa on his return from the East went to Illyricum and fought a campaign in the winter of 13-12 B.C.2 The desig

armies of the East. In A.D. 7 Silvanus brought troops to the Balkans, fought along with Caecina Severus, the legate of Moesia,

. Though ILS 918 could be claimed for Quirinius (and the war which he fought as legate of Galatia- Pamphylia c. 9-8 or 4-3 B.C

Velleius 2, 116, 2; ILS 120, cf. 8966); and Cossus Cornelius Lentulus fought in A.D. 5–6 (Velleius 2, 116, 2; Florus 2, 31; Or

had been merciless against Fulvia, the wife of Antonius; and Rome had fought a national war against a political woman, the Que

when Etruria was martial. 6 The fiercest of the Italici had recently fought against Rome in the last struggle of the peoples

tus’ historian also spoke with respect of Brutus and Cassius they had fought for the constitution; and even with praise of Cat

f Mars the Avenger had been vowed by Caesar’s son at Philippi when he fought against the assassins of his parent, the enemies

e in politics. 2 As he had been among the earliest of the nobiles who fought at Philippi to pass from Antonius to Octavianus,

Of the authentic champions of that ideal, Brutus and Cassius, who had fought against Caesar’s heir at Philippi, could not have

husiastic supporter of the New State; the better cause for which Cato fought had prevailed after his death when the Roman Peop