habuit, dilexi summa cum pietate et fide. ’ 2 Horace, Odes 2, 1, 6 ff .: periculosae plenum opus aleae tractas et ince

E. Komemann, yahrbilcher fur cL PhiL, Supplementband xxii (1896), 557 ff . PageBook=>007 from the Republican and Ant

3 Horace, Odes 2, i, i if. 4 For example, Lucan, Pharsalia r, 84 ff .; Florus 2, 13, 8 ff.; Velleius 2, 44, I. PageB

i, i if. 4 For example, Lucan, Pharsalia r, 84 ff.; Florus 2, 13, 8 ff .; Velleius 2, 44, I. PageBook=>009 in thei

the patrician gentes, cf. Mommsen, Römische Forschungen I2 (1864), 69 ff . 2 M. Gelzer, Die Nobilität der r. Republik (19

1864), 69 ff. 2 M. Gelzer, Die Nobilität der r. Republik (1912), 35 ff .; A. Gwosdz, Der Begriff des r. princeps (Diss. B

eps (Diss. Breslau, 1933). 3 Gelzer’s definition (Die Nobilität, 21 ff .) is here accepted. ‘Nobilis’ may not be quite a

t;011 1 P. Willems, Le Sénat de la république romaine I (1878), 427 ff ., established this total for the Senate of 55 B.C

ivis urbis Romae’ (ib. 31, 7). 3 Cf. H. Strasburger, P-W XVII, 1223 ff . 4 Cicero, De lege agraria II, 3 ff. 5 The ma

H. Strasburger, P-W XVII, 1223 ff. 4 Cicero, De lege agraria II, 3 ff . 5 The manual on electioneering written by Q. C

itas (Diss. Breslau, 1932): in the sense of ‘personal honour’, ib. 36 ff . 3 Cicero, Pro Sestio 137. Office was accessibl

he Servilii, old allies of the NotesPage=>018 1 Münzer, RA, 53 ff . 2 No Fabius was consul between 116 and 45 B.C.

gt;019 1 That of Q. Servilius Caepio, cos. 106; cf. Münzer, RA, 285 ff . 2 Cf. Münzer, RA 305 ff. The patriciate was in

lius Caepio, cos. 106; cf. Münzer, RA, 285 ff. 2 Cf. Münzer, RA 305 ff . The patriciate was in very low water in the last

onsular sons. For the stemma, see Table I at end. 4 Münzer, RA, 302 ff .; J. Carcopino, Sylla ou la monarchie manquée (19

RA, 302 ff.; J. Carcopino, Sylla ou la monarchie manquée (1931), 120 ff . Sulla married Caecilia Metella, daughter of Delm

tesPage=>021 1 See, above all, the researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff . For the stemma, see Table II at end. The other c

I at end. The other children were Q. Servilius Caepio (P-W 11 A, 1775 ff .), Servilia, the second wife of L. Lucullus (Plut

bat auctoritatem. ’ About this woman, cf., above all, Münzer, RA, 336 ff . PageBook=>024 prime. 1 But Servilia would

at Asculum, ILS 8888, cf. C. Cichorius, Römische Studien (1922), 130 ff ., esp. 158 ff. The root of the name is the Oscan

LS 8888, cf. C. Cichorius, Römische Studien (1922), 130 ff., esp. 158 ff . The root of the name is the Oscan cognate of the

amily at some time or other, cf. J. Duchesne, Ant. cl. III (1934), 81 ff . 2 Namely, his own kinsman, Q. Pompeius Rufus,

ith C. Lucilius Hirrus (tr. pl. 53), cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 67 ff .; A. B. West, AJP XLIX (1928), 240 ff., with a st

f. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 67 ff.; A. B. West, AJP XLIX (1928), 240 ff ., with a stemma on p. 252. Hirrus was a great lan

was Cn. Tremellius Scrofa, suitably eloquent about pigs (ib. 2, 4, 1 ff .) and a master of all rural science (ib. 1, 2, 10

nd in the East, on sea and on land, cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 189 ff . 4 Pseudo-Asconius on Cicero, Div. in Caec, p.

partisan from the beginning is attractive, cf. JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff . About Gabinius’ origin, nothing is known. But hi

s’ legates in. the two wars, cf. Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms IV2, 420 ff .; 486. 4 The manner in which he terminated the

>033 1 Plutarch, Pompeius 44; Cato minor 30. Cf. Münzer, RA, 349 ff . 2 That it need not have been a serious matter

9, 4; 20, 5. His talent as a dancer, Dio 37, 49, 3. 8 Dio 37, 49, 4 ff . (Metellus Creticus (cos. 69) bore a grudge again

amp;c). For a discussion of other views, cf. Münzer in P-W 11 A, 1775 ff . PageBook=>035 Cato had private grounds as

oposal of the tribune C. Messius, Ad Att. 4, 1, 7. 2 Pro Sestio 136 ff . 3 Cf. especially Ad Jam. 1, 9, 8 f. Pompeius h

by the Optimates (ib., passim). 4 Cf. M. Cary, CQ XVII (1933), 103 ff . 5 The speeches Pro Balbo and De prov. cons.: t

, 6; Caesar, BC 1, 4, 2). 2 For the full details, cf. P-W 11 A, 870 ff .; 111, 1269 f. 3 Adfam. 8, 14, 1. 4 As Caeliu

Meyer, Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus3 (1922), 271 ff . 3 As Caesar complains, BC 1, 85, 9: ‘per pauco

.), cf. below, p. 228. On the character of Ap. Pulcher, P-W III, 2849 ff . 4 Celer to Cicero (Adfam. 5, i, i); Tamiliae n

ntly by Carcopino, Points de vue sur l’impérialisme romain (1934), 89 ff .; Histoire romaine 11: César (1936). 2 He offer

lly due to physical causes. 4 Cf. E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie3, 299 ff . PageBook=>050 enemies of Caesar had count

vy, Per. 114: ‘imperator se bene habet. ’ 3 Lucan, Pharsalia 1, 126 ff .: quis iustius induit arma scire nefas, magno

, Abh. der bayer. Ak. der Wiss., phil.-hist. Abt., N.F. 15 (1937), 32 ff . Premerstein argues that this was a general oath,

7 f. 2 Compare especially E. Meyer, Hist. Zeitschr. XCI (1903), 385 ff . = Kl. Schr. 12(1924), 423 ff.; Caesars Monarchie

Meyer, Hist. Zeitschr. XCI (1903), 385 ff. = Kl. Schr. 12(1924), 423 ff .; Caesars Monarchie3, 508 ff. Against, F. E. Adco

1903), 385 ff. = Kl. Schr. 12(1924), 423 ff.; Caesars Monarchie3, 508 ff . Against, F. E. Adcock, CAH IX, 718 ff., and rema

3 ff.; Caesars Monarchie3, 508 ff. Against, F. E. Adcock, CAH IX, 718 ff ., and remarks by the present writer, BSR Papers X

718 ff., and remarks by the present writer, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 1 ff . 3 Sallust, Hist. 3, 88 M: ‘sed Pompeius a prim

e taken much interest in the matter, Roman Ideas of Deity (1914), 112 ff . Phil. 2, 110, however, is a difficult passage. Y

ect of misrepresentation to his contemporaries (Cicero, Pro Murena 61 ff .; cf. Ad Att. 2, 1, 8: ‘dicit enim tamquam in Pla

is faction (hostile to the Scipiones), cf. above all Miinzer, RA, 257 ff . Ch. V THE CAESARIAN PARTY PageBook=>061

p-daughter of Catilina (Ad fam. 8, 7, 2). On his career, P-W IV, 1624 ff . Q. Hortensius Hortalus (Catullus 65, 2), the son

estrian rank on Caesar’s side, note C. Asinius Pollio (Catullus 12, 6 ff .) and L. Ticida, the lover of a Metella (Apuleius

elonged to a family on friendly terms with M. Cicero, cf. P-W XIX, 45 ff . 2 For example, a son of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus

C. Claudius C. f. Marcellus, see Münzer, RA, 407; P- W, Supp. v, 369 ff . 3 L. Julius Caesar (cos. 64) was a legate (BC

n 61 B.C. (when he protected Clodius), praetor in 59, cf. P-W VI, 204 ff . For a defence of that much-maligned character P.

inius see L. G. Pocock, A Commentary on Cicero in Vatinium (1926), 29 ff . Of former Pompeian tribunes, L. Flavius joined C

1, 2) and so did C. Messius (Bell. Afr. 33, 2). 2 Gellius 12, 12, 2 ff .; ‘Sallust’, In Ciceronem 3. 3 Caesar, BC 3, 89

t this time. 3 For the list, Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms IV2, 420 ff .; 486. 4 Among Caesar’s earliest legates in Gau

eius behind them. For this interpretation, cf. JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff . PageBook=>068 and the glory of Caesar. La

consular Messalla Rufus and Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 3 Münzer, RA, 12 ff . 4 Ib. 347 ff. Her second husband was D. Junius

la Rufus and Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 3 Münzer, RA, 12 ff. 4 Ib. 347 ff . Her second husband was D. Junius Silanus (cos. 6

4 and 48, 1; BC 3, 60, 4. 2 Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 7, 6; Catullus 29, 1 ff ., &c, cf. P-W XIV, 966 f. 3 The essential e

muleteer Sabinus in Virgil, Catalept. 10, cf. Münzer in P-W I A, 1592 ff . It is not really very plausible. Ventidius was p

(above, p. 72). On this hypothesis, cf. R. Syme, CQ XXXII (193K), 39 ff . 3 The contingent from Opitergium was justly ce

lebrated, Livy, Per. 110, &c. 4 ILS 8888. 5 Bell. Hisp. 42, 1 ff . 6 Plutarch, Crassus 6. PageBook=>076 no

;076 1 On P. Sittius (Bell. Afr. 25, 2, &c), cf. P-W III A, 409 ff .; on the Gaetuli, Bell. Afr. 56, 3. The clientela

strong, cf. Cato’s words to Pompeius’ son, ib. 22, 4 f. 2 SIG3 751 ff . As for Theophanes, Cicero speaks of his auctorit

uence and his intrigues there is abundant evidence, cf. P-W V A, 2090 ff . 3 For example, in Thessaly (BC 3, 34, 4; 35, 2

lar and sixteen praetorian provinces, cf. Mommsen, Ges. Schr. IV, 169 ff . Ch. VI CAESAR’S NEW SENATORS PageBook=>

ich Sulla’s new senators were drawn, cf. H. Hill, CQ XXVI (1932), 170 ff . 2 In general, a ‘colluvies’ (Ad Att. 9, 10, 7)

, 11. For a fuller discussion, see R. Syme, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 12 ff . 3 Bell. Afr. 54, 5 and, by implication, BC 1,

shed, of whom the first at least was a senator (Münzer, P-W VII, 2512 ff .). If the scholiast Porphyrio (on Horace, Sat. 1,

ero, Phil. 11, 12; 13, 27, &c, discussed in JRS XXVII (1937), 127 ff . The gentilicium is Osean. Is he perhaps of the f

NotesPage=>081 1 W. Schur, Bonner Jahrbücher CXXXIV (1929), 54 ff .; R. Syme, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 4 ff.; 23 f. To

r Jahrbücher CXXXIV (1929), 54 ff.; R. Syme, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 4 ff .; 23 f. To support this view one need not appeal

with reference to this type of name, with numerous examples, ib. 464 ff . (‘theophore Namen’). 5 Suetonius, Divus Vesp.

Republic, others in the regal period. For the evidence, P-W III, 2662 ff . Doubt about the date need not prejudice the fact

i certainly belonged to the settlement on the Quirinal, Livy 5, 46, 1 ff . 3 As may be inferred from Val. Max. 2, 4, 5. O

lts and gods, cf. F. Altheim, A History of Roman Religion (1938), 114 ff .; 144 ff. 4 Note the praenomina ‘Kaeso’ and ‘Nu

ods, cf. F. Altheim, A History of Roman Religion (1938), 114 ff.; 144 ff . 4 Note the praenomina ‘Kaeso’ and ‘Numerius’ a

termarriage with a dynastic house of Capua c. 217 B.C., Livy 23, 2, 1 ff . The Fabii seem to have acquired great influence

great influence in Etruria, cf. Münzer, RA, 55 f. 6 Münzer, RA, 56 ff . He argues that the Atilii came from Campania (58

e Atilii came from Campania (58 f.), the Otacilii from Beneventum (72 ff .). PageBook=>085 nominally plebeian, the n

On the Plautii, Münzer, RA, 44. 2 W. Schur, Hermes LIX (1924), 450 ff . On Marcius Coriolanus, cf. Mommseri Römische For

ff. On Marcius Coriolanus, cf. Mommseri Römische Forschungen 11, 113 ff .; W. Schur, P-W, Supp. v, 653 ff. 3 Precisely ‘

ommseri Römische Forschungen 11, 113 ff.; W. Schur, P-W, Supp. v, 653 ff . 3 Precisely ‘Lecne’, cf. the Etruscan bilingua

rutus can hardly be accepted as historical, cf. now P-W, Supp. v, 356 ff . 5 Münzer, RA, 191 ff. 6 Id., P-W XII, 401.

pted as historical, cf. now P-W, Supp. v, 356 ff. 5 Münzer, RA, 191 ff . 6 Id., P-W XII, 401. 7 Ib. XIX, 892 ff.; RA,

6 ff. 5 Münzer, RA, 191 ff. 6 Id., P-W XII, 401. 7 Ib. XIX, 892 ff .; RA, 05 ff. PageBook=>086 But these are e

nzer, RA, 191 ff. 6 Id., P-W XII, 401. 7 Ib. XIX, 892 ff.; RA, 05 ff . PageBook=>086 But these are exceptions ra

NotesPage=>087 1 The coins of the Italici (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 317 ff .) are highly revealing, above all the coin of the

ian faction led by a NotesPage=>089 1 Pro Piando (Plancio?) 19 ff ., contrasting Atina and Tusculum. Plancius’ paren

’ (ib. 24). 2 Ib. 19. 3 J. Vogt, Homo novus (Stuttgart, 1926), 19 ff . 4 Pro Cluentio 153: ‘illa robora populi Romani

ur rei publicae, proponere. nosti optime homines. ’ 7 P-W VII, 1817 ff . They were a noted commercial family, trading wit

is firmly contested by Stuart Jones and by Cary, JRS XXVI (1936), 268 ff .; ib. XXVII, 48 ff. PageBook=>093 res publ

by Stuart Jones and by Cary, JRS XXVI (1936), 268 ff.; ib. XXVII, 48 ff . PageBook=>093 res publica constituta and

rne by NotesPage=>093 1 W. Schulze, LE, passim; Münzer, RA, 46 ff . (‘Die Einbürgerung fremder Her rengeschlechter’)

us’ and ‘-ienus’, cf. P. Willems, LeSénat 1, 181; W. Schulze, LE, 104 ff The earliest consuls are P. Alfenus Varus (suff.

ompare the thorough investigation of A. Schulten, Klio 11 (1902), 167 ff .; 440 ff.; in (1903), 235 ff. (with statistics an

e thorough investigation of A. Schulten, Klio 11 (1902), 167 ff.; 440 ff .; in (1903), 235 ff. (with statistics and maps).

tion of A. Schulten, Klio 11 (1902), 167 ff.; 440 ff.; in (1903), 235 ff . (with statistics and maps). The first consul is

the son of a municipal magistrate from Ferentinum in Latium, ILS 5342 ff . On Pansa, a magnate from Perusia, above, p. 90.

r the list of the conspirators, Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms 1112, 627 ff .; P- W X, 254 f. 5 An unsuccessful candidate fo

7 On Cimber (whose origin cannot be discovered), cf. P-W, VI A, 1038 ff .; on Trebonius, ib. 2274 ff. 8 Suetonius, Divus

annot be discovered), cf. P-W, VI A, 1038 ff.; on Trebonius, ib. 2274 ff . 8 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 2. For his conne

for March 21st or 22nd, cf. S. Accame, Riv. di fil. LXII (1934), 201 ff . PageBook=>098 On the morning of March 17t

2 (an open letter of Brutus and Cassius). 5 Nepos, Vita Attici 8, 1 ff . 6 The ancient evidence about provinces and the

es of O. E. Schmidt (Jahrbücher für cl. Phil., Supp. XIII (1884), 665 ff .), E. Schwartz (Hermes XXXIII (1898), 185 ff.), a

, Supp. XIII (1884), 665 ff.), E. Schwartz (Hermes XXXIII (1898), 185 ff .), and W. Sternkopf (ib. XLVII (1912), 321 ff.).

rmes XXXIII (1898), 185 ff.), and W. Sternkopf (ib. XLVII (1912), 321 ff .). The views of Sternkopf will here be accepted f

from Plutarch, Antonius 10, the only evidence is Cicero, Phil. 2, 71 ff , which betrays its own inadequacy. The fact that

ntonius restored an exile but only NotesPage=>107 1 Phil, 1, 2 ff . Cicero does not mention here, among the ‘Republi

the provinces at this time, cf. W. Sternkopf, Hermes XLVII(1912), 321 ff .; W. W. How, Cicero, Select Letters 11 (1926), Ap

