Essentially, and strictly, therefore, the book is what it was when it first appeared. OXFORD, 1 January 1951 R. S. CONTEN

trate a sharp line of division in his career between two periods, the first of deplorable but necessary illegalities, the sec

s to Cicero are valuable documents (Ad fam. 10, 31–3), especially the first , where he writes (§ 2 f.): ‘natura autem mea et s

e Republic. Hence the novus homo (in the strict sense of the term the first member of a family to secure the consulate and co

d by the army-commanders and their political agents. It took shape at first in his consulate as concordia ordinum between Sen

ver to Sulla in the right season, and guided by craft and counsel the first stormy years of the renovated oligarchy. 5 Among

relations and alliances between that house and two other groups. The first is the Claudii: in addition to three sons, Ap. Cl

hief members of the government, the principes viri of note during the first decade of its existence. To the old and wily Phil

cia. Most glorious of all were the two Luculli, sons of a Metella and first cousins of Metellus Pius. 4 The elder, trained in

by a M. Terentius Varro, cf. P-W XIII, 414 f. L. Lucullus was married first to a Clodia, then to a Servilia, cf. above, n. 1

nifex. ’2 NotesPage=>027 1 M. Junius Brutus (tr. pl. 83), the ( first ) husband of Servilia, a Marian and an adherent of

xcite dispraise or contempt, even among the plebeian aristocracy: its first consul (in 141 B.C.) had been promoted through pa

itical contest. 2 Pompeius Magnus trod warily and pleased nobody. His first speech before the People was flat and verbose, sa

c conveniently added, the array is impressive and instructive. In the first place, Pompeius and his decorative father-in-law,

otes) Ch. IV CAESAR THE DICTATOR PageBook=>047 SULLA was the first Roman to lead an army against Rome. Not of his ow

ounted upon capitulation or a short and easy war. They had lost the first round. Then a second blow, quite beyond calculati

earlier career and inordinate ambition of the Sullan partisan who had first NotesPage=>050 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 3

during his consulate for the new man from Arpinum was derided as ‘the first foreign king at Rome since the Tarquinii’. 2 It w

ere as considerable as those of a monarch. Caesar would have been the first to admit it: he needed neither the name nor the d

name, his grand-nephew, attracted little attention at the time of his first appearance in Rome. The young man had to build up

vilege and station imposed duties, to family, class and equals in the first place, but also towards clients and dependents. 4

losophy or an ancestor who had liberated Rome from the Tarquinii, the first consul of the Republic and founder of Libertas. D

ctator’s political deputy until a new leader, emerging unexpected, at first tore it in pieces again, but ultimately, after co

of the Helvii. 1 Further, the ambitious and poetical Cornelius Gallus first enters authentic history as a friend of Caesar’s

y in the Peninsula. 6 Africa had given the name and occasion to the first triumph of the young Pompeius. But in Africa the

s, L., C. and P. Hostilius Saserna, can be distinguished, of whom the first at least was a senator (Münzer, P-W VII, 2512 ff.

us, himself of Tarquin blood, who expelled the tyrants and became the first consul of the Republic. 4 Pride kept the legends

ably came from a non-Roman family of municipal aristocracy; 6 and the first Pompeius owed his consulate to the backing of the

whether they fought against Rome or for her. 4 The Marsi provided the first impulsion to the insurrection, a great NotesPag

cession. The proposal to extend the Roman franchise to the allies was first made by agrarian reformers at Rome, with interest

ecade of war Italy was united, but only in name, not in sentiment. At first the new citizens had been cheated of the full and

2627. PageBook=>089 received more active assistance. 1 Atina’s first senator was very recent. 2 But Tusculum, and even

e praetors of 44 B.C., dim figures, the bearers of obscure names, the first and perhaps the last senators of their respective

deserved but otherwise might never have attained. Herius Asinius, the first man among the Marrucini, fell in battle fighting

λ∊. 7 ILS 885, nr. Sulmo of the Paeligni, but not his home, for the first Paelignian senator comes later (ILS 932). Perhaps

167 ff.; 440 ff.; in (1903), 235 ff. (with statistics and maps). The first consul is presumably T. Didius, or Deidius (98),

change. 2 Cicero claimed that in the space of thirty years he was the first knight’s son to become consul. He was correct but

of a distinguished family of praetorian rank (Pro Murena 41), was the first consul from Lanuvium (ib. 86). 4 In each of the

han that. To carry through a Roman revolution in orderly form, in the first place the powers of the highest magistracy, the a

quarrel with the Liberators providing they did not interfere with the first object of his ambition, which was to seize and ma

ia, Antonius had ample reserves of patronage. Their employment in the first place for his own political interests calls neith

f office would have to go far in violence and corruption to equal the first consulate of Caesar. Nor are there sufficient g

and his own resolution had given Antonius the position of vantage. At first he seemed harmless:5 before long, he was seen to

tas in a period of crisis would mean the strife of faction, veiled at first under honourable names and confined for a time to

consulate of 56 B.C. Octavius left three children, an Octavia by his first wife, by Atia another Octavia and a son, C. Octav

