nd in the political system of the Principate had already taken shape, firm and manifest, as early as the year 23 B.C., so th

volved the whole world in strife and anarchy. Gaul and the West stood firm ; but the horsemen of the Parthians were seen in S

. Many senators were their partners, allies or advocates. Concord and firm alliance between Senate and knights would therefo

ity in the Marian faction were the Junii and the Domitii,6 who became firm supporters of the new order. 6 NotesPage=>01

the associates of Catilina, Caesar, then praetor-designate, spoke in firm condemnation of their treason but sought to avert

e with Sulla. The implacable Cato detested the financiers. He stood firm against Italians, hating them from his very infan

he dynast remained ambiguous and menacing. To his allies he expressed firm confidence, pointed to his armed forces and spoke

spect ‘liberty and the laws’. To his contemporaries, Marcus Brutus, firm in spirit, upright and loyal, in manner grave and

equate and of the best, namely his own person. Italy was held to be firm for conservative interests. No doubt: the propert

ed by the Caesarian leaders, who, in negotiation with them, adopted a firm and even menacing tone. D. Brutus was in despair.

and by financial subsidies from Antonius, while Hirtius expressed his firm disapproval. 3 Antonius was apprised. When he req

ly in his interest to alarm the Senate and reinforce the argument for firm concord in the governing class and a firm control

reinforce the argument for firm concord in the governing class and a firm control of affairs by the consuls. To this end

ncede at a later date and for abusive comparisons. 1 The consul was firm but conciliatory, taking counsel with senior stat

suls for the next year. Cato too was dead. Averse from compromise and firm on principle, he would have been a nuisance to an

rengthening of the coalition of March 17th, and, more than that, to a firm pact with the Liberators. Brutus and Cassius publ

2 Ad Jam. 11, 3, 1; Ad. Att. 16, 7, 7. PageBook=>119 with a firm manifesto (August 4th), taking their stand upon t

ple Pollio, Ad fam. 10, 31, 2f., quoted above, p. 6. C. Matius made a firm and noble reply to a peevish letter of Cicero, ib

hts due to his name and station. But not to excess: Octavianus took a firm stand upon dignitas without dangerous indulgence

fices of Balbus and Oppius and by personal approach. But Cicero stood firm : he refused to come to Rome and condone Caesar’s

he laws against the forces of anarchy or despotism. He would stand as firm as Cato had stood, he would be the leader of the

Nor could the survivors of the Marcelli, Marcii and Calpurnii make a firm bid for leadership in the Commonwealth. Two pol

he party of the constitution when it ‘established the Republic upon a firm basis’. While consul, Antonius was clearly unassa

Rome, but to submit to the authority of the government. This was a firm and menacing demand. For the friends of Antonius,

All that remained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined armies of the Republic

Pansa, which he refused to surrender to D. Brutus, resolved to stand firm , precarious though his own position was. Antonius

e letter closed with a pointed sentence, surely the reply to Cicero’s firm rejection of his earlier proposals for peace and

e of citizens than wreak savage vengeance on the vanquished. 6 To his firm character and Roman patriotism there was somethin

the senatorial and equestrian orders, the primacy of Antonius seemed firm enough governing his provinces were the most prom

. Hope soon revived. His generals, and Lepidus as well, had secured a firm footing in the island. They soon overran the grea

by their appetite for bounties and lands. Octavianus was generous but firm . 1 The veterans of Mutina and Philippi he now rel

xpression of his sentiments. 2 Neither Brutus nor Calvus found Cicero firm and masculine enough for their taste. 3 Of thos

thers might succumb to black despair: Horace instead derived a clear, firm and even metallic style, a distrust of sentiment

y of Media, some five hundred miles away. Antonius neglected to set a firm hold on Armenia by planting garrisons over the la

o won him for Antonius, and he served Antonius well. The alliance was firm with promise for the future his son was betrothed

r, but the rest of the Catonian faction under Ahenobarbus still stood firm . Had Ahenobarbus required a pretext for desertion

retained a rational distrust of the intrigues of Roman politicians, a firm disinclination to join in quarrels fought at her

erate no neutrality in the national struggle. One man, however, stood firm , the uncompromising Pollio. He had been a loyal f

. The last of the Ptolemies scorned to be led in a Roman triumph. Her firm and defiant end, worthy of a Roman noble in feroc

sh with Crassus, any hint of the attitude of other proconsuls. Had he firm allies or kinsmen among them, the course of event

little by a return to ancient practices, but not changed, namely the firm concord of the propertied classes and the traditi

not merely ‘ferox’ but ‘atrox’. 4 His nephew Brutus, who proclaimed a firm determination to fight to the end against any pow

ember of the board of praetors. 2 A noble, but none the less by now a firm member of the Caesarian party, was M. Junius Sila

d to guide its counsels and set in order its imperial dominions and a firm authority to enforce a programme of social and mo

of arbitrary acts was to continue as a steady process, guided by the firm hand of a national administration. NotesPage=&g

e propertied classes in the towns of the Empire, east and west, stood firm by their protector. The vassal kings, though stil

s need of a strong hand, and Saturninus was the man to exert himself, firm and without fear. 2 What name the enemies of the

es recalled the authentic Republic, something very different from the firm order that had prevailed in the first four years

al period, that the Empire might split into two parts. By 13 B.C. a firm beginning had been made. The conquest of the Alpi

h respect for forms preserved ; 3 and he conveys requests, modest but firm , to the governors of provinces. 4 Yet not entir

ate, it is evident that there would have to be expert preparation and firm control behind the scenes of all public transacti

er Piso inherited, along with the love of letters, good sense and the firm avoidance of desperate ambition or party spirit.

. Calpurnius Piso, with Varus and with L. Volusius Saturninus), and a firm company of novi homines. A new government is alre

overnment. Security of possession, promotion for loyalty or merit and firm rule in Rome, Italy and the provinces, that was n

ugustus for his part strove in every way to restore the old spirit of firm , dignified and decent worship of the Roman gods.

vein now drying up, exerted himself to establish the movement upon a firm basis of theory and to claim the rank of classics

And so Aeneas follows his mission, sacrificing all emotion to pietas, firm in resolution but sombre and a little weary. The

l occasions there were distributions of wine and oil. But he could be firm . PageNotes. 468 1 She was a protégée of Marci

ed figure from Prima Porta, showing the Princeps in his middle years, firm and martial but melancholy and dedicated to duty:

scribed as the provinces’ revenge upon Rome. Army and provinces stood firm for the established order. The legions were inspi

oples could show more authentic grievances. Augustus intended to keep firm control over provincial governors. He tightened t

ry province of Upper Germany: less was heard about Libertas under his firm regiment. Tacitus announced an intention of writi

olly; the brief unhappy Principate of Nerva was a cogent argument for firm control of the State. Like the vain pomp of eas

t fittingly be applied to the whole fabric of the Roman State. It was firm , well-articulated and flexible. By appeal to the

s and all armies. Yet these powers were the twin pillars of his rule, firm and erect behind the flimsy and fraudulent Republ