Page=>112 1 On the family, see above all Suetonius, Divus Aug. 1 ff ., presenting authentic facts, hostile slander and

ra of his grandfather the banker, see Münzer, Hermes LXXI (1936), 222 ff . 2 As Velleius happily says (2, 59, 2), ‘gravis

rom coins of Agrippa, struck in Gaul in 38 B.C., BMC, R. Rep. 11, 411 ff . 2 Antonius’ own words are quoted by Cicero, Ph

had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian, BC 3, 14, 48 ff .). This was a mere formality. 2 Ad fam. 11, 2.

ut Hirtius was by no means favourable to the Liberators, ib. 14, 6, I ff . 4 On this, W. Sternkopf, Hermes XLVII (1912),

ib. 14, 6, I ff. 4 On this, W. Sternkopf, Hermes XLVII (1912), 357 ff ., accepted by T. Rice Holmes, The Architect of th

ed by T. Rice Holmes, The Architect of the Roman Empire 1 (1928), 192 ff . Even if June 1st be not the day of the passing o

e passing of the law (cf. M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capopartei (1933), 76 ff .), it matters little. PageBook=>116 as wel

2 1 The whole situation at this time is summed up by Dio (45, 11, 1 ff .) with unwonted insight and force: ∊ί⍴ήvouv ἔтι ĸ

ompare also his valuable observations on the War of Mutina (46, 34, 1 ff .). Ch. IX THE FIRST MARCH ON ROME PageBook=&g

high treason. NotesPage=>125 1 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 31, 131 ff .; Ad Att. 16, 8, 1 f.; 11, 6. 2 Ad Att 16, 8, 2

BC 3, 66, 270), on which see O. E. Schmidt, Philologus LI (1892), 198 ff . PageBook=>127 Caesarian leader his primac

fence of the morals, family and patriotism of Octavianus, Phil. 3, 15 ff . 2 See Table III at end. PageBook=>128 a

narius, most unlikely for Pedius, cf. Münzer, Hermes LXXI (1936), 226 ff .; P-W XIX, 38 ff. Q. Pedius had been legate in Ga

kely for Pedius, cf. Münzer, Hermes LXXI (1936), 226 ff.; P-W XIX, 38 ff . Q. Pedius had been legate in Gaul (BG 2, 2, 1, &

y. On the local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ see Schulze, LE, 104 ff . and above, p. 93. Coins of this man struck in 40

it cannot be established: on names in ‘-anius’, cf. Schulze, LE, 531 ff . 4 For the grandfather, Pro Cluentio 153. The M

a facoltà di filosofia e lettere della r. Univ. di Cagliari (1933), 1 ff . 3 Nicolaus, ib. 4 Ad Att. 14, 21, 2: ‘et nos

15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 8, 2. Probably not the A. Caecina of Ad fam. 6, 5 ff .; 13, 66. 9 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 31, 133: κα

eering, Ad fam. 15, 17, 2; his father,ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil. 11, 11 ff .; 13, 26 ff. 3 Ib. 3, 23. The tribunes were Ti.

am. 15, 17, 2; his father,ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil. 11, 11 ff.; 13, 26 ff . 3 Ib. 3, 23. The tribunes were Ti. Cannutius,

leasure, might still be NotesPage=>135 1 Cicero, In Pisonem 68 ff . The learned Asconius (14 = p. 16 Clark) provides

as been argued by Reitzenstein and Schwartz, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 87 ff .: accepted by E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie3, 163 f

, 4; Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 13, 1; Ad fam. 14, 14, 2. 2 Münzer, RA, 355 ff .; P-W 11 A, 1798 ff. 3 Suetonius, De rhet. 4.

7, 13, 1; Ad fam. 14, 14, 2. 2 Münzer, RA, 355 ff.; P-W 11 A, 1798 ff . 3 Suetonius, De rhet. 4. PageBook=>137

ensebat, istuc ad rem publicam capessendam venio. ’ 3 Ib. 16, 11, 1 ff . (Nov. 5th). 4 Ib. 10, 8a (a very friendly lett

hich too much has been written), cf. R. Heinze, Hermes LIX (1924), 73 ff . = Vom Geist des Römertums (1938), 142 ff. Page

inze, Hermes LIX (1924), 73 ff. = Vom Geist des Römertums (1938), 142 ff . PageBook=>145 ranks of the principes for

. Cf. the speeches of the years 57-55 B.C., passim. 3 In Pisonem 68 ff .; cf. Or. post red. in senatu 14 f. 4 De prov.

NotesPage=>150 1 Or. post red. in senatu 13; De prov. cons. 9 ff . 2 Phil. 2, 74 f. 3 Ib. 2, 77. 4 Suetonius,

6 In Pisonem, fr. 10 = Asconius 3 (p. 5, Clark). 7 Pro Caelio 12 ff . 8 According to the Schol. Bob. on In Vat. 14 (

, R. Emp. 1, 112. 7 Cf. A. Alföldi, Zeitschr. für Num. XL (1928), I ff . PageBook=>156 It is the excuse of the rev

est. ’ 2 Appian, BC 2, 104, 430 Eὐσέβ∈ια). 3 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 370 ff .; also the inscr., ILS 8891. 4 Tacitus, Ann. 1,

verse, on the reverse the legend ‘Pietas Cos. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff .). PageBook=>158 patriotism private enmiti

i vident. i 8 Ad fam. 12, 5, 2, cf. Mommsen, Ges. Schriften IV, 176 ff . PageBook=>165 be seen in the Curia. The r

mething at least of Calenus’ speech can be recovered from Dio (46, 1, ff .). 2 Res Gestae 1; Livy, Per. 118; Dio 46, 29,

egarding the law were by no means adequate or unequivocal (Phil. 5, 7 ff .). Firstly, the law violated Caesar’s Lex de prov

LS 9460 (Delos). On the relationship with Brutus, cf. Münzer, RA, 342 ff . 4 M. Appuleius (Phil. 10, 24), probably quaest

e=>173 1 Phil. 12 (c. March 10th?). 2 Phil. 13. 3 Ib. 13, 22 ff . 4 Ad fam. 10, 6, 3: ‘haec impulsus benevolenti

hreatened Octavianus with this alternative. 4 Appian, BC 3, 75, 305 ff . probably fictitious, cf. E. Schwartz, Hermes xxx

ancus composed his last NotesPage=>165 1 Appian, BC 3, 83, 341 ff . 2 Ad fam. 10, 35, 2: ‘quod si salutis omnium a

virtus aliena dulcedinem vivendi minuere potuerit. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff . 5 Appian, BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil. 5, 47, abov

2 1 Appian, BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not authentic. 2 Ib. 3, 93, 383 ff . 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 95. Ch. XIV THE PROS

lth of material evoked. 6 NotesPage=>190 1 Appian (BC 4, 8, 31 ff .) gives what purports to be their official manife

he proscribed have been recorded (Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms I2, 470 ff .; H. Kloevekorn, De proscriptionibus, &c, Dis

). 4 On this, cf. especially M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 1, 229 ff . who perhaps emphasizes too much the impersonal c

eneca, Suasoriae 6, 17); Plutarch, Cicero 47 f.; Appian, BC 4, 19, 73 ff . The best obituary notice was Pollio’s (quoted by

L. Marcius Censorinus (Velleius 2, 14, 3). 9 Appian, BC 4, 32, 136 ff . PageBook=>196 abandon the principle. Othe

s also with Brutus for a time, but acted treacherously (Dio 47, 24, 3 ff .). Above, p. 171 9 Ad fam. 12, 14 f.; BMC, R. R

24, 3 ff.). Above, p. 171 9 Ad fam. 12, 14 f.; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 481 ff . PageBook=>199 further strengthened by the

age of the Liberators and their lieutenants, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 471 ff . 2 Above, p. 67. 3 For example, C. Calvisius

>200 1 Dio 47, 30, 5. Cf. Cicero, Phil. 11, 4. 2 Dio 48, 41, 1 ff . 3 C. Norbanus was admitted to honours by Caesa

haps indicating Etruscan origin or influence, cf. W. Schulze, LE, 531 ff . Münzer, however, argues that he came from the an

te, L’ann. ép., 1922, 96. Cf. C. Hülsen, Strena Buliciana (1924), 193 ff . 3 Appian, BC 4, 115, 479 ff.; Dio 47, 47, 4; P

. Hülsen, Strena Buliciana (1924), 193 ff. 3 Appian, BC 4, 115, 479 ff .; Dio 47, 47, 4; Plutarch, Brutus 47. 4 As the

pian, BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch, Brutus 50. 8 Appian, BC 5, 2, 4 ff . Among them were Cicero’s son and the assassins C

1 Appian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48, 3, I ff . 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 49: θρήνϵνν, oὐδ v μ ν ἀδι

of the consular power against the Triumvirate (BC 5, 19, 74; 43, 179 ff .; 54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11

lar power against the Triumvirate (BC 5, 19, 74; 43, 179 ff.; 54, 226 ff .). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff. 3

74; 43, 179 ff.; 54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff . 3 Appian, BC 5, 60, 251. PageBook=>209

through the Cisalpina on NotesPage=>209 1 Appian, BC 5, 23, 92 ff . According to Dio, Antonius and Fulvia derided th

with narrative or with map. 4 Appian, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff . 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, BC 5, 33, 130

16; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, BC 5, 33, 130 ff . 7 Ib. 5, 33, 131; cf. ILS 886. 8 Velleius 2,

e in eum scribere qui potest proscribere. ’ 5 Appian, BC 5, 35, 139 ff . 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appia

ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 204 ff . PageBook=>212 The captives were a problem

, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5, 26, 102; Dio 48, 22, 1 ff . T. Sextius had at last suppressed Q. Cornificius

wife and his brother not NotesPage=>214 1 Appian, BC 5, 4, 15 ff . 2 Plutarch, Antonius 25. 3 It will not be ne

τϵ το ρωτος καὶ ὑπὸ τ ς μ θης. 2 Cf. E. Groag, Klio XIV (1914), 43 ff . 3 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 41 f. 4 There was even

ions (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 15). 5 So E. Groag, Klio xiv (1914), 43 ff . He argues that Antonius committed a serious and

e sea and starve Italy. NotesPage=>216 1 Appian, BC 5, 55, 230 ff . 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian

ms and rival dynasties. NotesPage=>217 1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff . 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28, 4; Appian, B

r is now very plausibly argued by B. Snell, Hermes LXXIII (1938), 237 ff . 2 The last Ludi Saeculares at Rome had been ce

, cf. J. Carcopino, Virgile et le mystère de la IVeéglogue (1930), 57 ff . 3 Cf. A. Alföldi, Hermes LXV. (1930), 369. P

us on Eel. 4, 1. 4 Servius, ib. 5 Cf. R. Syme, CQ xxxi (i937), 39 ff . 6 Propertius 3, 18, 15; PIR2, C 925. 7 As pe

C 925. 7 As persuasively argued by W. W. Tarn, JRS xxii (1932), 135 ff . The widely prevalent belief that Virgil must hav

us und des Octavian (Diss. Leipzig, 1936). See further below, pp. 234 ff .; 266 ff. 3 Plutarch, Antonius 24. 4 CIL 12,

s Octavian (Diss. Leipzig, 1936). See further below, pp. 234 ff.; 266 ff . 3 Plutarch, Antonius 24. 4 CIL 12, p. 50.

ricum, which lay in the portion of Octavianus, cf. CQ xxxi (1937), 39 ff . 2 W. W. Tarn, CQ xxvi (1932), 75 ff. Appian (B

vianus, cf. CQ xxxi (1937), 39 ff. 2 W. W. Tarn, CQ xxvi (1932), 75 ff . Appian (BC 5, 75, 320) mentions the Dardani, but

io 48, 26, 3 (wrongly dated). 6 Ib. 48, 41, 1; Josephus, AJ 14, 393 ff . PageBook=>224 place. There was delay an

llest account of the exploits of Ventidius is given by Dio, 48, 39, 3 ff .; 49, 19, 1 ff. According to Fronto (p. 123 N), S

f the exploits of Ventidius is given by Dio, 48, 39, 3 ff.; 49, 19, 1 ff . According to Fronto (p. 123 N), Sallust composed

well as his ships would NotesPage=>225 1 Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 31 ff . The poets were Virgil, Horace and L. Varius Rufu

h question, cf. Rice Holmes, The Architect of the Roman Empire 1, 231 ff .; M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 11, 71 f. Pag

er of L. Scribonius Libo c. 55 B.C. 3 Tisienus Gallus, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff .; Appian, BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L. Plinius Rufu

pertaesus, ut scribit, morum perversitatem eius. ’ 2 P-W XIII, 881 ff . 3 Velleius 2, 75; Suetonius, Tib. 4. 4 The C

, Appian, BC 4, 38, 162; 5, 132, 549; and coins, BMC, R, Rep. 11, 510 ff .; for coins of Oppius, ib. 11, 517 ff. The presen

and coins, BMC, R, Rep. 11, 510 ff.; for coins of Oppius, ib. 11, 517 ff . The presence of Atratinus in western waters is l

ian, BC 5, 139, 579. Libo became cos. ord. in 34. 2 Ib. 5, 144, 598 ff . 3 Dio 48, 30, 5 ff. When Titius celebrated gam

ibo became cos. ord. in 34. 2 Ib. 5, 144, 598 ff. 3 Dio 48, 30, 5 ff . When Titius celebrated games in the theatre of P

prolonged NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff . 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC 5, 112, 470.

ame. 8 NotesPage=>235 1 CIL 12, p. 42. 2 Münzer, P-W XIX, 45 ff . 3 Ad fam. 10, 33, 4. 4 Appian, BC 5, 54, 229

m Rhosus in Syria, revealed only by inscriptions (Syria xv (1934), 33 ff .), may have been sent by Antonius to help his all

2 B.C. (Val. Max. 1, 8, 6) and Marius Statilius in 216(Livy 22, 42, 4 ff .), commanders of Lucanian troops. A dedication to

; Dio 49, 38, 3 f. Messalla was also there (Panegyricus Messallae 108 ff .); and Taurus, coming from his African triumph (J

t of all the civil wars. NotesPage=>242 1 Dio 49, 42, 3; 43, 1 ff . Frontinus, De aq. 9; Pliny, NH 36, 121. 2 L. V

cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 32, 1. 3 Dio 49, 43, 5. 4 Ib. 49, 13, 1 ff .; 34, 3 f. PageBook=>256 sentiments of the

specially L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (1931), 100 ff . PageBook=>257 between absolute monarchy a

l grants to Egypt, see especially J Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 579 ff .; U. Kahrstedt, ‘Syrische Territorien in hellenis

; J. Dobiáš, Mélanges Bidez (1934), 287ff.; W. W. Tarn, CAH 1, 34; 66 ff .; 80. The province of Cilicia, if not earlier fus

r, ib. 585. The evidence of Josephus is clear and valuable, AJ 15, 75 ff .; 79; 88; 91 f.; 131. PageBook=>261 She co

Page=>261 1 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 81. 2 Id., JRS XXII (1932), 144 ff . 3 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 582 ff.; W.

d., JRS XXII (1932), 144 ff. 3 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 582 ff .; W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 66. PageBook=>262 inh

ctive good NotesPage=>262 1 M. Rostovtzeff, JRS VII (1917), 27 ff ., with especial reference to Satyrus (IOSPE I2, 6

d. Compare the judicious remarks of Levi (Ottaviano Capoparte II, 134 ff .), discountenancing sentimentality. PageBook=&g

Die Provinzialver- waltung der Triumvirn (Diss. Strassburg, 1892), 31 ff . In the years 40–32 B.C., Ganter gives, for Syria

rpus is attested there in 31 B.C., Dio 51, 5, 6; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff . To the above list should probably be added, as p

vernors, see especially M. Bahrfeldt, Num. Zeitschr. XXXVII (1905), 9 ff . (Bibulus, Atratinus and Oppius Capito); Journ. i

Atratinus and Oppius Capito); Journ. int. d’arch. num. XI (1908), 215 ff . (Sosius, Proculeius and Canidius Crassus): Procu

CIL IX, 4191 (Auximum). He was cos. suff. in 31 B.C. 5 P-W VII, 375 ff . He was governing Asia for Antonius in 35 (Dio 49

erning Asia for Antonius in 35 (Dio 49, 17, 5; Appian, BC 5, 137, 567 ff .). 6 On Dellius’ changes of side, Seneca, Suaso

p;c). M. Oppius Capito is known only from coins (BMC, R. Rep. II, 517 ff .): perhaps of the same family as antonius’ army c

nus (plutarch, Antonius 38). On the Oppii, cf. Münzer, P-W XVIII, 726 ff . (forthcoming). On Sosius and Canidius, above, p.