113 faction took to calling himself ‘Imperator Caesar’. 1 After the first constitutional settlement and the assumption of t

avenging of Caesar, and was ready to exploit every advantage. In the first place, the urban plebs, fanatically devoted to th

eterans, he possessed the means to split the Caesarian party. For his first designs he needed funds and a faction. As many of

athered in late summer and autumn of the year. Men and money were the first thing, next the skill and the resolution to use t

mself against Antonius, the young revolutionary needed an army in the first place, after that, Republican allies and constitu

bvert the domination of Antonius, and so destroy the Caesarian party, first Antonius, then Octavianus. But before such respec

eptember 19th). Cicero was absent. Such was the outcome of Cicero’s first public appearance since March 17th. The Curia did

three thousand veterans. The new Pompeius now had an army. He was at first quite uncertain what to do with it. Was he to sta

ze power in the city. So far, the raising of a private army and the first revolutionary venture has been narrated as the de

financial secretaries and political agents of the Dictator. Among the first Caesarians to be approached in April was the mill

ence about the names and origin of the adherents of Octavianus in the first years of his revolutionary career is deplorably s

lienated by the pretensions of Antonius, alarmed at his power. In the first place, the consuls- designate, Hirtius and Pansa,

ence. Back in Rome, Cicero refrained from attending the Senate on the first day of September. Antonius uttered threats. Cicer

eign even to the secret thoughts of the agents themselves. Cicero had first made the acquaintance of Caesar’s heir in April.

ow that unity had been restored in the Caesarian party. Again, in the first two speeches against Antonius, no word of the you

sionem taetram et detestabilem gloriosam putat. ’ 4 It was finished first and sent to Atticus in July (Ad Att. 16, 2, 6), t

the dangerous and anachronistic liberties of the People. That was the first duty of every Roman statesman. There is a melan

f public emergency or a ‘higher legality’ could be invented. Only the first steps need be hazardous. A proconsul in defence o

cautions in advance for the personal safety of the new consuls on the first day of the year, when momentous transactions were

ghbours to enlist but helped them with generous subsidies. 1 On the first or second day of February the envoys returned, la

om Illyricum to Egypt. About Cassius there were strong rumours in the first days of February:1 from Brutus, an official dispa

e was met by the trusty Ventidius with the three veteran legions. The first round was won. The next task was to safeguard the

ESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months. The first time he had sought backing from senior statesmen

portion. A social revolution was now carried out, in two stages, the first to provide money for the war, the second to rewar

nd ambition a second consulate from the Triumvirs (41 B.C.), like his first from Caesar: after that he is not heard of again.

th men of lower station. 6 Then Caesarian officials joined the cause, first Hortensius, the proconsul of Macedonia, and the r

C. and admiral for Octavianus in the Bellum Siculum. Calvisius is the first consul with a gentilicium ending in ‘-isius’: non

allus (cos. 37 B.C.) nothing is known, save that his father married a first cousin of M. Antonius (Val. Max. 4, 2, 6). For th

Ann. 3, 28. Ch. XV PHILIPPI AND PERUSIA PageBook=>202 ON the first day of the new year Senate and magistrates took a

in Italy,3 while Pollio held the Cisalpina with a strong army. 4 At first there was delay. Octavianus turned aside to deal

elieving that all was lost, Cassius fell upon his sword. Such was the first Battle of Philippi (October 23rd). 2 Both sides

rians. Otherwise their situation was desperate, for on the day of the first Battle of Philippi the Republican admirals in the

ted Caesar’s heir before the people when he marched upon Rome for the first time. 1 Death was also the penalty exacted of the

us left L. Marcius Censorinus as proconsul of Macedonia; 3 and on the first day of the year 39 Censorinus inaugurated his con

