onary leader arose in civil strife, usurped power for himself and his faction , transformed a faction into a national party, and

ivil strife, usurped power for himself and his faction, transformed a faction into a national party, and a torn and distracted

and unreal if told without some indication of the composition of the faction he led, of the personality, actions and influence

re candid to his intimate friends. There was no breach in the walls a faction among the nobiles had opened the gates. Cicero wo

s no Ciceronian party. The Roman politician had to be the leader of a faction . Cicero fell short of that eminence both when a c

rsome dominion against Sertorius and the last survivors of the Marian faction in Spain, against the great Mithridates and again

. 5 Among other eminent houses of the plebeian nobility in the Marian faction were the Junii and the Domitii,6 who became firm

an evil repute. 5 Second and more important by far is that enigmatic faction soon to be led by a man who never became consul.

s: they might properly be described, in contemporary definition, as a faction or gang. 2 The ramifications of this oligarchy

. There were dangerous rifts in the oligarchy, the wounds of feud and faction . Neither Aemilii nor Claudii were quite to be tru

, and led his army to liberate Rome from the domination of the Marian faction for Sulla’s interests and for his own. 6 The ca

inent families, linked closely with one another and with the Catonian faction . Rising to power with support from the Metelli,

from the East; and the consul Metellus Celer banded with the Catonian faction to attack and harry Pompeius. But the feud was no

arded their sagacity. 3 With these four families was now joined the faction of Cato. Of his allies and relatives, Lucullus an

being recruited for the government and on the plea of legitimacy), a faction in the Senate worked the constitution against Cae

ain day. By invoking constitutional sanctions against Caesar, a small faction misrepresented the true wishes of a vast majority

support, by his studious moderation. To the survivors of the defeated faction he behaved with public and ostentatious clemency.

esar established his Dictatorship. His rule began as the triumph of a faction in civil war: he made it his task to transcend fa

e triumph of a faction in civil war: he made it his task to transcend faction , and in so doing wrought his own destruction. A c

time of his first appearance in Rome. The young man had to build up a faction for himself and make his own way along the road t

Caesar, insensibly disposing their minds to servitude and monarchy. A faction recruited from the most NotesPage=>056 1 H

imes forgets that awkward fact. If the leader or principal agent of a faction goes beyond the wishes of his allies and emancipa

were the fathers-in-law of Ti. and C. Gracchus respectively. On this faction (hostile to the Scipiones), cf. above all Miinzer

orbanus, Cinna and Carrinas, all names of historic note in the Marian faction . 2 Hostile to the oligarchy and wishing to supers

cf. below, p. 200; on Carrinas, p. 90. 3 For nobiles of the Marian faction , above, p. 19. 4 He was married to a Julia (Val

nce. His numerous legates might have been the nucleus of a formidable faction . 3 Some of them he lent to his ally, Caesar the p

y of the leading consulars was massed against him. No matter Caesar’s faction numbered not only many senators but nobiles at th

the power of money in the Roman State. Not so Crassus and Caesar. The faction of Pompeius was unable to move either the propert

insurgents:4 the son reconquered Spain from Sertorius and the Marian faction . But Pompeius had enemies in Spain, and Caesar bo

insurrection, a great NotesPage=>086 1 The composition of the faction of Marius, an important (and neglected) topic, ca

n-combatants it was complicated and embittered by the strife of local factions . Etruria and Umbria, though wavering, had remaine

rsonal adherents of a local dynast and Roman politician, or the Roman faction in a torn and discordant land. Pompeius’ son in

ses came in. The towns of Italy welcomed the resurgence of the Marian faction led by a NotesPage=>089 1 Pro Piando (Plan

he had to expel the Ventidii from that city. Picenum was the scene of faction and internecine strife. Not only the Italici are

pers and then consulted in secret with the chief men of the Caesarian faction , such as Balbus, the Dictator’s secretary and con

ign of terror. Brutus had insisted that Antonius be spared. 4 Had the faction of Brutus and Cassius forsworn its principles and

Cicero with a loud voice. 2 The appeal was premature. Nor could the faction of Brutus and Cassius reckon upon the citizen-bod

Roman party-politician. He was consul and chief man in the Caesarian faction : power and patronage rested in his hands. Antoniu

have his province of Macedonia. But the proconsul was vulnerable if a faction seized power in Rome and sought to pay back old s

he revival of Libertas in a period of crisis would mean the strife of faction , veiled at first under honourable names and confi