11, 487 f. (gold and silver, with two types of portrait). 2 lb. 510 ff . He took a fleet to Sicily in 36 B.C. to help Oct

, the son of the Pompeian consul of 72 B.C., cf. Münzer, P-W VII, 103 ff .: he is the Gellius infamously derided by Catullu

ous Metellus was saved by his son after Actium (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff ). L. Pinarius Scarpus, the nephew of Caesar the D

the NotesPage=>270 1 Plutarch (Antonius 54) and Dio (49, 41, 1 ff .) are lavish of detail. It is strange that neithe

J. Carcopino, Ann. de l’École des Hautes Études de Gand 1 (1937), 37 ff .). 2 See the just remarks of Levi, Ottaviano Ca

1, 152: Antonius was not βασιλύϛ. 3 W. W. Tarn, JRS XXII (1932), H9 ff . PageBook=>274 When he dwelt at Athens wit

by Carcopino, Ann. de l’École des Hautes Études de Gand 1 (1937), 37 ff . 4 Cf. especially J. Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1

nhängerschaft des Antonius und des Octavian (Diss. Leipzig, 1936), 31 ff . 5 Plutarch, Antonius 56: ἔδєɩ γάρ єἰς Kαὶσαρα

been satisfactorily established by Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 37 ff . 2 Dio 50, I, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 55. 3

stablished by Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 37 ff. 2 Dio 50, I, 3 ff .; Plutarch, Antonius 55. 3 Dio 49, 41, 6. 4 l

>277 1 For the details, K. Scott, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome XI (1933), 7 ff . 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 69: ‘quid te mutavit,

the past he had not been NotesPage=>280 1 BMC, R. Rep. n, 526 ff . 2 Plutarch, Antonius 56. 3 On the question o

discussion see Rice Holmes, The Architect of the Roman Empire 1, 227 ff .; M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 11, 139 ff. Bot

the Roman Empire 1, 227 ff.; M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 11, 139 ff . Both Holmes and Levi seem to be against Kromayer

mance in the role of Glaucus. 4 Plutarch, Antonius 58; Dio 50, 3, 1 ff .; Velleius 2, 83. Dio is not very explicit about

60. 7 Plutarch, Antonius 58. 8 Valuable evidence in Dio 50, 10, 3 ff .; Plutarch, Antonius 58. PageBook=>284 was

ogy cannot be genuine, cf. H. J. Rose, Harv. Th. Rev. XXX (1937), 165 ff .; A. v. Premerstein, ‘Vom Werden und Wesen des Pr

5 (Vatinius’ joke). 2 Ad Att. 8, 16, ι; 9, 5, 3. 3 Above, pp. 86 ff . PageBook=>287 Shame that the Marsian and

danger that had menaced NotesPage=>287 1 Horace, Odes 3, 5, 5 ff . 2 Lucan, Pharsalia 1, 134 f. PageBook=>28

tesPage=>288 1 Horace, Epodes 9; Odes 1, 37. Virgil, Aen. 8, 671 ff .; Propertius 3, 11, 29ff.; 4, 6, 13 ff. The vario

des 1, 37. Virgil, Aen. 8, 671 ff.; Propertius 3, 11, 29ff.; 4, 6, 13 ff . The various Augustan calendars celebrate August

, 80; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 84, 2 and 86, 1; Appian, BC 2, 144, 600 ff . (Caesar); 3, 46, 188 (Antonius). See the interpr

terpretation of Premerstein, Vont Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 32 ff . 3 On the character, form and true significance

d true significance of the oath, see, above all, Premerstein, o.c, 26 ff ., esp. 36 ff. For the words and formulation he ac

icance of the oath, see, above all, Premerstein, o.c, 26 ff., esp. 36 ff . For the words and formulation he acutely invokes

ies and NotesPage=>294 1 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 60 ff .; XXXIV (1899), 1 ff.; W. W. Tarn, CAH X, 100.

gt;294 1 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 60 ff.; XXXIV (1899), 1 ff .; W. W. Tarn, CAH X, 100. 2 The casualties in M

is forces. NotesPage=>295 1 As Tarn argues, CQ XXVI (1932), 75 ff . It is clear, however, that provincial levies wer

BC 3, 79, 324). As for Ántonius, O. Ćuntz(jahreshefte XXV (1929), 70 ff .) deduced from the gentilicia of a number of sold

the Dacians. 5 For the former view, W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1931), 173 ff .; XXVIII (1938), 165 ff.; for the latter, J. Krom

former view, W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1931), 173 ff.; XXVIII (1938), 165 ff .; for the latter, J. Kromayer, Hernies XXXIV (189

(1938), 165 ff.; for the latter, J. Kromayer, Hernies XXXIV (1899), 1 ff .; LXVIII (1933), 361 ff.; G. W. Richardson, JRS X

latter, J. Kromayer, Hernies XXXIV (1899), 1 ff.; LXVIII (1933), 361 ff .; G. W. Richardson, JRS XXVII (1937), 1 ff. Again

1 ff.; LXVIII (1933), 361 ff.; G. W. Richardson, JRS XXVII (1937), 1 ff . Against Tarn’s theory it can be argued, with Kro

whole left wing refused to fight, cf. W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1931), 173 ff . 2 Hyginus, De limitions constituendis, p. 177.

. 177. 3 Velleius 2, 86, 2. 4 Cf. W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1931), 179 ff . PageBook=>298 against the bestial divinit

tesPage=>298 1 Aem. 8, 688. 2 Velleius 2, 88. 3 Dio 51, 4, 3 ff . 4 Ib. 51, 9, 1. For the coins of Scarpus, see

ere put to death, among NotesPage=>299 1 Plutarch, Antonius 77 ff .; Dio 51, II, 4 (Proculeius); Plutarch, Antonius

he Battle of Actium, BMC, R. Rep. 11, 533. 2 Horace, Odes 1, 37, 29 ff . 3 Above, p. 159. 4 Res Gestae 3: ‘victorque

rent. ’ 6 Seneca, De ben. 2, 25, 1 (Furnius); Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff . (Metellus). 7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus); Senec

, &c. 6 For details of these arrangements, cf. Tarn, CAH X, 113 ff . PageBook=>301 children of Cleopatra, what

>301 1 Res Gestae 27, cf. Virgil, Georgics 2, 171; 3, 30; 4, 560 ff . 2 Dio 51, 20, 6 f. 3 Res Gestae 27. PageBo

otesPage=>302 1 e.g. Virgil, Aen. 7, 606; Horace, Odes 1, 12, 53 ff .; 3, 5, 2 ff.; Propertius 2, 10, 13 ff. 2 It wa

302 1 e.g. Virgil, Aen. 7, 606; Horace, Odes 1, 12, 53 ff.; 3, 5, 2 ff .; Propertius 2, 10, 13 ff. 2 It was an especial

7, 606; Horace, Odes 1, 12, 53 ff.; 3, 5, 2 ff.; Propertius 2, 10, 13 ff . 2 It was an especial habit of the Greeks to ma

Livy rebuked them (9, 18, 6). 3 Dio 51, 7, 7, cf. Tibullus 1, 7, 13 ff . 4 No evidence—but Taurus was an honorary duovi

eutschland unter dem Prinzipat, 3 f.). For Messalla, Tibullus 1, 7, 3 ff .; CIL I2, p. 50 and p. 77 (Sept. 25th, 27 B.C.).

He once threw a wine-cup in the face of M. Agrippa. 2 Dio 51, 23, 2 ff . His two campaigns belong to the years 29 and 28.

torque alter urbis’. 8 In Romulus NotesPage=>305 1 Aen. 1, 286 ff . 2 Cf. A. Alföldi, RM LII (1937), 48 ff., discu

age=>305 1 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 2 Cf. A. Alföldi, RM LII (1937), 48 ff ., discussing the symbolic decoration of the cuira

on Augustus’ statue from Prima Porta. Norden argued that Aen. 6, 794 ff . derives from traditional laudations of Alexander

3 Dio 51, 21, 2 (cf. 19, 2 f.). 4 Ib. 51, 22, 2. 5 Odes 3, 3, 57 ff . 6 Aen. 12, 828: Occidit, occideritque sinas cu

, 828: Occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troia. ’ 7 Livy 5, 51 ff . 8 Ib. 5, 49, 7. PageBook=>306 there was

Romulus about this time, cf. esp. J. Gagé, Mélanges XLVII (1930), 138 ff . 2 The account of Romulus in Dionysius of Halic

38 ff. 2 The account of Romulus in Dionysius of Halicarnassus (2, 7 ff .), with its remarkable Caesarian or Augustan anti

Actium, as Premerstein argues, Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 8 ff . 3 BMC, R. Emp. 1, 112. 4 Dio 53, 1, I ff. Th

Wesen des Prinzipats, 8 ff. 3 BMC, R. Emp. 1, 112. 4 Dio 53, 1, I ff . That this was done in virtue of censoria potesta

, єἴπєρ αὐτʋκράτωρ στρατηγὸϛ ἐγєγóνєι. Dessau (Hermes XLi (1906), 142 ff .) discovered the startling relevance of Livy 4, 1

lement of 28– 27 B.C. was first emphasized by E. Groag, P-W XIII, 283 ff . 3 Nonius Gallus (ILS 89s, cf. Dio 51, 20, 5).

um animum’; Dio 53, 23, 5 (statues and pyramids). 4 ILS 8995, 11. 4 ff .: ‘exercitu ultra Nili catarhacte[n transd]ucto,

. 4 On this topic see above all J. Gage, Rev. hist, CLXXI (1933), 1 ff PageBook=>311 A settlement that yielded ce

princeps. Diss. Breslau, 1933; Wagenvoort, Philologus XCI (1936), 206 ff .; 323 ff. 2 Cicero, De re publica 1, 68: ‘ex ni

Diss. Breslau, 1933; Wagenvoort, Philologus XCI (1936), 206 ff.; 323 ff . 2 Cicero, De re publica 1, 68: ‘ex nimia poten

uler of the eastern lands, cf. now E. Kornemann, Klio XXXI (1938), 81 ff . Ch. XXII PRINCEPS PageBook=>313 IN his

legend ran, before his assumption NotesPage=>313 1 Dio 53, 12 ff . (not quite satisfactory on the division of the p

s clear enough. Premerstein (Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 229 ff .) follows Mommsen and assumes that it carried imp

the volume Aus Roms Zeitwende (Das Erbe der Alten, Heft xx, 1931), 39 ff ., esp. 47 f. According to Dio (53, 12, 1) Augustu

inite grant by the Senate of a general ‘cura rei publicae’ (o. c, 120 ff .). That Augustus exercised such a supervision the

3, 16, 8: ὡς καί πλєῖόν τι ἢ καί ἀνθρώπoυς ὤν. Cf. Ovid, Fasti 1, 609 ff Romulus founded Rome ‘augusto augurio’ (Ennius, q

. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie u. das Principal des Pompejus3 (1922), 174 ff . On Ciceronian language and ideas reborn in Augus

ideas reborn in Augustus, cf. A. Oltramare, Rev. ét. lat. X(1932), 58 ff . PageBook=>319 the political doctrine of C

was also the NotesPage=>319 1 E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie, 174 ff .; R. Reitzenstein, GGN 1917, 399 ff.; Hermes LIX

E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie, 174 ff.; R. Reitzenstein, GGN 1917, 399 ff .; Hermes LIX (1924), 356 ff. 2 Above, p. 144, c

, 174 ff.; R. Reitzenstein, GGN 1917, 399 ff.; Hermes LIX (1924), 356 ff . 2 Above, p. 144, cf. R. Heinze, Hermes LIX (19

924), 356 ff. 2 Above, p. 144, cf. R. Heinze, Hermes LIX (1924), 73 ff . = Vom Geist des R mertums142 ff. For a brief, cl

cf. R. Heinze, Hermes LIX (1924), 73 ff. = Vom Geist des R mertums142 ff . For a brief, clear and admirable account of the

g and use of ‘status’, cf. E. K ö stermann, Rh. M. LXXXVI (1937), 225 ff . 4 Horace, Odes 2, 1, 23 f.: ‘et cuncta terraru

[gis]tra[t]u conlegae f[uerunt]. 2 R. Heinze, Hermes LX (1925), 348 ff . Vom Geist des Römertums, 1 ff. 3 Above, p. 284

. 2 R. Heinze, Hermes LX (1925), 348 ff. Vom Geist des Römertums, 1 ff . 3 Above, p. 284 PageBook=>323 Augustus

. 2, cf. above, p. 320. 5 E. Meyer, Hist. Zeitschr. xci (1903), 385 ff . = Kl. Schr. 12, 423 ff.; G. Ferrero, The Greatne

5 E. Meyer, Hist. Zeitschr. xci (1903), 385 ff. = Kl. Schr. 12, 423 ff .; G. Ferrero, The Greatness and Decline of Rome (

connexions of this remarkable person are highly obscure (P-W V A, 706 ff .). Nor is his nomenclature constant. Yet it is pr

, Die Provinzialverwaltung der Triumvirn, Diss. Strassburg (1892), 56 ff . 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 47, 1: ‘provincias val

ow, p. 394. 2 M. Lollius in Macedonia, c. 19-18 B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 4 ff ., cf. L’ ann. ép., 1933, 85), P. Silius Nerva (Di

in error, cf. L. Ganter, Die Provinzial-verwaltung der Triumvirn, 69 ff .). 4 In 25 B.C. Varro Murena subdued the Salass

Mytilenaeis of 25 B.C. (IGRR IV, 33, col. c, 1. 15), cf. P-W V A 691 ff . Possibly a brother of Varro Murena. 3 The cons

PageNote. 332 1 Dio 53, 25, 2. 2 Velleius 2, 78, 3; Dio 48, 42, 1 ff . 3 Apart from the Acta Triumphalia, no record o

stus’ war begin in 28 B.C. 4 On these campaigns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff .; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C., ib. 315

P LV (1934), 293 ff.; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C., ib. 315 ff . P. Carisius coined at Emerita (BMC, R. Emp. 1, 5

9 B.C., ib. 315 ff. P. Carisius coined at Emerita (BMC, R. Emp. 1, 51 ff .). 5 Orosius 6, 21; Florus 2, 33; Dio 53, 25, 5

C, R. Emp. 1, 51 ff.). 5 Orosius 6, 21; Florus 2, 33; Dio 53, 25, 5 ff . 6 Dio 54, 5, 1 (mentioning the τρυϕή and ὠμότη

ova): ‘P. Silio leg. pro | pr. patrono | colonei’). 2 Dio 54, 11, 1 ff . The mendacious Velleius (2, 90, 4) asserts that

this tirke bore the name of Varro. 5 PageNote. 334 1 Dio 54, 3, 4 ff .; Velleius 2, 91, 2: ‘erant tamen qui hunc felici

race, ostensibly prophetic, in an Ode addressed to Licinius (2, 10, 9 ff .) who is probably Murena. 3 Dio 53, 24, 2. 4

cording to A. v. Premerstein, Vom Werden u. Wesen des Prinzipats, 232 ff . That Augustus received imperium mains is explici

at Cyrene (for a text of which, cf. J. G. C Anderson in JRS XVII, 33 ff .). It is reasonable enough to suppose that the po

rii’. PageNote. 337 1 Cf. M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 167 ff . Dio mentions no grant of imperium to Agrippa. Th

C., Agrippa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spain (Dio 54, 11, 1 ff .). PageBook=>338 It was not for ostentatio

, p. 569. 2 Eutropius 7, 10, 2. 3 Cf. D. Magie, CP in (1908), 145 ff . 4 M.(?) Aelius Gallus, Prefect of Egypt perhap

12, p. 50. 4 Dio 54, 2, 1. 5 H. Mattingly, CR XLVIII (1934), 161 ff ., in reference to the clear indication in Virgil,

a condet | saecula qui rursus Latio. ’ 6 Res Gestae 5; Dio 54, 1, 1 ff . PageBook=>340 The life of the Princeps wa

tiis paene ultra feminam fluens. ’ Cf. especially Seneca, Epp. 114, 4 ff ., illustrating the theme ‘talis hominibus fuit or

d Furnius. 3 NotesPage=>349 1 Res Gestae 25. 2 Dio 52, 42, 1 ff .; Velleius 2, 89, 4: ‘senatus sine asperitate, ne

15. 4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 55, 25, 2 ff . PageBook=>353 The soldier in service look

, 4. The name may be ‘Scruttarius’, cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 282 ff . 4 Val. Max. 7, 8, 6: ‘ab infimo militiae loco

whole subject, cf. above all A. Stein, Der r. Ritterstand (1927), 136 ff . 2 For example, ILS 2654 and 2656 (not early).

otesPage=>356 1 See especially A. Stein, Der r. Ritterstand, 142 ff . The equestris militia in the time of Augustus is

Lesquier, L’armée romaine d’Égypte d’Auguste à Dioclétien (1918), 119 ff . 5 For example, ‘praef. eq. pro leg. ’ (ILS 267

Asculum; 5 NotesPage=>357 1 Josephus, BJ 2, 117 f.; AJ 18, 29 ff . 2 Dio 55, Ioa, 1; also Sardinia from A.D. 6 (D