. 62, 2), appears insoluble, cf. recently E. Groag, PIR2, C 1395. Her first husband was Cn. Lentulus Marcellinus (cos. 56 B.C

en four years had elapsed since the foundation of the faction and the first revolutionary venture. Consulars were rare enough

to honours by Caesar, commanded armies for the Dictator, and was the first triumviral consul. 3 The noble Calvinus is a soli

st, his earliest marshals, in so far as definitely attested, were the first members of their families to acquire senatorial r

f the Sicilian campaigns reveals on the side of Caesar’s heir for the first time among his generals or active associates seve

ers and a senator before the assassination, was a loyal Caesarian, at first a partisan of Antonius. 5 L. Cornificius (cos. 35

cracy of Lucania. 4 These were able or unscrupulous military men, the first of new families to attain the consulate. Beside t

ich was presumably his home, cf. ILS 6463. 3 In whose company he is first mentioned, in 43, perhaps as one of his legates (

tus. But Octavianus’ time was short, his aims were restricted. In the first campaign he conquered Pannonian tribes and seized

eralded an armed struggle. It had begun some six years before. 2 At first Octavianus was outshone. Antonius’ men celebrated

city. Pollio repaired the Atrium Libertatis and equipped it with the first public library known at Rome for to Libertas Poll

h august precincts: a freedman, the tutor of Pompeius Magnus, was the first of his class. 1 So popular had history become. On

in the Hellenistic vein, renowned as the inventor of Roman elegy. He first emerges into authentic history when Pollio in a l

antiquities, a reaction from alien habits of thought. Inspired by the first beginnings of a patriotic revival, the new taste

Athens. Her husband told her to go back to Rome, unchivalrous for the first time in his life. He was dealing with Octavianus:

nus, his policy would hardly have differed from that of Antonius. The first man in Rome, when controlling the East, could not

vred for position: of compromise, no act or thought. Octavianus moved first . Early in the year he delivered a speech before t

missive might be guessed: it was to be imparted to the Senate on the first day of the new year. So far official documents

themes, familiar from reciprocal invective at the time of Octavianus’ first essay in armed violence and revived during the Wa

;282 1 The truth of the matter is lost for ever. Octavianus had the first view of the document, alone καì πρῶτoν μὲν αὐτòϛ

long remained as it had begun, a geographical expression. Italia was first invoked as a political and sentimental notion aga

liciy when they fought for freedom and justice in 90 B.C That was the first coniuratio Italiae. Though the whole land was enf

municipal magistrate with equestrian military service behind him, the first man to be accorded a public funeral in Sulmo (CIL

The army of the Roman People entered the capital city of Egypt on the first day of August. Such was the episode called the Be

overned it through a viceroy, jealously excluding Roman senators. The first Prefect of Egypt was C. Cornelius Gallus, a Roman

Soon after Actium, Messalla was put in charge of Syria :3 Octavianus’ first governor of Macedonia is nowhere attested—perhaps

ce of the dispute to the constitutional settlement of 28– 27 B.C. was first emphasized by E. Groag, P-W XIII, 283 ff. 3 Non

ried in the sepulchre of the Crassi (CIL VI, 21308). She might be the first cousin of M. Licinius Crassus, cos. 30 B.C. It

from the Aeneid of Virgil and is not of very common occurrence in the first three books of the Odes of Horace (which appeared

for merit achieved and for service expected, the Senate invested the first citizen with rank and authority. Caesar Augustus

ctatorial position in Rome as consul for the third time (52 B.C.), at first without a colleague, under a mandate to heal and

discover in Augustus’ supremacy the ultimate expression of a doctrine first formulated by Stoic philosophers, the rule of the

a Campestris), to which Cyprus, taken from Egypt after Actium, was at first added. 2 L. Ganter, Die Provinzialverwaltung de

uls of the age of the Revolution and the years between Actium and the first constitutional settlement any more conspicuous. M

r in rank. Not a single nobilis can be found among his legates in the first dozen years, and hardly any consulars. Likewise

m—a fair and fraudulent pretext to lighten the task of the Senate. At first the portion of the Senate seems to balance the pr

the Princeps east and west, six names are attested as legates in the first four years of the new dispensation (27- 23 B.C.).