September 13th (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 1). PageBook=>113 faction took to calling himself ‘Imperator Caesar’. 1 Aft

secretary of the Dictator. 2 Other prominent members of the Caesarian faction were approached: Hirtius and Pansa were certainly

plit the Caesarian party. For his first designs he needed funds and a faction . As many of the most eminent of the Caesarians al

eir programme and their catchwords. If the process goes far enough, a faction may grow into something like a national party. So

for intrigue and diplomacy. With Antonius out of the way a Republican faction , relying on the support of anomalous allies and i

political funds? Family and kinsmen provide the nucleus of a Roman faction . Yet Octavianus’ relatives were not numerous; 2 a

es of three of his earliest associates, the foundation-members of the faction . In his company at the camp of Apollonia were Q.

what in defamation the most admirable causes had often been called a faction : its activity lay beyond the constitution and bey

he only such recorded for a long time. What remained of the Caesarian faction after the Ides of March showed a lack of social d

nights in standing, Salvidienus, Agrippa and Maecenas: to the end his faction retained the mark of its origin. A long time pass

yed: they were not at all willing to be captured by an anti-Caesarian faction and forced into the conduct of a civil war. Hirti

mpeius and when Roman politics again appeared to be degenerating into faction strife. 1 His character was vindicated by his con

h the government. Cicero was sorry. 4 The domination of the Caesarian faction in the person of Antonius appeared unshakable. At

The situation was much more complicated than that, issues entangled, factions and personalities at variance. The imperious eloq

e the only criterion of wisdom and of patriotism. 4 In the service of faction the fairest of pleas and the noblest of principle

is a vague and negative notion freedom from the rule of a tyrant or a faction . 1 It follows that libertas, like regnum or domin

s at the peak of the hierarchy, transcending mores. Roman political factions were welded together, less by unity of principle

er than the State; and the family was the kernel of a Roman political faction . Loyalty to the ties of kinship in politics was a

Brutus. This meant usurpation of power by the Senate or rather, by a faction in the Senate and war against the proconsul Anton

ius. The assassins of Caesar had left Italy, and the young men of the faction of Cato, the sons of the dominant consulars in th

no part in politics. PageBook=>164 battle. The remnants of the faction were with the young Pompeius in Spain. The weak

ad in promising money for the war, the Marrucini (or perhaps rather a faction among them hostile to Pollio) stimulated recruiti

ith Antonius; it was not they who had built up a novel and aggressive faction , mobilizing private armies and constitutional san

it. Their reluctance to obey the constitutional principles invoked by faction and to fight against their fellow-citizens had th

me the ranks of the Caesarian party. With the revival of the Pompeian faction in the city of Rome and the gathering power of Br

here was some palliation, at least when consul he had been harried by faction and treason, when proconsul outlawed. For Octavia

, 155. PageBook=>198 When a civil war seemed only a contest of factions in the Roman nobility, many young men of spirit a

sented by Pompeius, a group of consulars in alliance and the Catonian faction . 1 Now the Metelli, the Scipiones, the Lentuli an

e party; its rallying point and its leaders were the young men of the faction of Cato, almost all kinsmen of Marcus Brutus. W

s nor property could dull the edge of action. From the beginning, the faction of Octavianus invited those who had nothing to lo

nt predecessors when they had liberated Rome from the domination of a faction . But L. Antonius did not hold the city for long.

ot to be known. At the end of 40 B.C. the domination of the Caesarian faction , founded upon the common interests of leaders and

s Murcus. 3 Defeated at Pharsalus but not destroyed, the family and faction of the Pompeii had incurred heavy losses through

of note, even when four years had elapsed since the foundation of the faction and the first revolutionary venture. Consulars we

acedonia. Nor are senators’ sons at all frequent in the revolutionary faction . The Peducaei were a modest and reputable senator

obscure probably tortuous. 7 The principal members of the Caesarian faction won glory and solid recompense. In public and o

service. None the less, the young Caesar was acquiring a considerable faction among the aristocracy. The nobiles would attract

nished, to find harbourage and alliance with Antonius. The Catonian faction , after fighting against the domination of Pompeiu

s amenable to discipline as were the chief men of the rival Caesarian faction . Ruinous symptoms were soon apparent, heralding t

e proconsul of Syria, died in this year, but the rest of the Catonian faction under Ahenobarbus still stood firm. Had Ahenobarb

act ties of personal allegiance and mutual support. 3 When a Claudian faction encouraged a revolutionary agitation at Rome with