’ 3 ILS 8996 (Volsinii). Cf. C. Cichorius, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 461 ff . Seianus had several relatives of consular rank (

1; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 40, 1; cf. ILS 916. 3 ILS 212, col. II, 1 ff .: ‘sane | novo m[ore] et divus Aug[ustus av]onc[u

uld not officially appeal for precedent, cf. BSR Papers XIV (1938), 6 ff . For the class of men referred to, compare the ph

(such as Palicanus) and from Ferentinum in Latium, cf. esp. ILS 5342 ff . (of the Sullan period?) which show an A. Hirtius

esse nobilissimum. ’ Cf. Cicero, Pro Balbo, passim. 4 Livy 4, 3, 10 ff . (speech of the tribune Canuleius); ILS 212 and T

y, cf. ILS 5883: nr. Amastris). 5 A. Stein, Der r. Ritterstand, 291 ff . 6 And, should they possess the Jus Italicum, t

complained. NotesPage=>369 1 Cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 285 ff . 2 The dispensations accorded show that the low

e was imprisoned and executed. 4 NotesPage=>371 1 Dio 54, 6, 2 ff . Consular elections in the years 22–19 B.C. are v

tia vetere consulum more ac severitate gessisset. ’ 3 Dio 53, 24, 4 ff . (26 B.C.). 4 Velleius 2, 92; cf. Dio 54, 10, 1

er four hundred inscriptions of slaves (CIL VI, 6213–6640 and pp. 994 ff .), among them German guardsmen (e.g. ILS 7448 f.)

age=>385 1 Plutarch, Lucullus 6. 2 Mommsen, Ges. Schr. IV, 311 ff . Note the ‘cohors primae admissionis’ (Seneca, De

, above all, the penetrating studies of A. Alföldi, RM XLIX (1934), 1 ff .; L(1935), 1 ff. 4 For Otho, Suetonius, Otho 1,

penetrating studies of A. Alföldi, RM XLIX (1934), 1 ff.; L(1935), 1 ff . 4 For Otho, Suetonius, Otho 1, 1. The influenc

y and events in the East, cf. above all J. G. C. Anderson, CAH X, 239 ff . 4 Suetonius, Tib. 9, 1; Dio 54, 9, 4 f.; Velle

4 &c. On this matter, cf. now L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff . PageBook=>389 Spain and Gaul were very di

54, 12, 4f. On his powers, cf. M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 98 ff . Whether or no he should be called co-regent is a

Bellum Pannonicum. 6 NotesPage=>390 1 Cf. JRS XXIII (1933), 19 ff . A number of legions recently withdrawn from Spai

For this conception of the foreign policy of Augustus, see CAH x, 355 ff .: the truth of the matter has often been obscured

cum, which was continued and completed by Tiberius. 3 Dio 54, 34, 5 ff .; Velleius 2, 98; Livy, Per. 140; Seneca, Epp. 83

might override at need the proconsul of Macedonia? 4 Dio 54, 31, 2 ff ., &c.; Suetonius, Tib. 9, 2; Velleius 2, 96,

yrici ad r[ip]am fluminis | Dan[u]i.’ 5 For the details, CAH x, 358 ff . PageBook=>392 When Agrippa, deputy and so

e and arguments in support of this theory, cf. Klio XXVII (1934), 122 ff . PageBook=>394 The partition of provinces

llyricum. 3 For the dating to this period, cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 113 ff ., with an inclination to the later years. It coul

s, from the beginning, a partisan of Pompeius (JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff .). 3 Plutarch, Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14;

, perhaps as early as 13 B.C., cf. T. Corbishley, JRS XXIV (1934), 43 ff . Strabo (p. 748) says that he was governor at the

sually assumed, r. 13–10 B.C., cf. L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff . Hence the possibility that M. Titius was legate

, &c. The date of his command is probably 9–6 B.C. (P-W I A, 1519 ff .). There might be room for another legate between

nd Sentius, but there is no point in inserting one. 3 Dio 54, 20, 4 ff .; Velleius 2, 97, 1; Julius Obsequens, De prodigi

5 B.C., as proconsul of Crete and Cyrene? cf. E. Groag, P-W IV A, 825 ff . 2 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 48; Strabo, p. 569. Date un

nown: the most plausible, 9–8 or 4–3 B.C., cf. Klio XXVII (1934), 135 ff . 3 Below, p. 429. 4 Josephus, AJ 17, 355, cf.

ly, 6 B.C.–A.D. 4), cf. CQ XXVII (1933), 142 ft. JRS XXIV (1934), 113 ff . Certainty cannot be attained, or even precision

eginning of the Bellum Pannonicum) cf. Jahreshefte XXVIII (1933), 140 ff .; XXIX (1934), 60 ff. C. Patsch (Wiener S-B. 214,

m Pannonicum) cf. Jahreshefte XXVIII (1933), 140 ff.; XXIX (1934), 60 ff . C. Patsch (Wiener S-B. 214, 1 (1932), 104 ff.) a

40 ff.; XXIX (1934), 60 ff. C. Patsch (Wiener S-B. 214, 1 (1932), 104 ff .) and others are in favour of 10 B.C. On Cn, Corn

18 B.C. Dates for Lentulus range from 15–14 B.C. (C. Patsch, o.c, 91 ff .) to A.D. II (A. v. Premerstein, Jahreshefte XXIX

sch, o.c, 91 ff.) to A.D. II (A. v. Premerstein, Jahreshefte XXIX, 60 ff .). 5 Above, p. 394. 6 Velleius 2, 101, 3 (I B

roconsuls of Macedonia or legates of Moesia, cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 125 ff ., with a slight preference for the former alterna

estae 20; Dio 53, 22, 1 f.; ILS 113 (Ariminum). 4 Tibullus 1, 7, 57 ff . (Messalla); ILS 889 (Sabinus). 5 Frontinus, De

, 26, 4 f. 2 Ib. 54, 8, 4. On the various curatores, cf. CAH x, 198 ff . 3 ILS 5939 ff.: the curatores aedium sacrarum

. 54, 8, 4. On the various curatores, cf. CAH x, 198 ff. 3 ILS 5939 ff .: the curatores aedium sacrarum et operum locorum

s annonae in A.D. 14, Tacitus, Ann. 1, 7. 7 Cyrene Edicts V, II.107 ff . (for a text of these documents, JRS XVII (1927),

cts V, II.107 ff. (for a text of these documents, JRS XVII (1927), 34 ff .). On consulars, each put in charge of appeals fr

4 On this, A. v. Premerstein, Vom Werden u. Wesen des Prinzipats, 112 ff . 5 This is the ‘pars populi integra et magnis d

an imperial mint at Lugdunum, cf. H. Mattingly, BMC, R. Emp. I, xiii ff . 6 On this, see M. Hammond, The Augustan Princi

ff. 6 On this, see M. Hammond, The Augustan Principate (1933), 170 ff .; Stuart Jones in CAH x, 169 ff.; H. Volkmann, Zu

, The Augustan Principate (1933), 170 ff.; Stuart Jones in CAH x, 169 ff .; H. Volkmann, Zur Rechtsprechung im Principat de

H. Volkmann, Zur Rechtsprechung im Principat des Augustus (1935), 93 ff . There can hardly be any doubt that their powers

of indolence and vice. 2 NotesPage=>409 1 Seneca, Epp. 101, 10 ff , on Maecenas’ ‘turpissimum votum’, namely, ‘vita

32, 2. 7 On these matters, cf. esp. T. Frank, JRS XXIII (1933), 143 ff . 8 The freedman Polybius, who wrote out a part

of Calvinus, cf. E. Bormann, Festschrift für O. Benndorf (1898), 283 ff . By a strange fate Calvinus’ colleague in the con

elmed and converted. NotesPage=>414 1 Reproduced by Dio 55, 14 ff . (A.D. 4), and by Seneca, De clem. 1, 9 (apparent

ernal history cf., above all, E. Groag, Wiener Studien XL (1918), 150 ff .; XLI (1919), 74 ff. XXVIII. THE SUCCESSION P

bove all, E. Groag, Wiener Studien XL (1918), 150 ff.; XLI (1919), 74 ff . XXVIII. THE SUCCESSION PageBook=>419 TH

cella. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 5; Ovid, Ex Ponto 1, 2, 138; Fasti 6, 801 ff . 3 OGIS 458. 4 ILS 935. 5 Suetonius, Nero 4

od Claudian tradition. 3 NotesPage=>422 1 Propertius 4, 11, 63 ff . See Table IV at end. 2 Nothing at all is known

elationships are tortuous and difficult to explain, cf. P-W 11 A, 885 ff .; for the stemma, see Table V at end. L. Scriboni

7 1 For this view, cf. esp. E. Groag, Wiener Studien XLI (1919), 79 ff . 2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 53, describes him as ‘pervi

tance of Iullus Antonius, cf. E. Groag, Wiener Studien XLI (1919), 84 ff . 3 Suetonius, Tib. 11, 4. PageBook=>428

>428 1 Suetonius, Tib. 12 f.; Velleius 2, 101 f.; Dio 55, 10, 17 ff . (with no word of Lollius). For events in the Eas

Lollius). For events in the East, cf. J. G. C. Anderson in CAH x, 273 ff . 2 Velleius 2, 101, 3; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 1 (Seia

lleius 2, 97, 1. The truth of the matter is revealed by Dio 54, 20, 4 ff . Too much has been made of the ‘clades Lolliana’.

(ILS 139). 3 Above, p. 418, n. 2. Cf. E. Hohl, Klio xxx (1937), 337 ff ., who argues that the conspiracy of L. Aemilius P

busdam sustentatum feliciter. ’ 5 lb. 2, 104, 5. 6 Cf. CAH x, 364 ff ., and above, p. 400. PageBook=>432 The fin

urred before A.D. 8, perhaps in A.D. I, as Hohl argues (Klio xxx, 337 ff .). 5 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3: ‘rudem sane bonarum ar

Possibly on an earlier and separate occasion c. 6-3 B.C. 5 lb. 117 ff .; 120, ι (Asprenas). 6 PIR1, V 660 (L. Volusius

; 120, ι (Asprenas). 6 PIR1, V 660 (L. Volusius); Josephus AJ 18, 1 ff ., &c. (Quirinius). 7 IGRR iv, 1362 (Asia);

4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, on which E. Hohl, Klio xxx (1937), 323 ff . 5 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 11: ‘proinde in civitate to

acute and convincing demonstration of E. Hohl, Hermes LXX (I935), 350 ff . 2 lb. 1, 6: ‘ceterum in nullius unquam suorum

ius and Sulla do not occur in the list of Roman heroes in Aen. 6, 824 ff ., or in Horace, Odes 1, 12. Marius does, however,

3 Odes 3, 3, 1. 4 Ib. 3, 24, 27ff. 5 Res Gestae 6; Dio 54, 16, 1 ff . PageBook=>444 The principal laws designed

his legislation and cognate problems, cf. esp. H. M. Last, CAH x, 441 ff . 2 Carmen saeculare 57 ff. 3 Dio 54, 15, 1 ff

problems, cf. esp. H. M. Last, CAH x, 441 ff. 2 Carmen saeculare 57 ff . 3 Dio 54, 15, 1 ff. 4 Cicero desired that ce

M. Last, CAH x, 441 ff. 2 Carmen saeculare 57 ff. 3 Dio 54, 15, 1 ff . 4 Cicero desired that censors should forbid ce

omano ac senatori hausisse. ’ 3 On this, cf. H. M. Last, CAH x, 461 ff . PageBook=>446 In the towns of Italy there

n the towns. 6 PageNotes. 446 1 L. R. Taylor, JRS XIV (1924), 158 ff .; H. M. Last, CAH x, 461 ff. 2 Suetonius, Divus

446 1 L. R. Taylor, JRS XIV (1924), 158 ff.; H. M. Last, CAH x, 461 ff . 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 46. Cf. above, p. 364.

5 On this legislation (2 B.C. and A.D. 4), cf. H. M. Last, CAH x, 432 ff . 6 The Roman cult goes back to the organization

of Augustus, see L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, 181 ff .; 215 ff. PageBook=>447 The Roman People c

us, see L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, 181 ff.; 215 ff . PageBook=>447 The Roman People could not

erable activity of the last decade. PageNotes. 447 1 Odes 3, 6, 1 ff . 2 Ib. 1, 2, 29 f. 3 At least by Augustus, Re

its enemies or its mercenaries. PageNotes. 448 1 Pliny, NH 14, 49 ff . Seneca bought the vineyard from Remmius (on whic

avoury character, cf. also Suetonius, De gramm. 23). 2 Odes 3, 2, 1 ff . 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 41, 1. 4 Odes 3, 24,

s. 449 1 Propertius 4, 6, 57. 2 Aen. 8, 698; Propertius 3, 11, 41 ff . 3 Dio 53, 2, 4; 54, 6, 6. 4 On the depth of

ious revival, cf. F. Altheim, A History of Roman Religion (1938), 369 ff . 5 Propertius 3, 22, 21 f. 6 Horace, Odes 3,

. ex minimo maximum reddidissent. ’ 2 Compare Horace, Odes 4, 8, 13 ff .: ‘non incisa notis marmora publicis | per quae s

(with a Scaurus who hardly belongs there) and in Virgil, Aen. 6, 824 ff . 3 Virgil, Aen. 9, 602 f. 4 Horace, Odes 1, 1

. He produced eight children. 5 Ib. 3, 6, 37 f. 6 Georgics 2, 532 ff ., cf. 167 ff. PageBook=>451 It is by no me

eight children. 5 Ib. 3, 6, 37 f. 6 Georgics 2, 532 ff., cf. 167 ff . PageBook=>451 It is by no means certain w

f. 3 On this, cf. above all M. Rostovtzeff, Soc. and Ec. Hist., 50 ff . 4 Not that they were bad farmers. Compare the

of their feuds and their follies. PageNotes. 453 1 Odes 2, 15, 10 ff . 2 Dio 56, 10, 3. PageBook=>454 That wil

ight well have dreamed. PageNotes. 455 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 90 ff . His protecting deity Apollo has indigenous featu

identified with Apollo, cf. C. Koch, Der römische Juppiter (1937), 80 ff . 2 R. Heinze, Hermes LXV (1930), 385 ff. = Vom

ömische Juppiter (1937), 80 ff. 2 R. Heinze, Hermes LXV (1930), 385 ff . = Vom Geist des Rômer turns, 171 ff. 3 Aen. 1,

. Heinze, Hermes LXV (1930), 385 ff. = Vom Geist des Rômer turns, 171 ff . 3 Aen. 1, 282, quoted on one occasion by Augus

s. 460 1 On the Bellum Civile, cf. L. Wickert, Klio xxx (1937), 232 ff . 2 The two Epistulae, even though authenticity

ntum puer artium’. 5 On whom see esp. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 325 ff . The theory that the Ars Poetica was written at a

patria est. ’ PageNotes. 462 1 Odes 3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff . 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 4 Ib. 6, 791 ff. PageBoo

Notes. 462 1 Odes 3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff. 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff . 4 Ib. 6, 791 ff. PageBook=>463 And so A

3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff. 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 4 Ib. 6, 791 ff . PageBook=>463 And so Aeneas follows his m

anorumque triumphos. 7 PageNotes. 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff . 3 Ib. 6, 96 f. 4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263

ial rank. PageNotes. 466 1 Propertius 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 ff . 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14

. 3 Ib. 1, 21. 4 Ib. 3, 5, 1. 5 Ib. 2, 7, 14. 6 Ib. 4, 1, 127 ff . 7 Aelia Galla, wife of Postumus (3, 12), who i

gée of Marcia, the wife of Paullus Fabius Maximus (Ex Ponto 1, 2, 136 ff .). ‘ 2 Tristia 2, 207: ‘duo crimina, carmen et

PageNotes. 470 1 Res Gestae 24. 2 Aen. 6, 403. 3 Dio 55, 10, 2 ff . (2 B.C.); Res Gestae 21 and 29; Suetonius, Divus

ompany of the Dictator. PageNotes. 471 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 94 ff . 2 Phil. 5, 43. PageBook=>472 Perusia, P

. 473 1 ILS 82. 2 Cf. J. Gage, Res Gestae Divi Augusti(1935), 155 ff . Urbs Salvia even had the Fasti triumphales (L’an

L’ann. ép., 1926, 121, cf. A. Degrassi, Riv. di fil. LXIV (1936), 274 ff .). 3 ILS 50, 54, 56–60. Cf. the inscriptions of

sus (IBM 994). 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 60. 6 Josephus, AJ 15, 268 ff . 7 Livy, Per. 139. PageBook=>475 As in G

e or oppose? PageNotes. 475 1 For examples of these men, ILS 7013 ff . The first high priest was C. Julius Vercondaridu

pearance and habits, see the full details in Suetonius, Divus Aug. 79 ff . 2 Sallust, Hist. 2, 16 M: ‘Oris probi, animo i