Varro is attested c. 24-23 (Josephus, BJ 1, 398; AJ 15, 345); and the first legate of Galatia, annexed in 25, was M. Lollius

ake time. Augustus’ provincia at once called for attention. He turned first to the provinces of the West, setting out from Ro

that he proposed to invade the distant island of Britain, the island first revealed to Rome and first trodden by his divine

the distant island of Britain, the island first revealed to Rome and first trodden by his divine parent. 1 The design of con

r. Two centuries had elapsed since the armies of the Roman Republic first invaded Spain: the conquest of that vast peninsul

ent, with no voice or testimony, hoping and fearing in secret. On the first day of January he entered upon his eleventh consu

e of the closest of the associates of Augustus, Cornelius Gallus, the first Prefect of Egypt, had been recalled and disgraced

of a Dictator and the rebirth of Libertas, twenty-one years from the first coup d’état of Caesar’s heir. Liberty had perishe

et. Livia had not given the Princeps a child. She had two sons by her first husband, Ti. Claudius Nero and Nero Claudius Drus

a highly obscure subject. The post of praefectus cohortis does not at first belong to it, but takes time to develop. Notice,

knight led an army to the conquest of Egypt and remained there as the first Prefect of the land, at the head of three legions

ponius, a Roman knight of a respectable family from Tibur, became its first governor; 1 and in a time of emergency an equestr

a, 1; also Sardinia from A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 1, cf. ILS 105). 3 The first pair of praefecti praetorio was chosen in 2 B.C.

d in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 26, 4), the charge of the Annona soon after: the first praefectus annonae was C. Turranius (Tacitus, Ann

rom the colonies and municipia. 3 NotesPage=>359 1 Augustus at first fixed it at a mere 400,000 sesterces, subsequentl

ver been heard of before in the Senate or even at Rome. They were the first senators of their families, sometimes the last, w

Asisium, of a family of municipal magistrates, ILS 947, cf. 5346: the first consul with a name terminating in ‘-isius’ is C.

everus), cos. suff. 1 B.C. (L’ann. ép., 1937, 62). Passienus is the first consul with a name of that type, nearly anticipat

acquired the distinction, proudly recorded on his tomb, of being the first senator from all the Paeligni. 4 NotesPage=>

vade and capture the whole social and administrative hierarchy in the first century of the Principate until they set a provin

s were among his most intimate friends and earliest partisans. In the first months of its existence the faction of Caesar’s h

the faction of Caesar’s heir numbered hardly a single senator; in its first years, few of distinction. What more simple than

never recovered from its enemies or from its friends. Augustus in the first years masked or palliated some of its maladies at

superfluous. His will prevailed, in virtue of auctoritas. 3 In the first four years of the new dispensation Augustus kept

omething very different from the firm order that had prevailed in the first four years of the Principate. Riots in Rome could

e two consuls had been a partisan of Augustus and a military man, the first to ennoble his family, namely L. Arruntius, M. Lo

ct consulates of Ventidius and Carrinas in 43 B.C. showed the way. At first the dynasts were temperate. Then after the Pact o

ive nobiles. With 28 B.C. annual consulates come back, monopolized at first by Augustus, Agrippa and Taurus. Of the consuls o

LS 199). There was even a Mummia Achaica (Suetonius, Galba 3, 4), the first wife of C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C.). N

pawn. His sister Octavia had children by her two marriages: from the first , C. Marcellus and two Marcellas, who soon became

respectable, his adherents shared in his social ascension. Agrippa’s first wife had been one of the prizes of the Civil Wars

of the patrician Fabius Maximus. 3 As for the upstart Quirinius, his first wife was an Appia Claudia, daughter of one of the

eople, were perpetuated in the exorbitant power of imperial freedmen, first the servants and then the ministers and masters o

umed the heritage of the Julii and Claudii, that the great secret was first published abroad an emperor could be created else

d elsewhere than at Rome. 2 Everybody had known about it. After the first settlement Augustus in no way relaxed his control

n 27 B.C. Augustus had set out for the West without delay; and of the first fourteen years of his Principate the greater part

Licinius Crassus greatly augmented the province of Macedonia. In the first years of the Principate the imperial frontier on

nsulars was available for the needs of warfare and government. In the first and tentative years of the new dispensation Augus

mphylia, the vast province that succeeded the kingdom of Amyntas, was first organized by a legate of praetorian rank and was

ricum; 2 and, either after the campaigns of Tiberius and Piso and the first stage in the pacification of the Balkans (c. 9 B.

nnot be proved, that M. Vinicius was the last proconsul, Tiberius the first imperial legate, of Illyricum. 3 For the dating

the new command was set up as a result of the campaigns of Piso. The first clearly attested legate of Moesia is the consular

often, perhaps usually, quaestorian in rank, cf. ILS 931 and 945. The first person to be described as legate of a definite le

f service are instructive and impressive. Quirinius was certainly the first senator of his family, so perhaps was Lollius. Si

cy. In 22 B.C. he secured the appointment of a pair of censors, the first for many years. They were Plancus and Paullus Aem

me a number of permanent boards of senators had been established. The first dealt with roads (20 B.C.); 2 it was composed, ho

is trained staff; of the cura aquarum thus officially constituted the first president was Messalla. He held the post until hi

ention of floods was entrusted to the consuls of the year 8 B.C.; the first standing commission dates from A.D. 15 or not lon

and 102. 5 On the work of the consuls of 8 B.C., ILS 5923 a–d; the first commission, Tacitus, Ann. 1, 79, cf. ILS 5893.