Italiae against Antonius. 1 Many senators had fled to Antonius. Rival factions in the towns could now emerge, seizing power at t

of the rival dynasts and there by consummated the logical end of the factions , compacts and wars of the last thirty years, thou

gun. The duty could no longer be evaded on the plea of wars abroad or faction at home. Peace had been established, there was on

ad or faction at home. Peace had been established, there was only one faction left—and it was in power. The pleasing legend L

re thoroughness and without opposition. This time the domination of a faction was to be permanent and unshaken: the era of riva

could never change, the source and origin of his domination. When a faction seized power at Rome, the consulate and the provi

THE PARTY OF AUGUSTUS PageBook=>349 THE modest origins of the faction of Octavianus stand revealed in the names of the

be spared out of respect for dignity: local magnates of the Antonian faction in the towns of Italy had local enemies. A numb

cini and the Paeligni welcomed in Caesar the resurgence of the Marian faction . Dictatorship and Revolution both broke down Roma

locupletes’. PageBook=>360 They were the backbone of Augustus’ faction , the prime agents in the plebiscite of all Italy.

erty, ‘boni viri et locupletes’. As the augmentation of the governing faction was not the execution of a theory or the act of a

ends and earliest partisans. In the first months of its existence the faction of Caesar’s heir numbered hardly a single senator

scendant of a consular family (Cn. Domitius Calvinus) belonged to the faction . Octavianus was acutely conscious of the need of

rb Augustus’ ardent predilection for the aristocracy. Like Caesar’s faction , the new Caesarian party comprised diverse elemen

ppia Claudia, daughter of one of the earliest noble supporters of the faction . 4 Then he rose higher his second was an Aemilia

inister of Tiberius. Seianus himself became the leader of a political faction . NotesPage=>384 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. 2 I

reality a cosmopolitan court. These influences were bound up with the faction from the beginning: active, though studiously mas

larity in the capital and strengthening the resources of the Claudian faction . NotesPage=>416 1 Suetonius, Tib. 7, 2 f.

side of the family she lacked relatives who might be built up into a faction . 2 To be sure, there were her grandchildren, the

government after Sulla are now missing or sadly reduced above all the faction of the Liberators. Certain great houses remaine

n P. Quinctilius Varus, who were not so deeply committed to the court faction that they could not survive, and even profit from

evident that the political crisis in Rome and defeat of the Claudian faction would create repercussions to be detected on the

obiles are not innocent triflers or moral reprobates but a formidable faction . Gracchus bears most of the official blame:2 the

consulate are prominent yet not paradoxical, for this was a Claudian faction . In the background, however, stand certain noble

a class whose habit it had been to attack the dominant individual or faction , appear to be fervently on the side of the govern

e and the best men, the brave and the loyal, had perished. Not a mere faction of the nobility had been defeated, but a whole cl

lurk their allies or their rivals, certain great houses or permanent factions . The Scipiones had been an age of history. Their

6. PageBook=>492 Banded with these four families, the Catonian faction suffered heavy loss through loyal or stubborn adh

tain other patrician houses, prevailed over Pompeius and the dominant faction of the nobilitas. But the Julii left no direct he

inst the great houses, attached them to his family and built up a new faction . By force or craft he had defeated the Aemilii an

l as of military distinction. With Trajan, a Spanish and Narbonensian faction comes to power. New men had ever been pressing fo

nction went on as before, enhanced by the rival ambitions of Seianus’ faction and the family of Germanicus. At all turns the no

Libertas, as has been sufficiently shown, may be appropriated by any faction and any government: it soon went the way of Pax a

f Augustus’ reign, however, there remained but little of the Catonian faction or of the four noble houses that supported Pompei

signed to contemptuous oblivion. Antonius is masked and traduced as a faction , the Liberators as enemies of the Fatherland, Sex

489. Fabricius, Q. (cos. suff. 2 B.C.), 362. Factio, 12, 22, 157. Factions , in Roman politics, 7 f., 11 ff., 16, 20, &c.

358 ff.; military service, 70 f., 78 f., 82, 353 ff., 395 f.; in the faction of Octavianus, 133; commanding armies, 201, 355;

nomenclature, 93. Palace, of Augustus, 380; etiquette of, 385; palace faction , 386. Palpellius Hister, Sex., Augustan senator