4 Ib. 10, praef. 8. 5 Dio 56, 27, 1. 6 Seneca, De ira 3, 23, 4 ff . Pollio harboured him when he was expelled from A

ystem of government. PageNotes. 490 1 Juvenal 8, 1. 2 lb. 3, 60 ff . PageBook=>491 The nobiles lost power and

It is not certain that the delator Porcius Cato (Tacitus, Ann. 4, 68 ff .), suffect consul in A.D. 36, belonged to this fa

ist (Praised By Tacitus, Ann. 12, 12), was exiled by Nero (Ann. 16, 7 ff .). 4 Seneca, Epp. 55, 2 ff., cf. Münzer, RA, 37

12, 12), was exiled by Nero (Ann. 16, 7 ff.). 4 Seneca, Epp. 55, 2 ff ., cf. Münzer, RA, 374 f. He is described as ‘ille

á possible son, Cf. E. Groag, P-W VI, 1835, discussing Juvenal 3, 212 ff . 5 M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, cos. A.D. 58

Tacitus, Ann. 3, 33. 2 For the stemma, PIR1, S 512. 3 Ann. II, 26 ff . 4 PIR2, A 1229. 5 M. Asinius Marcellus, cos.

consequence in the early Principate, survive the longest, PIR2, A 62 ff ., with consuls in the direct line in A.D. 210, an

n of his family connexions, Jahreshefte XXI–XXII (1924), Beiblatt 425 ff . If Groag is correct, the maternal uncle of Nerva

der the Empire is hard to establish. E. Stein (Hermes LII (1917), 564 ff .) argues that it applies to families consular bef

by the people was abrogated. W. Otto s definition (Ib. LI (1916), 73 ff .) is probably too wide. 2 Horace, Odes 2, 10, 5

n de l’accession au trône dy Hadrien à la mort de Commode (1936), 183 ff . PageBook=>506 The consular Fasti furnish

tirely detestable. 3 NotesPage=>510 1 Seneca, De ben. 4, 30, 1 ff . (above, p. 374). 2 Suetonius, Nero 4. Velleius

tical classes. NotesPage=>513 1 Ann. 1, 3. 2 Lucretius 2, II ff . 3 Ib. 5, 1145 ff. 4 Ann. 3, 28. 5 Gibbon,

esPage=>513 1 Ann. 1, 3. 2 Lucretius 2, II ff. 3 Ib. 5, 1145 ff . 4 Ann. 3, 28. 5 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c.

in Hist. 2, 38, where the historian speaks for himself. 4 Dial. 36 ff . 5 Ib. 40, 2: ‘sed est magna ilia et notabilis

ology, cf. A. v. Premerstein, Vom Werden u. Wesen des Prinzipats, 127 ff . 8 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 98, 2: ‘per ilium se v

caelumque nescio adeptus magis an meritus’ 4 Horace, Odes 4, 8, 13 ff . 5 As argued by E. Kornemann, Klio 11 (1902), 1

Odes 4, 8, 13 ff. 5 As argued by E. Kornemann, Klio 11 (1902), 141 ff . and elsewhere; cf. now P-W XVI, 217 FF. 6 Suet

FF. 6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, cf. E. Hohl, Klio xxx (1937), 323 ff . PageBook=>523 This precious document, sur

rpose of the Res Gestae, cf. the edition of J. Gagé (Paris, 1935), 23 ff Dessau’s insistence that the inscription was prim

me, very precisely the clients of the Princeps (Klio XXII (1928), 261 ff .), has not always been sufficiently regarded. P

magistri, first published by G. Mancini, Bull. Comm. LXIII (1935), 35 ff ., whence L’ann. ép., 1937, 62; for corrections, c

, 62; for corrections, cf. A. Degrassi, Bull. Comm. LXIII (1935), 173 ff . By courtesy of Professor Degrassi, the editor of

imo Bruto dopo i funerali di Cesare’, Riv. di fil. LXII (1934), 201 ff . ALFÖLDI, A. ‘Der neue Weltherrscher der vie

e Weltherrscher der vierten Ekloge Vergils’, Hermes LXV (1930), 369 ff . ——— ‘Die Ausgestaltung des monarchisch

rchischen Zeremoniells am rӧmischen Kaiserhofe’, RM XLIX (1934), 1 ff . ——— ‘Insignien und Tracht der römisch

— ‘Insignien und Tracht der römischen Kaiser’, ib. L (1935), 1 ff . ——— ‘Zum Panzerschmuck der Augustussta

anzerschmuck der Augustusstatue von Primaporta’, ib. LII (1937), 48 ff . ——— ‘Zur Kenntnis der Zeit der rӧmisc

mischen Soldatenkaiser III’, Zeitschr. für Numismatik XL (1928), 1 ff . ALTHEIM, F. A History of Roman Religion. Londo

RSON, J. G. C. ‘Augustan edicts from Cyrene’, JRS XVII (1927), 33 ff . BAHRFELDT, M. ‘Die Münzen der FlottenprÃ.fe

tenprÃ.fekten des Marcus Antonius’, Num. Zeitschr. xxxvii (1905), 9 ff . ——— ‘Provinziale KupferprÃ.gung aus de

us, Proculeius, Crassus’, Journ. int. d’arch. num. XI (1908), 215 ff . BERVE, H. ‘Zum Monumentum Ancyranum’, Herm

. BERVE, H. ‘Zum Monumentum Ancyranum’, Hermes LXXI (1936), 241 ff . BLUMENTHAL, F. ‘Die Autobiographie des Augus

€˜Die Autobiographie des Augustus’, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 113 ff .; xxxvi (1914), 84 ff. BORMANN, E. ‘Cn. Domit

es Augustus’, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 113 ff.; xxxvi (1914), 84 ff . BORMANN, E. ‘Cn. Domitius Calvinus’, Fests

‘Cn. Domitius Calvinus’, Festschrift für O. Benndorf (1898), 233 ff . CARCOPINO, J. ‘César et Cléopâtre’, Ann

tre’, Annales de l’école des hautes études de Gand I (1937), 37 ff . ——— Histoire romaine II: César. Paris,

e. Paris, 1931. CARY, M. ‘Asinus Germanus’, CQ XVII (1923), 103 ff . ——— ‘The Municipal Legislation of Juli

€˜The Municipal Legislation of Julius Caesar’, JRS XXVII (1937), 48 ff . CHARLESWORTH, M. P. ‘Some Fragments of the P

e Fragments of the Propaganda of Mark Antony’, CQ XXVII (1933), 172 ff . ——— The Virtues of a Roman Emperor: Prop

”—— ‘Zur Familiengeschichte Seians’, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 461 ff . CONWAY, R. S. The Italic Dialects I–II. Camb

Date of the Syrian Governorship of M. Titius’, JRS XXIV (1934), 43 ff . CUNTZ, O. ‘Legionare des Antonius und August

s Antonius und Augustus aus dem Orient’, Jahreshefte XXV (1929), 70 ff . DEGRASSI, A. ‘Sui Fasti di Magistri Vici rin

tri Vici rinvenuti in Via Marmorata’, Bull. Comm. LXIII (1935), 173 ff . ——— ‘I Fasti trionfali di Urbisagliaâ€

‘I Fasti trionfali di Urbisaglia’, Riv. di fil. LXIV (1936), 274 ff . DE SANCTIS, G. ‘Iscrizione Inedita di Madine

€˜Iscrizione Inedita di Madinet-Madi’, Riv. di fil. LXV (1937), 337 ff . DESSAU, H. ‘Gaius Rabirius Postumus’, Herm

. DESSAU, H. ‘Gaius Rabirius Postumus’, Hermes XLVI (1911), 613 ff . ——— ‘Livius und Augustus’, Hermes XL

613 ff. ——— ‘Livius und Augustus’, Hermes XLI (1906), 142 ff . ——— ‘Mommsen und das Monumentum Ancyra

— ‘Mommsen und das Monumentum Ancyranum’, Klio xxii (1928), 261 ff . DOBIAS, J. ‘La donation d’Antoine à Cléo

ogie et d’histoire orientales II (1933–34) = Mélanges Bidez, 287 ff . PageBook=>531 DRUMANN, K. W., and GROEBE,

ote sur le nom de Pompée’, L’antiquité classique III (1934), 81 ff . FERRERO, G. The Greatness and Decline of Rome

4. FRANK, T. ‘Augustus and the Aerarium’, JRS XXIII (1933), 143 ff . ——— ‘Cicero and the Poetae Novi’, AJ

ff. ——— ‘Cicero and the Poetae Novi’, AJP XL (1919), 396 ff . GAGE, J. ‘La théologie de la victoire impé

a théologie de la victoire impériale’, Rev. hist. CLXXI (1933), 1 ff . ——— Res Gestae Divi Augusti. Paris, 1935

stus’, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire XLVII (1930), 138 ff . GANTER, L. Die Provinzialverwaltung der Triumv

. ‘Die Lex Vatinia de imperio Caesaris’, Hermes LXIII (1928), 113 ff . ——— ‘Die NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’,

f. ——— ‘Die NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’, ib. L (1915), 395 ff . ——— Die NobilitÃ.t der römischen Republ

trÃ.ge zur Geschichte des zweiten Triumvirats’, Klio XIV (1914), 43 ff . ——— ‘Prosopographische BeitrÃ.ge v. Se

geschichte III: Der Sturz der Julia’, Wiener Studien XL (1918), 150 ff .; XLI (1919), 74 ff. Gwosdz, A. Der Begriff des

Sturz der Julia’, Wiener Studien XL (1918), 150 ff.; XLI (1919), 74 ff . Gwosdz, A. Der Begriff des römischen princeps

HILL, H. ‘Sulla’s new Senators in 81 B.C.’, CQ XXVI (1932), 170 ff . HOHL, E. ‘Primum facinus novi principatus’

OHL, E. ‘Primum facinus novi principatus’, Hermes LXX (1935), 350 ff . ——— ‘Zu den Testamenten des Augustusâ€

——— ‘Zu den Testamenten des Augustus’, Klio xxx (1937), 323 ff HOLMES, T. RICE. Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul2.

rüder: Das Datum der Schlacht bei Philippi’, Strena Buliciana, 193 ff . Zagreb, 1924. Kahrstedt, U. ‘Syrische Territ

als politischer Terminus in der Antike’, Rh. M. LXXXVI (1937), 225 ff . ——— ‘Statio Principis’, Philologus L

f. ——— ‘Statio Principis’, Philologus LXXXVII (1932), 358 ff .; 430 ff. KOLBE, W. ‘Von der Republik zur Mon

€”— ‘Statio Principis’, Philologus LXXXVII (1932), 358 ff.; 430 ff . KOLBE, W. ‘Von der Republik zur Monarchie’

Roms Zeitwende (Das Erbe der Alten, Zweite Reihe, Heft xx, 1931), 39 ff KORNEMANN, E. ‘Die historische Schriftsteller

Asinius Pollio’, Jahrbücher für cl. Phil, Supp. XXII (1896), 557 ff . PageBook=>532 KORNEMANN, E. Doppelprinzip

erlin, 1930. ——— ‘Zum Augustusjahr’, Klio XXXI (1938), 81 ff . ——— ‘Zum Monumentum Ancyranum’, Klio

1 ff. ——— ‘Zum Monumentum Ancyranum’, Klio II (1902), 141 ff . KROMAYER, J. ‘Kleine Forschungen zur Geschic

en zur Geschichte des zweiten Triumvirats’, Hermes XXIX (1894), 556 ff .; XXXI (1896), 70 ff.; XXXIII (1898), 1 ff.; XXXI

zweiten Triumvirats’, Hermes XXIX (1894), 556 ff.; XXXI (1896), 70 ff .; XXXIII (1898), 1 ff.; XXXIV (1899), 1 ff. LES

™, Hermes XXIX (1894), 556 ff.; XXXI (1896), 70 ff.; XXXIII (1898), 1 ff .; XXXIV (1899), 1 ff. LESQUIER, J. L’armée r

, 556 ff.; XXXI (1896), 70 ff.; XXXIII (1898), 1 ff.; XXXIV (1899), 1 ff . LESQUIER, J. L’armée romaine d’Égypte dâ

rizione di Ottaviano trovata a Roso’, Riv. di fil. LXVI (1938), 113 ff . ——— Ottaviano Capoparte I–II. Florence

he Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in 23 B.C.’, CP III (1908), 145 ff . MANCINI, G. ‘Fasti consolari e censorii ed E

omagistri rinvenuti in Via Marmorata’, Bull. Comm. LXIII (1935), 35 ff . MARSH, F. B. The Founding of the Roman Empire2

Golden Age: Sixth Aeneid and Fourth Eclogue’, CR XLVIII (1934), 161 ff . MEYER, E. Caesars Monarchie und das Principat

  di filosofia e lettere della reale università di Cagliari, 1933, 1 ff . MÃœNZER, F. ‘Aus dem Verwandtenkreise Caesar

em Verwandtenkreise Caesars und Octavians’, Hermes LXXI (1936), 222 ff . ——— Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfam

©ronienne et les débuts du principat’, Rev. ét. lat. x (1932), 58 ff . OTTO, W. ‘Die NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’,

OTTO, W. ‘Die NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’, Hermes LI (1916), 73 ff . PATSCH, C. ‘BeitrÃ.ge zur Völkerkunde von S

ein Enkel (cos. 30 und 45 n. Chr.)’, Jahreshefte XXVIII (1933), 140 ff .; XXIX (1934), 60 ff. ——— ‘Vom Werden u

d 45 n. Chr.)’, Jahreshefte XXVIII (1933), 140 ff.; XXIX (1934), 60 ff . ——— ‘Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipa

€˜Die Idee des Principates bei Cicero und Augustus’, GGN, 1917, 399 ff . ——— ‘Zu Cicero De re publica’, Herme

ff. ——— ‘Zu Cicero De re publica’, Hermes LIX (1924), 356 ff . REITZENSTEIN, R., and SCHWARTZ, E. ‘Pseudo-S

€˜Pseudo-Sallusts Invective gegen Cicero’, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 87 ff . RICHARDSON, G. W. ‘Actium’, JRS XXVII (193

1898), 87 ff. RICHARDSON, G. W. ‘Actium’, JRS XXVII (1937), 153 ff . PageBook=>533 RITTERLING, E. Fasti des rÃ

hilippus” and the Di Indigites’, Harvard Th. Rev. XXX (1937), 165 ff . ROSTOVTZEFF, M. ‘Caesar and the South of Rus

TOVTZEFF, M. ‘Caesar and the South of Russia’, JRS VII (1917), 27 ff . ——— The Social and Economic History of t

‘Un Syrien au service de Rome et d’Octave’, Syria XV (1934), 33 ff . RUDOLPH, H. Stadt und Staat im römischen Ital

napisi’, Glasnik muzejskega druÅ!tva za Slovenijo XVIII (1937), 132 ff . SCHMIDT, O. E. ‘Die letzten KÃ.mpfe der röm

schen Republik’, Jahrbiicher für cl. Phil., Supp. XIII (1884), 665 ff . ——— ‘P. Ventidius Bassus’, Philologu

ff. ——— ‘P. Ventidius Bassus’, Philologus LI (1892), 198 ff . SCHULZE, W. ‘Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eig

UR, W. ‘Fremder Adel im römischen Staat’, Hermes LIX (1924), 450 ff . ——— ‘Homo Novus’, Bonner Jahrbücher

f. ——— ‘Homo Novus’, Bonner Jahrbücher CXXXIV (1929), 54 ff . SCHWARTZ, E. ‘Die Vertheilung der römischen

r römischen Provinzen nach Caesars Tod’, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 185 ff . SCOTT, K. ‘The Political Propaganda of 44–

litical Propaganda of 44–30 B.C.’, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome XI (1933), 1 ff . SHIPLEY, F. W. ‘The Chronology of the buildi

of Caesar to the death of Augustus’, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome IX (1931), 7 ff . SKARD, E. Zwei religiöspolitische Begriffe, E

Epode von Horaz und Vergils 4. Eclogue’, Hermes LXXIII (1938), 237 ff . STEIN, A. Der römische Ritterstand. Münchene

er die römische NobilitÃ.t der Kaiserzeit’, Hermes LII (1917), 564 ff . STERNKOPF, W. ‘Die Verteilung der römischen

Provinzen vor dem mutinensischen Kriege’, Hermes XLVII (1912), 321 ff . STRASBURGER, H. Caesars Eintritt in die Geschi

SYME, R. ‘Caesar, the Senate and Italy’, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 1 ff . ——— ‘Galatia and Pamphylia under Augus

ernorships of Piso, Quirinius and Silvanus’, Klio XXVII (1934), 122 ff . ——— ‘Lentulus and the Origin of Moesia

”—— ‘Lentulus and the Origin of Moesia’, JRS XXIV (1934), 113 ff ——— ‘Pollio, Saloninus and Salonae’,

f ——— ‘Pollio, Saloninus and Salonae’, CQ XXXI (1937), 39 ff ——— ‘Some Notes on the Legions under Au