the Princeps; 5 not always without cause. But careful supervision at first and then the abolition of free election soon dimi

cts of Egypt, a land strictly managed on monopolistic principles. The first Prefect had succumbed to a political intrigue, th

o that the transmission of power appeared to be no different from its first legitimation, namely, a special mandate conferred

esignate, but he could not appoint, his heir. When the Principate was first transmitted to a successor, that person already h

here was more than that. Not merely spite and disappointment made the first man in the Empire next to the Princeps refuse his

w nobility which can show highly eminent connexions at this time: the first wife of P. Quinctilius Varus was the aunt of this

f Messalla Corvinus. See further above, p. 423, n. 1. 5 Through his first wife Appia Claudia (CIL VI, 15626), sister of Mes

ince Crassus, the constitutional crisis in Rome, supervening when the first man in the Empire was absent, might turn into a p

ia, a lively old man who enjoyed high social distinction although the first consul in his family. 6 After Lamia came Cossus C

necessary that the Principate should be conferred by consent upon the first citizen for services rendered and expected. The t

power. Deed and phrase recur at the beginning of Nero’s reign. 3 From first to last the dynasty of the Julii and the Claudii

ory of Rome by assiduously expurgating the traces of alien influence, first the Etruscan and then the Greek: the inevitable r

ma salutis, quod minime reris, Graia pandetur ab urbe. 3 From the first decision in council with his friends at Apollonia

on and educate coming generations to civic virtue. The story of the first days of the city, established as the old poet rec

The poor expressed their gratitude by crowding to the Capitol on the first day of the year and contributing small coins to a

he horoscope a ruler of the world was portended. When the child could first speak, he bade the frogs be silent. No frog croak

ked in that place ever again. When Caesar’s heir entered Rome for the first time, the sun was surrounded with a halo; and the

piter, and recognized again by Cicero on the next day when he had the first sight of Caesar’s grandnephew in the company of t

ly riveted to the clientela of Caesar Augustus and the dynasty in the first place, and through the dynasty to Rome and the Em

ose? PageNotes. 475 1 For examples of these men, ILS 7013 ff. The first high priest was C. Julius Vercondaridubnus, an Ae

gate of Syria, and the procurator Coponius proceeded to carry out the first census, provoking the insurrection of Judas the G

ts of Maecenas and the perverse archaism of Tiberius. In writing, his first care was to express his meaning as clearly as pos

i Marcelli and the Marcii Philippi, ancient plebeian houses, were the first to go. 1 The line of the obscure but newly ennobl

tate, Sulla, Cinna, Crassus and Pompeius, were still prominent in the first days of the Empire but their direct line did not

le V at end. PageBook=>497 By paradox all of these families at first escaped alliance with the ruling dynasty, providi

M. Papius Mutilus the Samnite and the two Vibii from Larinum are the first and the last consuls of their families. Papius an

allustius Crispus Passienus, cf. L’ann. ép., 1924, 72. He was married first to Nero’s aunt, Domitia, then to Nero’s mother, A

every way fitting that Spain and Narbonensis should have supplied the first provincial emperors, of stock Italian, native or

, the son of another, were patrician into the bargain. Trajan was the first provincial emperor, a Spaniard married to a woman

in the Principate from its military and revolutionary origins. In the first decade of his constitutional rule, Augustus emplo

d in two armies, are in themselves a large part of the history of the first century of the Empire, the makers of emperors. Th

treatment the Roman historians clung tenaciously to the memory of the first beginnings of their art, the record of consulates

y already, in the ambition to perpetuate his glory, have composed the first draft of the inscription that was to stand outsid

to the end. He died on the anniversary of the day when he assumed his first consulate after the march on Rome. Since then, fi

cerned the most important accession is the Fasti of the Vicomagistri, first published by G. Mancini, Bull. Comm. LXIII (1935)

political début, 112 ff.; demagogic activities, 11 6 ff., 119 f.; his first march on Rome, 125 ff., 141 f.; origin of his par

B.C.), 362, 375. Varius Cotyla, Antonian, 189. Varius Geminus, Q., first Paelignian senator, 363. Varius Rufus, L., poet,

tree. VI. THE FAMILY OF SEIANUS The relationships of Seianus were first investigated by C. Cichorius, Hermes xxxix (1904)