‘Some Notes on the Legions under Augustus’, JRS XXIII (1933), 14 ff . ——— ‘M. Vinicius (cos. 19 B.C.)’, CQ

f. ——— ‘M. Vinicius (cos. 19 B.C.)’, CQ XXVII (1933), 142 ff . ——— ‘The Allegiance of Labienus’, JR

——— ‘The Allegiance of Labienus’, JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff . ——— ‘The Origin of Cornelius Gallus’

——— ‘The Origin of Cornelius Gallus’, CQ XXXII (1938), 39 ff . ——— ‘The Spanish War of Augustus (26â€

‘The Spanish War of Augustus (26–25 B.C.)’, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff . ——— ‘Who was Decidius Saxa? ’, JRS X

ff. ——— ‘Who was Decidius Saxa? ’, JRS XXVII (1937), 127 ff . TARN, W. W. ‘Actium: a note’, JRS XXVIII (

), 127 ff. TARN, W. W. ‘Actium: a note’, JRS XXVIII (1938), 165 ff . ——— ‘Alexander Helios and the Golden A

€”— ‘Alexander Helios and the Golden Age’, ib. XXII (1932), 135 ff . ——— ‘Antony’s Legions’, CQ XXVI (1

32), 135 ff. ——— ‘Antony’s Legions’, CQ XXVI (1932), 75 ff . ——— ‘The Battle of Actium’, JRS XXI

), 75 ff. ——— ‘The Battle of Actium’, JRS XXI (1931), 173 ff . TAYLOR, L. R. ‘M. Titius and the Syrian Comm

R, L. R. ‘M. Titius and the Syrian Command’, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff . PageBook=>534 TAYLOR, L. R. ‘Seviri Equ

Seviri Equitum Romanorum and municipal Seviri’, JRS XIV (1924), 158 ff . ——— The Divinity of the Roman Emperor. A

ch, 1935. WAGENVOORT, H. ‘Princeps’, Philologus XCI (1936), 206 ff .; 323 ff. WEBER, W. Princeps. Studien zur Gesch

WAGENVOORT, H. ‘Princeps’, Philologus XCI (1936), 206 ff.; 323 ff . WEBER, W. Princeps. Studien zur Geschichte des

u, 1932. WEST, A. B. ‘Lucilian Genealogy’, AJP XLIX (1928), 240 ff . WICKERT, L. ‘Zu Caesars Reichspolitik’, Klio

ff. WICKERT, L. ‘Zu Caesars Reichspolitik’, Klio XXX (1937), 232 ff WILLEMS, P. Le sénat de la république romaine

ttle of, 276 f.; enhanced by propaganda, 297 f. Actium, War of, 294 ff .; causes, alleged and real, 270 f., 275; true cha

, 440 f.; as an Italian victory, 453. Administration, imperial, 387 ff .; role of knights, 355 ff., 409, 411; of freedmen

ctory, 453. Administration, imperial, 387 ff.; role of knights, 355 ff ., 409, 411; of freedmen, 354,410. Admirals, of

Sex. Pompeius, 228; of Octavianus, 230, 236 f., 297; of Antonius, 267 ff ., 296; under the Principate, 397. Aeclanum, 82,

09; his provinces, 110; behaviour in 43 B.C., 158, 159, 160, 163, 164 ff ., 173, 178 ff.; a defence of his conduct, 180; de

ces, 110; behaviour in 43 B.C., 158, 159, 160, 163, 164 ff., 173, 178 ff .; a defence of his conduct, 180; declared a publi

er, 165 f.; style of politics, 230; use of humanitarian language, 158 ff .; family and kin, 69, 109, 230; descendants, 298,

228, 269, 299, 349 f., 377; his son, 492. Aeneas, and Augustus, 462 ff ., 470, 524. Aeneid, as an allegorical poem, 462

, mother of Livia Drusilla, 358. Allegiance, oaths of, 52, 126, 284 ff . 473; sworn to Livius Drusus, 285; character of i

41 B.C.), 115, 116, 189; his cognomen, 157; in the Perusine War, 208 ff ., 215; pietas, 157, 208; his death, 211. Antoni

amily and relatives of, 63, 64, 103; early career, 41, 43, 76, 90, 94 ff ., 103 f., 382; after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; s

eer, 41, 43, 76, 90, 94 ff., 103 f., 382; after the Ides of March, 97 ff .; statesmanship, 105, 108 f.; acts and designs, 1

44 B.C., 107, 110, 115, 170; relations with the Liberators, 108, 117 ff .; with Octavianus, 115 ff., 141 ff.; with Cicero,

70; relations with the Liberators, 108, 117 ff.; with Octavianus, 115 ff ., 141 ff.; with Cicero, 140 f.; actions in the au

ions with the Liberators, 108, 117 ff.; with Octavianus, 115 ff., 141 ff .; with Cicero, 140 f.; actions in the autumn, 123

us, 115 ff., 141 ff.; with Cicero, 140 f.; actions in the autumn, 123 ff .; against the Senate, 162 ff.; his legal position

cero, 140 f.; actions in the autumn, 123 ff.; against the Senate, 162 ff .; his legal position, 162, 168, 170; Mutina and a

te, 162 ff.; his legal position, 162, 168, 170; Mutina and after, 173 ff .; the Triumvirate, 188 f.; role in proscriptions,

; role in proscriptions, 191 f.; campaign and Battle of Philippi, 202 ff .; after Philippi, 214; attitude during the Perusi

titude during the Perusine War, 214 f., 215; peace of Brundisium, 216 ff .; marriage to Octavia, 219; prestige of Antonius,

ctavia, 219; prestige of Antonius, 221 f.; actions in 39–37 B.C., 221 ff .; relations with Cleopatra, 214 f., 260 f., 273 f

in 39–37 B.C., 221 ff.; relations with Cleopatra, 214 f., 260 f., 273 ff ., 281; organization of the East, 259 ff., 271 ff.

leopatra, 214 f., 260 f., 273 ff., 281; organization of the East, 259 ff ., 271 ff., 300 f.; invasion of Media, 263 f.; ult

214 f., 260 f., 273 ff., 281; organization of the East, 259 ff., 271 ff ., 300 f.; invasion of Media, 263 f.; ulterior des

f., 271 ff., 300 f.; invasion of Media, 263 f.; ulterior designs, 273 ff .; acta of Antonius, 276, 278; breach with Octavia

gns, 273 ff.; acta of Antonius, 276, 278; breach with Octavianus, 276 ff .; testament of Antonius, 282; actions in 32 B.C.,

avianus, 276 ff.; testament of Antonius, 282; actions in 32 B.C., 280 ff .; strategy, 294 f.; defeat and death, 295 ff.; ch

actions in 32 B.C., 280 ff.; strategy, 294 f.; defeat and death, 295 ff .; character and reputation, 104 f., 121 f., 150,

and reputation, 104 f., 121 f., 150, 277, 442; descendants, 376, 493 ff . Partisans of Antonius, 132, 199 f., 222, 266 f

cendants, 376, 493 ff. Partisans of Antonius, 132, 199 f., 222, 266 ff ., 280 ff., 296, 299 f., 349 f. Antonius Musa, phy

376, 493 ff. Partisans of Antonius, 132, 199 f., 222, 266 ff., 280 ff ., 296, 299 f., 349 f. Antonius Musa, physician, 3

12, 127, 150. Aristocracy, composition and transformation of, 8, 10 ff ., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff.,

. Aristocracy, composition and transformation of, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff ., 196 ff., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff., 501 ff.; see

ocracy, composition and transformation of, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff ., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff., 501 ff.; see also Nob

omposition and transformation of, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff., 244 ff ., 349 f., 357 ff., 501 ff.; see also Nobiles. A

ansformation of, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff ., 501 ff.; see also Nobiles. Armenia, Antonius’

ion of, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff., 501 ff .; see also Nobiles. Armenia, Antonius’ relation

65 f.; by the Triumvirs, 189; after Actium, 302 f.; in 27 B.C., 326 ff .; in A.D. 14, 437 f. Armies, private, 15, 28, 7

160, 286, 524. Army, the Roman, 15; ranks and officers, 70 f., 353 ff .; size of, 389; alleged national character of, 45

cy of, 261 f., 365, 476, 490, 506; in the Triumviral period, 223, 259 ff .; as a senatorial province, 328, 394, 395; worshi

, 218 f., 252 f., 460; with Gallus, 75, 252; in the Perusine War, 209 ff .; dictum about Octavianus, 211; his consulate, 21

nsulate, 218 f., 369; at Brundisium, 217; and the Fourth Eclogue, 218 ff .; in Macedonia, 222 f.; his triumph, 222, 241; no

etters quoted, 6; Horace’s Ode quoted, 6, 8; his Histories, 5 f., 484 ff .; on the year 60 B.C., 8; on Caesar, 6, 42, 484;

es, 472. Augustus, the Emperor, his origin and political début, 112 ff .; demagogic activities, 11 6 ff., 119 f.; his fir

, his origin and political début, 112 ff.; demagogic activities, 11 6 ff ., 119 f.; his first march on Rome, 125 ff., 141 f

demagogic activities, 11 6 ff., 119 f.; his first march on Rome, 125 ff ., 141 f.; origin of his party, 127 ff.,201, 234 f

.; his first march on Rome, 125 ff., 141 f.; origin of his party, 127 ff .,201, 234 ff., 349 ff.; political funds, 130 f.;

march on Rome, 125 ff., 141 f.; origin of his party, 127 ff.,201, 234 ff ., 349 ff.; political funds, 130 f.; relations wit

Rome, 125 ff., 141 f.; origin of his party, 127 ff.,201, 234 ff., 349 ff .; political funds, 130 f.; relations with Cicero,

49 ff.; political funds, 130 f.; relations with Cicero, 114, 134, 141 ff ., 181 ff.; his position legalized, 167; in and af

olitical funds, 130 f.; relations with Cicero, 114, 134, 141 ff., 181 ff .; his position legalized, 167; in and after the W

ff.; his position legalized, 167; in and after the War of Mutina, 173 ff ., 181 ff.; and the consulate, 182 f., 185 f.; Tri

position legalized, 167; in and after the War of Mutina, 173 ff., 181 ff .; and the consulate, 182 f., 185 f.; Triumvir, 18

Triumvir, 188; role in proscriptions, 191; campaign of Philippi, 202 ff .; Perusine War, 207 ff.; Brundisium, 217 ff.; in

proscriptions, 191; campaign of Philippi, 202 ff.; Perusine War, 207 ff .; Brundisium, 217 ff.; in 38–37 B.C., 225; his ma

campaign of Philippi, 202 ff.; Perusine War, 207 ff.; Brundisium, 217 ff .; in 38–37 B.C., 225; his marriage to Livia, 229,

7 B.C., 225; his marriage to Livia, 229, 340; the Bellum Siculum, 230 ff .; in Illyricum, 240. Breach with Antonius, 276 ff

Bellum Siculum, 230 ff.; in Illyricum, 240. Breach with Antonius, 276 ff .; position in 32 B.C., 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 2

Antonius, 276 ff.; position in 32 B.C., 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff .; Actium, 294 ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff.;

.; position in 32 B.C., 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff.; Actium, 294 ff .; powers after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of

; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff.; Actium, 294 ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff .; the settlement of 28–27 B.C., 313 ff.; in the W

ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.C., 313 ff .; in the West, 331 ff.; the new settlement, 333 f

ium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.C., 313 ff.; in the West, 331 ff .; the new settlement, 333 ff.; acts in 22 B.C., 3

of 28–27 B.C., 313 ff.; in the West, 331 ff.; the new settlement, 333 ff .; acts in 22 B.C., 339; in the East, 371, 388; mo

f.; acts in 22 B.C., 339; in the East, 371, 388; moral programme, 443 ff .; in Gaul and Spain, 388 f.; after 12 B.C., 391 f

f.; after 12 B.C., 391 f.; dynastic ambitions for his grandsons, 416 ff .; position after 6 B.C., 419 ff.; disgrace of Jul

stic ambitions for his grandsons, 416 ff.; position after 6 B.C., 419 ff .; disgrace of Julia, 426 f.; adoption of Tiberius

disgrace of Julia, 426 f.; adoption of Tiberius, 431; last years, 431 ff .; last acts, 433, 438 f.; death and deification,

ation, 438 f., 521 f.; cult, 469, 524. His constitutional powers, 313 ff ., 336 ff., 406, 412; provincia, 313 f., 326 f., 3

8 f., 521 f.; cult, 469, 524. His constitutional powers, 313 ff., 336 ff ., 406, 412; provincia, 313 f., 326 f., 329 f., 37

3 ff., 336 ff., 406, 412; provincia, 313 f., 326 f., 329 f., 373, 393 ff .; control of elections, 325, 370 ff.; relations w

313 f., 326 f., 329 f., 373, 393 ff.; control of elections, 325, 370 ff .; relations with the Senate, 313 ff., 370, 406, 4

.; control of elections, 325, 370 ff.; relations with the Senate, 313 ff ., 370, 406, 408, 410 f.; with senatorial province

al provinces, 314, 330, 336, 394 f., 406; administrative reforms, 401 ff ., 410 f.; moral reforms, 443 ff. His real power,

f., 406; administrative reforms, 401 ff., 410 f.; moral reforms, 443 ff . His real power, 2 f., 322 f., 370, 404 f.; in re

2 f., 322 f., 370, 404 f.; in relation to the Roman Commonwealth, 520 ff .; as a party leader, 288, 322 f., 340, 349 ff., 4

Roman Commonwealth, 520 ff.; as a party leader, 288, 322 f., 340, 349 ff ., 419 ff., 473 ff. (see also Clientela); relation

monwealth, 520 ff.; as a party leader, 288, 322 f., 340, 349 ff., 419 ff ., 473 ff. (see also Clientela); relations with th

, 520 ff.; as a party leader, 288, 322 f., 340, 349 ff., 419 ff., 473 ff . (see also Clientela); relations with the nobiles

tela); relations with the nobiles, 238 f., 291, 328, 368, 372 f., 376 ff ., 382, 404 f., 419 ff.,453, 490 ff., 510 f.; with

the nobiles, 238 f., 291, 328, 368, 372 f., 376 ff., 382, 404 f., 419 ff .,453, 490 ff., 510 f.; with knights and novi homi

238 f., 291, 328, 368, 372 f., 376 ff., 382, 404 f., 419 ff.,453, 490 ff ., 510 f.; with knights and novi homines, 129 ff.,

f., 419 ff.,453, 490 ff., 510 f.; with knights and novi homines, 129 ff ., 235 ff., 289 f., 328, 349 ff., 375 ff., 453 ff.

ff.,453, 490 ff., 510 f.; with knights and novi homines, 129 ff., 235 ff ., 289 f., 328, 349 ff., 375 ff., 453 ff.; with th

f.; with knights and novi homines, 129 ff., 235 ff., 289 f., 328, 349 ff ., 375 ff., 453 ff.; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468

knights and novi homines, 129 ff., 235 ff., 289 f., 328, 349 ff., 375 ff ., 453 ff.; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468 ff., 478

nd novi homines, 129 ff., 235 ff., 289 f., 328, 349 ff., 375 ff., 453 ff .; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468 ff., 478 f.; with

289 f., 328, 349 ff., 375 ff., 453 ff.; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468 ff ., 478 f.; with Italy, 284 ff., 359 ff., 449 f., 4

, 453 ff.; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468 ff., 478 f.; with Italy, 284 ff ., 359 ff., 449 f., 453 f., 465 f., 472 f.; with t

; with the plebs, 322, 370, 468 ff., 478 f.; with Italy, 284 ff., 359 ff ., 449 f., 453 f., 465 f., 472 f.; with the Empire

ff., 449 f., 453 f., 465 f., 472 f.; with the Empire, 323, 365f., 473 ff ., 476 f., 521. His character, 2, 113, 340, 346 f.

., 473 ff., 476 f., 521. His character, 2, 113, 340, 346 f., 454, 479 ff .; unduly idealized, 2 ff.; writings, 484, 522 ff.

His character, 2, 113, 340, 346 f., 454, 479 ff.; unduly idealized, 2 ff .; writings, 484, 522 ff.; literary tastes, 460, 4

40, 346 f., 454, 479 ff.; unduly idealized, 2 ff.; writings, 484, 522 ff .; literary tastes, 460, 484 f.; opinion about Cat

484 f.; opinion about Cato, 506. His family and kinsmen, 83, 112, 127 ff ., 150, 340 f., 378 f., 415 ff., 421, 426, 431, 43

6. His family and kinsmen, 83, 112, 127 ff., 150, 340 f., 378 f., 415 ff ., 421, 426, 431, 432, etc.; descendants, 493 ff.;

, 340 f., 378 f., 415 ff., 421, 426, 431, 432, etc.; descendants, 493 ff .; his marriages, 189, 213, 229 PageBook=>539

favourite of Maecenas, 342, 486. Bellum Italicum, 16 f., 22, 28, 86 ff ., 286, 359, 449. Bellum Pannonicum, 390. Bellum

86 ff., 286, 359, 449. Bellum Pannonicum, 390. Bellum Siculum, 230 ff . Bellum Thracicum, of L. Piso, 391, 398. Beneve

able novus homo, 81, 93. Birth, a qualification for office, 11, 374 ff .; pride of, 68, 360 f., 377, 442 f.; obscurity of

allegiance of, 285, 465. Bourgeoisie, characteristics of, 360, 453 ff .; see also Municipia. Britain, rumours about, 332

ia, 79, 251, 363; notorious prudery of, 455. Brundisium, pact of, 217 ff . Brutus, see Junius. Buildings, of viri trium

wife of the son of Lentulus Spinther, 45. Caecilii Metelli, 12, 20 ff ., 26, 32, 33, 36, 43 ff., 68, 85, 86, 163, 198, 2

ulus Spinther, 45. Caecilii Metelli, 12, 20 ff., 26, 32, 33, 36, 43 ff ., 68, 85, 86, 163, 198, 237, 244, 423, 491. Cae

, 23, 43; as praetor, 32; as governor of Cisalpina, 74; as consul, 33 ff .; his letter to Cicero, 45. Caecilius Metellus

importance of, 424; connexions, 424, 434, 437, 496; descendants, 496 ff ., 500; character and bibulous habits, 436; as a p

Longinus, C. (pr. 44 B.C.), 57, 95; after the Ides of March, 101, 116 ff ., 119; in the East, 124, 171 f., 177; campaign of

16 ff., 119; in the East, 124, 171 f., 177; campaign of Philippi, 203 ff .; his death, 205; character, 57, 184; his cliente

s, M., condemned senator, 81. Citizenship, spread of, 74 f., 79, 86 ff ., 262, 365 ff., 405. Civil service, need for, 331

ed senator, 81. Citizenship, spread of, 74 f., 79, 86 ff., 262, 365 ff ., 405. Civil service, need for, 331; growth of, 3

ff., 262, 365 ff., 405. Civil service, need for, 331; growth of, 355 ff ., 409. Civil War, Roman distaste for, 2, 180, 1

0, 300. Cleopatra Selene, 261, 300. Clientela, 15, 24, 26, 30, 73 ff ., 261 ff., 285 f., 288 f., 300, 322, 365, 366, 40

Cleopatra Selene, 261, 300. Clientela, 15, 24, 26, 30, 73 ff., 261 ff ., 285 f., 288 f., 300, 322, 365, 366, 404 f., 473

30, 73 ff., 261 ff., 285 f., 288 f., 300, 322, 365, 366, 404 f., 473 ff . Client kings, function of, 259, 271 ff., 300 f

322, 365, 366, 404 f., 473 ff. Client kings, function of, 259, 271 ff ., 300 f., 365 f., 476 f.; status of, 412; their p

Augustus, 364. Confiscation, by Caesar, 76 f.; by the Triumvirs, 194 ff .; by Octavianus, 350. Consensus Italiae, 153, 161

idius, P., experienced centurion, 355. Consilia, of the Princeps, 408 ff . Conspiracies, against Augustus, 298, 333 f., 4

6; regarded as obsolete in 32 B.C., 285; Augustus in relation to, 314 ff ., 520 ff.; a façade, 11 f., 340. Consulars, imp

ed as obsolete in 32 B.C., 285; Augustus in relation to, 314 ff., 520 ff .; a façade, 11 f., 340. Consulars, importance o

340. Consulars, importance of, 10, 388; in the Sullan oligarchy, 20 ff .; on the side of Pompeius, 44 f.; Caesarians, 61

B.C., 327 f., 388; controlled by Augustus, 388 f.; as proconsuls, 326 ff ., 383; as legates of Augustus, 327, 330, 393 ff.;

.; as proconsuls, 326 ff., 383; as legates of Augustus, 327, 330, 393 ff .; employment in Rome, 403 f.; as counsellors, 407

330, 393 ff.; employment in Rome, 403 f.; as counsellors, 407 f., 411 ff .; a political nuisance, 388. Consulate importan

a political nuisance, 388. Consulate importance of, 11, 24 f., 368 ff .; imperium, 162, 315, 326, 330; controlled by Pom

30; controlled by Pompeius, 36; under the Triumvirs, 188, 199 f., 243 ff ., 372; controlled by Augustus, 325, 370 ff.; age

riumvirs, 188, 199 f., 243 ff., 372; controlled by Augustus, 325, 370 ff .; age for, 369; qualifications, 374 ff.; election

ntrolled by Augustus, 325, 370 ff.; age for, 369; qualifications, 374 ff .; elections, 370 f. Consuls, after Sulla, 22; i

18 if.; marries a Metella, 20, 31; war against Marius, 16 f., 65, 87 ff ., 249, 491; punishes Etruria and the Italians, 87

islation, 455; on virtue and vice, 105; on Republic and Monarchy, 512 ff .; on the decline of oratory, 515 f.; on Nerva and

y, 515 f.; on Nerva and Trajan, 517; as a pessimistic monarchist, 516 ff .; compared with Lucan, 507 f.; with Juvenal, 489.

, see Scribonius. Cursus honorum, under the Principate, 358 f., 369 ff ., 396. Curtius, C., benevolent banker, 73. Curt

tus’ dislike of, 515. Dictatorship, of Sulla, 17, 52; of Caesar, 51 ff ., 77; abolition of, 107; of the Triumvirs, 3, 188

263, 273 f. Diplomacy, use of, 71 f., 156 f., 158 f., 166, 169, 178 ff ., 188, 217, 221, 225, etc. Divine honours, 53 f

etc. Divine honours, 53 f., 256; for Pompeius, 30, 263; Caesar, 53 ff ., 263; Antonius, 263, 273; Octavianus, 233; Augus

53 ff., 263; Antonius, 263, 273; Octavianus, 233; Augustus, 305, 469 ff ., 519, 524; for Gaius and Lucius, 472, 474. Div

, 441 f., 490 f., 515, 522 f.; local, 82 f., 89, 91 f., 289, 292, 360 ff ., etc. East, the, clientela of Pompeius in, 30, 7

Augustus, 300 f., 365 f., 473 f., 476; arrangements of Antonius, 259 ff ., 266, 271 ff.; opposition to the West, 290, 301,

f., 365 f., 473 f., 476; arrangements of Antonius, 259 ff., 266, 271 ff .; opposition to the West, 290, 301, 347; Octavian

antiqui’, 442; on Romulus, 520. Ennoblement, qualifications for, 374 ff . Epicureanism, in politics, 135 f.; anti-politi

Publicani. Estates, large, 12, 14, 28, 31, 82, 89, 195, 380 f., 450 ff . Etruria, Marian sympathies of, 17, 87 ff.; pun

82, 89, 195, 380 f., 450 ff. Etruria, Marian sympathies of, 17, 87 ff .; punished by Sulla, 87; rises for Lepidus, 17, 8

.), 362. Factio, 12, 22, 157. Factions, in Roman politics, 7 f., 11 ff ., 16, 20, &c. see also Feuds. Faesulae, proli

Feuds, family and personal, 13, 27, 44, 63, 69, 135, 140, 147, 157 ff ., 281, 513. Fides, 57, 70, 424, 456. Fidustiu

Forum Julii, 75, 252, 292, 367. Fraternization, in civil wars, 158 ff ., 178 f., 217. Freedmen, sons of, in the Senate

8. Freedom, see Libertas. Freedom of speech, in the Republic, 149 ff .; an essential part of Libertas, 152; under the T

part of Libertas, 152; under the Triumvirs, 246; under Augustus, 482 ff .; decline of, 487 ff., 507. Fruticius, M., sena

2; under the Triumvirs, 246; under Augustus, 482 ff.; decline of, 487 ff ., 507. Fruticius, M., senator from Verona, 363.

377. Generals, in politics, 15, 158 f., 180; of the Triumvirs, 199 ff .; of Octavianus, 234 ff., 327 f.; of Antonius, 26

itics, 15, 158 f., 180; of the Triumvirs, 199 ff.; of Octavianus, 234 ff ., 327 f.; of Antonius, 266 ff.; of Augustus, 329

Triumvirs, 199 ff.; of Octavianus, 234 ff., 327 f.; of Antonius, 266 ff .; of Augustus, 329 f., 397 ff.; military experien

anus, 234 ff., 327 f.; of Antonius, 266 ff.; of Augustus, 329 f., 397 ff .; military experience of, 395. Gentilicia, as h

uvenal, 490; in the Roman equestrian service, 506; in the Senate, 365 ff . Hadrian, the Emperor, 415, 502. Haterius, Q.

. Interamnia Praetuttianorum, 362. Invective, political, 127, 149 ff ., 211, 250, 276 f., 282 f., 486 f. Iotape, Median

449 f., 457. Italia, as a political notion, 87, 286. Italici, 86 ff ., 94; disliked by Cato, 26; their hatred of Rome,

tred of Rome, 86 f., 286 f., 359; aristocracy of, 87, 91 f., 285, 359 ff . Italy, in relation to Rome, 8, 16 f., 49, 82 f

7, 91 f., 285, 359 ff. Italy, in relation to Rome, 8, 16 f., 49, 82 ff ., 86 ff., 208, 244, 285 ff., 359, 449 f., 453, 46

, 285, 359 ff. Italy, in relation to Rome, 8, 16 f., 49, 82 ff., 86 ff ., 208, 244, 285 ff., 359, 449 f., 453, 465 f.; un

aly, in relation to Rome, 8, 16 f., 49, 82 ff., 86 ff., 208, 244, 285 ff ., 359, 449 f., 453, 465 f.; unification of, 86 ff

ff., 208, 244, 285 ff., 359, 449 f., 453, 465 f.; unification of, 86 ff ., 286 ff., 359, 365, 450; local families in, 10,

, 244, 285 ff., 359, 449 f., 453, 465 f.; unification of, 86 ff., 286 ff ., 359, 365, 450; local families in, 10, 31, 82 ff

ion of, 86 ff., 286 ff., 359, 365, 450; local families in, 10, 31, 82 ff ., 356, 359; see also Bellum Italicum, Municipia,

also Bellum Italicum, Municipia, Tota Italia. Iuratio Italiae, 284 ff . Janus, closing of, 303. Juba, King of Mauret

ed to Marcellus, 341; to Agrippa, 389; to Tiberius, 416; ruin of, 425 ff .; alleged enormities, 426; in exile, 494. Julia

ar province, 36; at Ravenna and Luca, 37; relations with Pompeius, 40 ff .; responsibility for the Civil War, 47 ff.; Dicta

relations with Pompeius, 40 ff.; responsibility for the Civil War, 47 ff .; Dictatorship, 51 ff.; not really a revolutionar

s, 40 ff.; responsibility for the Civil War, 47 ff.; Dictatorship, 51 ff .; not really a revolutionary, 52, 59, 68, 194; mo

59, 68, 194; monarchic position, 54, 59, 490 f.; ultimate designs, 53 ff .; assassination, 97; funeral, 98 f.; cult, 99, 11

Principate, 317 f., 442. His partisans and adherents, 41, 51, 59, 61 ff ., 94 f.; relations with the Marian party, 65, 89,

ns with the Marian party, 65, 89, 94; partisans among the Italici, 91 ff .; in the municipia, 89 ff.; in the West, 74 ff.;

65, 89, 94; partisans among the Italici, 91 ff.; in the municipia, 89 ff .; in the West, 74 ff.; in the East, 262; his lega

among the Italici, 91 ff.; in the municipia, 89 ff.; in the West, 74 ff .; in the East, 262; his legates, 67, 94; secretar

h financiers, 52 f., 72 f.; confiscations, 76; increase of Senate, 77 ff .; choice of consuls, 94 f.; the unification of It

e, 77 ff.; choice of consuls, 94 f.; the unification of Italy, 82, 89 ff ., 92 ff., 359; his liberal policy, 365 f. His cha

.; choice of consuls, 94 f.; the unification of Italy, 82, 89 ff., 92 ff ., 359; his liberal policy, 365 f. His character,

ride of birth, 68; literary interests, 459 f.; Caesar and Cicero, 137 ff .; see also Divus Julius. Julius Caesar, C. (cos

27, 58; relations with Caesar, 58; motives for the assassination, 57 ff .; his actions on and after the Ides of March, 97

assassination, 57 ff.; his actions on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff .; political prospects, 99 ff.; his friendship wit

tions on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; political prospects, 99 ff .; his friendship with Antonius, 98, 106, 203, 206

hip with Antonius, 98, 106, 203, 206; actions in summer, 44 B.C., 116 ff .; departure from Italy, 119, 140; seizure of Mace

.; his distaste for civil war, 183 f., 203; campaign of Philippi, 203 ff .; his suicide, 206. His allies and relatives, 44

.; in Gallia Cisalpina, 110, 124, 127, 144; in the War of Mutina, 162 ff ., 176 ff.; his end, 180; his family and connexion

lia Cisalpina, 110, 124, 127, 144; in the War of Mutina, 162 ff., 176 ff .; his end, 180; his family and connexions, 64, 13

359, 363; control of law courts, 13; entry to Senate, 10, 13, 81, 358 ff .; military service, 70 f., 78 f., 82, 353 ff., 39

Senate, 10, 13, 81, 358 ff.; military service, 70 f., 78 f., 82, 353 ff ., 395 f.; in the faction of Octavianus, 133; comm

6 f., 409; personal friends and counsellors of the Princeps, 358, 409 ff . Labienus, Q., ‘Parthicus imperator’, 223, 259.

tio Turiae, referred to, 190, 192; quoted, 513 f. Legality, 49, 153 ff ., 162 f., 277 ff., 315 f., 324; ‘higher legality’

red to, 190, 192; quoted, 513 f. Legality, 49, 153 ff., 162 f., 277 ff ., 315 f., 324; ‘higher legality’, 160 f., 168, 17

397. Legions, command of, 201, 356, 396; recruitment, 15, 295, 456 ff .; total after Actium, 304; in 13 B.C., 389 f. L

l after Actium, 304; in 13 B.C., 389 f. Legislation, moral, 53, 443 ff .; efficacy of, 442, 455 f. Leges Juliae, 426, 4

moral, 53, 443 ff.; efficacy of, 442, 455 f. Leges Juliae, 426, 443 ff . Lenaeus, freedman of Pompeius, 250. Lentulus,

rty of, 59 f., 95, 198 f., 205 f.; on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff .; in the summer, 44 B.C., 116 ff.; leave Italy, 1

; on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; in the summer, 44 B.C., 116 ff .; leave Italy, 119, 124, 163, 167; win eastern ar

163, 167; win eastern armies, 171, 184; in campaign of Philippi, 203 ff .; end of, 205 f.; on the side of Antonius, 268 f.

, 320 f., 420, 440, 456, 482, 492, 506, 512, 515; as a catchword, 154 ff .; under the Principate, 320 f., 516 f. Libertas

f. Libertas Augusta, 506. Liberty, nature of, at Rome, 2, 59, 154 ff .; incompatible with peace and order, 9, 59, 512 f

t Rome, 2, 59, 154 ff.; incompatible with peace and order, 9, 59, 512 ff .; guaranteed by monarchy, 516, 518. Libo, see S

prolific peasant soldier, 449. Literature, under the Triumvirs, 247 ff .; under the Principate, 459 ff.; political lite

Literature, under the Triumvirs, 247 ff.; under the Principate, 459 ff .; political literature, 149 ff., 486; oppositio

, 247 ff.; under the Principate, 459 ff.; political literature, 149 ff ., 486; opposition literature, 486 f.; creation of

; in Macedonia, 391, 406; in Gaul, 398, 429; with C. Caesar, 398, 428 ff .; disgrace and death, 428; his son, 435; connexio

266; campaigns of Crassus, 308; a senatorial province, 314, 315, 328 ff .; taken by Augustus, 394, 400 f.; soldiers from,

7; governors, 21, 36, 107, 110 f., 112, 135, 222 f., 266, 302 f., 328 ff ., 333, 390 f., 398, 400 f. Machaeras, leader of

origin, 129. Maecenas, L., 129, 132. Magistracies, access to, 11 ff .; under the Triumvirs, 196 f.; provisions of Augu

to, 11 ff.; under the Triumvirs, 196 f.; provisions of Augustus, 369 ff .; dispensations, 369, 3731 417 f.; see also Consu

e, dynastic, 12, 20, 33, 34, 40, 43, 69, 189, 229, 238, 345, 378, 421 ff ., 491 ff.; legislation concerning, at Rome, 443 f

ic, 12, 20, 33, 34, 40, 43, 69, 189, 229, 238, 345, 378, 421 ff., 491 ff .; legislation concerning, at Rome, 443 ff. Marr

238, 345, 378, 421 ff., 491 ff.; legislation concerning, at Rome, 443 ff . Marrucini, 91, 169, 359, 485. Mars Ultor, te

litary service, of knights, 70 f., 353, 356, 395 f.; of senators, 395 ff .; a qualification for political promotion, 374 ff

.; of senators, 395 ff.; a qualification for political promotion, 374 ff . Militia equestris, 353 ff., 396; in relation t

alification for political promotion, 374 ff. Militia equestris, 353 ff ., 396; in relation to the municipio, 384, 446; Gr

54, 59, 256 f.; inevitability of, 258, 291; constitutional, 320, 516 ff .; as the best form of government, 516, 518; as a

defended, 180; proscribes his brother, 193; in the Perusine War, 210 ff ., 215; flees to Antonius, 215 f.; as proconsul of

ernment of, 82; votes of, 169, 286, 364; aristocrats from, 10, 31, 82 ff ., 356, 359; propertied classes, 14, 49, 89, 359;

, 82, 193, 360, 453, 455 f.; brought into Roman politics, 285 f., 359 ff ., 364; and military service, 356; organic functio

Augustan senator, 361. Mutina, Battle of, 174. Mutina, War of, 169 ff . PageBook=>556 Mylasa, 260. Mytilene, Po

17. Nigidius Figulus, astrologer, 471. Nobiles, definition of, 10 ff .; arcana imperii, 12; ideals, 15, 56 f., 70, 121

06 f.; in the party of Marius, 19, 65; restored to power by Sulla, 17 ff .; attitude towards Pompeius, 30 f., 43 ff., 198;

tored to power by Sulla, 17 ff.; attitude towards Pompeius, 30 f., 43 ff ., 198; towards Caesar, 59; in the party of Caesar

s, 30 f., 43 ff., 198; towards Caesar, 59; in the party of Caesar, 61 ff ., 94; in the proscriptions, 192, 195; casualties

f., 479; in relation to the consulate, 372 f.; brief renascence, 419 ff .; loss of prerogatives, 404 f.; of ideals, 506; d

eals, 506; detestation of Agrippa, 344; rancour towards Augustus, 479 ff ., 490 ff.; their survival largely fraudulent, 510

; detestation of Agrippa, 344; rancour towards Augustus, 479 ff., 490 ff .; their survival largely fraudulent, 510 f.; vice

l largely fraudulent, 510 f.; vices of, 511; decline and fall of, 490 ff .; superseded in military commands, 502 ff. Nola

1; decline and fall of, 490 ff.; superseded in military commands, 502 ff . Nola, siege of, 87. Nomenclature, of local I

360 f., 456; Etruscan, 85, 129, 362; of Triumviral novi homines, 199 ff .; Augustan novi homines, 360 f.; vicious novi hom

Marius, 86, 94; allies of Pompeius, 31 f.; in the Caesarian party, 80 ff .; in the Triumviral period, 199 ff., 243 ff.; par

31 f.; in the Caesarian party, 80 ff.; in the Triumviral period, 199 ff ., 243 ff.; partisans of Octavianus, 129 ff., 234

n the Caesarian party, 80 ff.; in the Triumviral period, 199 ff., 243 ff .; partisans of Octavianus, 129 ff., 234 ff.; mars

the Triumviral period, 199 ff., 243 ff.; partisans of Octavianus, 129 ff ., 234 ff.; marshals of Augustus, 329 f., 392 ff.;

viral period, 199 ff., 243 ff.; partisans of Octavianus, 129 ff., 234 ff .; marshals of Augustus, 329 f., 392 ff.; usefulne

ns of Octavianus, 129 ff., 234 ff.; marshals of Augustus, 329 f., 392 ff .; usefulness of, 328, 397; promotion by Augustus

ainst, 357 f., 509 f.; rehabilitation of, 511 f.; descendants of, 498 ff .; their steady advance as a historical process, 3

f, 498 ff.; their steady advance as a historical process, 364 f., 501 ff . Novus status, 320, 324. Nuceria, 83, 90, 356

turions. Oligarchy, as a form of government, 7 f., 18; of Sulla, 17 ff ., 45, 61; code of, 57 ff.; liberal oligarchy, 145

a form of government, 7 f., 18; of Sulla, 17 ff., 45, 61; code of, 57 ff .; liberal oligarchy, 145; inevitability of, 7, 34

320; according to Seneca, 518 f. Oratory, function of, at Rome, 149 ff .; under the Triumvirate, 245 f.; different styles

ree, 361; in Cyprus, 406. Parma, 95. Parthians, 9, 214, 223 f., 263 ff ., 301 f., 338, 388, 428 f. Parthini, Illyrian t

Octavianus, 244, 306, 376; created by Augustus, 382; decline of, 491 ff . Patriotism, spurious appeals to, 157 f.; growt

Patronage, control of, 15, 32, 36, 39, 55, 107, 238, 239, 242, 369 ff ., 395. Paullina, wife of M. Titius, 379. Pax, 2

Pax Augusta, 470, 506. Peace, see Pax. Peasants, as soldiers, 449 ff .; idealization of, 453, 456. Pedius, Q. (cos. s

te of Sertorius), 129. Perusia, as origin of Pansa, 90; War of, 207 ff ., 213; sack of, 211 f., 466. Petraeus, Caesarian

Philhellenism, 135, 262 f. Philippi, campaign and battle of, 202 ff . Philippics, of Cicero, 104, 140, 146 f., 162 ff.

n and battle of, 202 ff. Philippics, of Cicero, 104, 140, 146 f., 162 ff . Philippus, see Marcius. Philodemus, Epicurean

arian sentiments of, 100 f., 119 f., 142; and Augustus, 322, 370, 468 ff ., 478. Plinius Rufus, L., partisan of Sex. Pomp

sguised by the Principate, 351, 358. Poets, politics of, 62 f., 251 ff .; ‘new poets’, 252; and the government, 251 ff.,

olitics of, 62 f., 251 ff.; ‘new poets’, 252; and the government, 251 ff ., 459 ff. Pola, 363. Polemo, King of Pontus,

f, 62 f., 251 ff.; ‘new poets’, 252; and the government, 251 ff., 459 ff . Pola, 363. Polemo, King of Pontus, 260, 262,

eory, inadequacies of, 120 f., 321 f.; concerning the Principate, 319 ff ., 516 ff.; and the unification of Italy, 365; of

dequacies of, 120 f., 321 f.; concerning the Principate, 319 ff., 516 ff .; and the unification of Italy, 365; of Cicero, 1

144 f., 318 f., 351; of Sallustius, 154, 248 f., 515; of Tacitus, 512 ff . Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff.,

, 515; of Tacitus, 512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff ., 119 ff., 152 ff; distaste for, 13, 94, 246, 358

Tacitus, 512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff., 119 ff ., 152 ff; distaste for, 13, 94, 246, 358 f., 363,

512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff., 119 ff., 152 ff ; distaste for, 13, 94, 246, 358 f., 363, 513 f.;

partisans of, 227 f., 269; cult of Neptune, 228; Bellum Siculum, 228 ff .; defeat and death of, 231 f.; relatives, 228, 42

Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (cos. 70 B.C.), his origin and early career, 28 ff .; position in 62 B.C., 30; dynastic marriages, 31

8, 34 f.; his control of provinces, 35, 42; actions in 59–53 B.C., 36 ff .; sole consulate, 39; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff.; at t

actions in 59–53 B.C., 36 ff.; sole consulate, 39; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff .; at the outbreak of the Civil War, 42 f., 45 ff.

9; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff.; at the outbreak of the Civil War, 42 f., 45 ff .; his strategy, 49, 90, 102; his death, 50. His f

rents and legates, 31 f., 44 f., 67, 396; political allies, 28 f., 43 ff ., 491; freedmen, 76, 385; provincial clientela, 3

f., 43 ff., 491; freedmen, 76, 385; provincial clientela, 30, 42, 74 ff ., 261 ff. His character, 26 f., 137; as a champio

f., 491; freedmen, 76, 385; provincial clientela, 30, 42, 74 ff., 261 ff . His character, 26 f., 137; as a champion of the

330; trial of, 333, 341. Princeps, meaning of term, 10, 311 f., 519 ff .; ‘salubris princeps’, 316, 519; Optimus prince

princeps’, 519. Princeps senatus, 307. Principate, of Augustus, 1 ff .; powers of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff.,

cipate, of Augustus, 1 ff.; powers of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff ., 516 ff.; organic and personal character of, 322

f Augustus, 1 ff.; powers of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff., 516 ff .; organic and personal character of, 322 f., 520

.; collegiality, 337 f., 346 f., 433; succession to, 342 f., 346, 415 ff ., 521 f.; the ‘optimus status’, 518 f. Principe

ropaganda, of Octavianus in 44 B.C., 116 f., 120, 125; political, 154 ff ., 208, 218, 256; poetry as, 251 ff., 460 ff.; aga

, 116 f., 120, 125; political, 154 ff., 208, 218, 256; poetry as, 251 ff ., 460 ff.; against Antonius and Cleopatra, 270 f.

120, 125; political, 154 ff., 208, 218, 256; poetry as, 251 ff., 460 ff .; against Antonius and Cleopatra, 270 f., 273, 27

ius and Cleopatra, 270 f., 273, 275, 289, 305; in the Principate, 459 ff . Propertius, Sex., 252; his origin and poetry,

opertius Postumus, C., Augustan senator, 384, 466. Proscriptions, 190 ff . Provinces, control of, in 60–58 B.C., 35 f.; i

B.C., 292; control of, after Actium, 302 f.; division in 27 B.C., 313 ff ., 323 ff., 394; consular and praetorian, 326 ff.,

; control of, after Actium, 302 f.; division in 27 B.C., 313 ff., 323 ff ., 394; consular and praetorian, 326 ff., 393; Aug

ision in 27 B.C., 313 ff., 323 ff., 394; consular and praetorian, 326 ff ., 393; Augustus’ control of senatorial provinces,

ncipate, 476 f. Provincials, in the Senate, 79 f., 367, 455 f., 501 ff .; in the equestrian service, 367, 506; in the leg

m, moral, the need for, 52 f., 335; carried out by Augustus, 339, 440 ff .; dubious features of, 452 f. Religion, politic

eligions, alien, 256, 448; control of, by Augustus, 411; reforms, 446 ff .; degree of genuineness, 448. Remmius Palaemon,

1, 93, 364 f.; indirect, 364, 519. Republic, Restoration of, 3, 313 ff ., 323; true character of, 325, 351. Republicani

Republicans, under the Principate, 318, 320, 335, 338 f., 420, 481 ff ., 512 ff. Res Gestae, of Augustus, 438, 522 ff.;

icans, under the Principate, 318, 320, 335, 338 f., 420, 481 ff., 512 ff . Res Gestae, of Augustus, 438, 522 ff.; their lit

335, 338 f., 420, 481 ff., 512 ff. Res Gestae, of Augustus, 438, 522 ff .; their literary style, 484. Res publica, a faç

202, 350, 355; origin and name of, 129, 220; in the Perusine War, 209 ff .; treachery and end, 217, 220, 334. Salvius Ape

y to, 11, 167 f., 358, 370; increased by Sulla, 78, 81; by Caesar, 77 ff .; weakness in 44 B.C., 100, 110 f., 163 ff.; incr

lla, 78, 81; by Caesar, 77 ff.; weakness in 44 B.C., 100, 110 f., 163 ff .; increased by Triumvirs, 196 ff.; recruitment un

eakness in 44 B.C., 100, 110 f., 163 ff.; increased by Triumvirs, 196 ff .; recruitment under Augustus, 358 ff., 370 ff.; t

ff.; increased by Triumvirs, 196 ff.; recruitment under Augustus, 358 ff ., 370 ff.; transformation during the Empire, 365

eased by Triumvirs, 196 ff.; recruitment under Augustus, 358 ff., 370 ff .; transformation during the Empire, 365 ff., 501

der Augustus, 358 ff., 370 ff.; transformation during the Empire, 365 ff ., 501 ff.; its provinces in 27 B.C., 314, 328 f.;

tus, 358 ff., 370 ff.; transformation during the Empire, 365 ff., 501 ff .; its provinces in 27 B.C., 314, 328 f.; loses pr

; real function under the Principate, 407. Senators, as a class, 10 ff .; wealth of, 12, 14, 135, 380 f.; created by Sull

; wealth of, 12, 14, 135, 380 f.; created by Sulla, 78; by Caesar, 78 ff .; social status of, 80 ff.; Triumviral, 196 ff.;

380 f.; created by Sulla, 78; by Caesar, 78 ff.; social status of, 80 ff .; Triumviral, 196 ff.; with Octavianus at Actium,

lla, 78; by Caesar, 78 ff.; social status of, 80 ff.; Triumviral, 196 ff .; with Octavianus at Actium, 293, 349. Senatus

116, 272; seized by Sex. Pompeius, 189; conquered by Octavianus, 230 ff .; as a senatorial province, 328, 405. Silanus,

n the municipia, 101, 360 f., 454. Society, classes of, at Rome, 10 ff ., 352, 365, 510 f., 521; prejudice in, 11, 78, 81

dice in, 11, 78, 81, 354, 357; social change, 78 f., 243, 255 f., 351 ff ., 455 f., 501 ff. Soldiers, Roman, 15; behaviou

81, 354, 357; social change, 78 f., 243, 255 f., 351 ff., 455 f., 501 ff . Soldiers, Roman, 15; behaviour in revolutionar

ed from politics, 352 f.; avenue for promotion in the Principate, 352 ff .; conditions of service, 389; as clients of the P

ilds temple of Apollo, 241; in 32 B.C., 276, 278, 327; at Actium, 295 ff .; as a survivor, 349 f.; his origin, 200; his dau

C., 107, 111, 124, 171; in the Triumviral period, 214 f., 223 f., 266 ff .; in the provincia of Augustus, 313, 315; Agrippa

a sent there, 338; governors, 35, 36, 107, 111, 171, 214, 223 f., 266 ff ., 302 f., 326, 330, 334, 397 f., 398 f., 401, 428

to Rhodes, 391, 413 f., 417, 427 f.; adoption, 431; in A.D. 6–9, 431 ff .; powers in A.D. 13, 433; accession, 438 f.; diff

mpeian affinities, 414, 424; his friends and partisans, 383, 423, 433 ff .; his literary style, 484. PageBook=>565 T

urius Sabinus, Q., legate of Caesar, 67. Tota Italia, 16, 86, 88, 284 ff ., 466, 470. Trajan, the Emperor, 415, 501, 517

1, 138 f., 143; his verdict on Caesar, 56, 145; in March, 44 B.C., 97 ff ., 139; meets Octavianus, 114, 141; in the summer

7 ff., 139; meets Octavianus, 114, 141; in the summer of 44 B.C., 139 ff .; attacks Antonius, 123; relations with Octavianu

B.C., 139 ff.; attacks Antonius, 123; relations with Octavianus, 141 ff .; policy in 44–43 B.C., 143 ff., the Philippics,

s, 123; relations with Octavianus, 141 ff.; policy in 44–43 B.C., 143 ff ., the Philippics, 104, 140, 146 f.; his policy an

86; and the consulate, 182 f.; disagreements with Brutus, 147 f., 183 ff .; proscription and death, 192; Pollio’s verdict,

, 138, 320 f.; wealth, 195; town house, 195, 380; as an advocate, 149 ff .; as a wit, 152; defends Balbus, 72, 151; defends

his consulate, 188; in Gaul, 189, 202, 210; in the Perusine War, 210 ff .; against the Parthians, 223 f.; his triumph, 224

urth Eclogue, 218; the Georgics, 254; the Aeneid, 304 f., 317 f., 462 ff .; his views upon Octavianus after Actium, 304 f.;

tilina and Cato, 317; Italy, 450, 463; the Aeneid as an allegory, 462 ff .; north-Italian patriotism, 465 f. Verginius Ru

.; Roman compared with Hellenistic, 250; provision for, 111, 196, 207 ff , 233, 304, 352, 450; special privileges, 243; Aug

498; in Illyricum, 436. Vibo, 237. Vice, allegations of, 127, 149 ff ., 276 f., 281, 426 f., 432, 479 ff., 509 f.; not

. Vice, allegations of, 127, 149 ff., 276 f., 281, 426 f., 432, 479 ff ., 509 f.; not always pernicious, 105, 442. Vico

his origin and name, 129; at Apollonia, 129; in the Perusine War, 209 ff .; in Gaul, 227, 231; consulate, 231; in the Bellu

41 f., 403; at the bedside of Atticus, 257; in the War of Actium, 295 ff .; in 28 B.C., 306; constitutional powers of, 337,

in the Republic, 12, 14; transference through the proscriptions, 194 ff ., 243, 290, 351; owned by the partisans of August

ns of Augustus, 380 f., 452. Women, political influence of, 12, 384 ff ., 414; position of, 444 f. Xenophobia, 244, 256

MEN OF CATO This table reproduces the researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff . The leading clue is provided by the two marriage

n Q. Servilius Caepio, who adopted Servilia’s son Brutus, cf. ib. 333 ff . III. THE FAMILY OF AUGUSTUS This tree, which

nus were first investigated by C. Cichorius, Hermes xxxix (1904), 461 ff . (with a stemma, ib. 470). In the matter of his c