casion of a reprint enables the author to rectify certain mistakes of fact or attribution, and to remove some blemishes. It

ss extinction of the old aristocracy. Pollio was a contemporary, in fact no small part of the transactions which he narrat

commended by the fair show of mitigating electoral corruption, but in fact provided resources of patronage for the party in

out a party a statesman is nothing. He sometimes forgets that awkward fact . If the leader or principal agent of a faction go

n old allegiance. 1 Caesar’s following was dual in composition. The fact that he took up arms against the party in power,

very free-born citizen was eligible to stand for the quaestorship: in fact , the wealth and standing of a knight was requisit

idence, P-W III, 2662 ff. Doubt about the date need not prejudice the fact . 2 For the Valerii, cf. Val. Max. 2, 4, 5. The

, Chron., p. 151 H). A certain P. Vatinius from Reate is recorded, in fact the grandfather of Caesar’s adherent (Cicero, De

they would clearly have failed. Yet even now, despite the deplorable fact that the Republicans did not dare to show themsel

ence is Cicero, Phil. 2, 71 ff, which betrays its own inadequacy. The fact that Antonius, unlike gallant young Dolabella, di

ice he held, the predominance of Antonius was a given and inescapable fact . Certain of his acts that lend colour to the char

esar’s son and heir; that the relationship by blood was distant was a fact of little moment in the Roman conception of the f

2 To be sure, he had dissuaded the taking up of the inheritance: the fact comes from a source that had every reason to enha

ple of Ops. 1 Only the clumsy arts of an apologist reveal the awkward fact that Octavianus at Brundisium in April, for a tim

Nucula who had written pantomimes, the Spaniard Decidius Saxa. 2 The fact that Octavianus was deemed to be on the side of t

pt from allying himself with Antonius; 3 in July, Octavianus became a fact and a force in politics. Events were moving swi

r a misguided policy of conciliation; and casual evidence reveals the fact that Piso’s Epicurean familiar was no other than

n, but the spirit of the constitution was held to be aristocratic. In fact , oligarchy ruled through consent and prescription

perio debent esse provinciae’ (ib. 4, 9). But was that the point? The fact that Cicero uses this argument to demonstrate tha

certain knowledge at Rome at the end of the year. That they would in fact not go to their trivial provinces of Crete and Cy

, for to this summer, if not earlier, belongs a significant political fact , the betrothal of his daughter to the young adven

, 4; Appian, BC 5, 65, 274 4 An approximate date is provided by the fact that the magistrates of the colony of Casinum set

erhaps in 41 B.C.) informed the learned Asconius that, as a matter of fact , none other than he, Gallus, was the wonder-child

Cornificius. 2 Apart from the narrative of the Sicilian War and the fact of his consulate, the only clear testimony about

opatra, reconstituting the Ptolemaic kingdom as a wedding-gift. 3 The fact is difficult to establish. From the Egyptian al

as so far magnified and distorted these celebrations that accuracy of fact and detail cannot be recovered: the resplendent d

d not go beyond the measure of a Roman proconsul. Nor did Antonius in fact resign to alien princes any extensive or valuable

eemed to have elapsed, and most of the principal actors were dead: in fact , Sosius and Domitius were only eleven years from

ising Pollio. He had been a loyal friend of old to Antonius, of which fact Antonius now reminded him. Pollio in reply clai

ced from the gentilicia of a number of soldiers of eastern origin the fact that they were given the Roman franchise on enlis

sul, he was merely the equal in public law of any other proconsul. In fact , his province was large and formidable, comprisin

non (modo) multum, quod putarem novandum in legibus ‘(ib. 3, 12). In fact , the changes he proposes are few and modest, litt

al commendation. He controlled all the armies of the Roman People, in fact though not in law, and provided from his own pock

ides prevailed a conspiracy of decent reticence about the gap between fact and theory. It was evident: no profit but only da

of the military provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia; and such are in fact attested, namely three of the principal marshals

. Moreover, only one consular list, the Fasti Capitolini, reveals the fact that Murena was consul ordinarius in 23 B.C. All

us powers, above all proconsular imperium over the whole empire. 2 In fact , but not in name, this reduced all proconsuls to

st a grant of authority over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later, in 20 and 19 B.C., Agripp

s unique primacy must not obscure the reality from which it arose the fact that he was the leader of a party. At the core

cation. Continuity, however, and designation to the Principate was in fact achieved by adoption and by the grant of powers t

ut differed in public station and prestige dignitas again. A patent fact , but obscured by pretence and by prejudice. The o

l kings, though still in name the allies of the Roman People, were in fact the devoted clients of the Princeps and behaved a

d Pompeius’ consul Gabinius was a politician as well as a soldier. In fact , nobility of birth prevailed and designated its c

ite uncertain. A. v. Premerstein argues for 14–13 B.C. (when he is in fact attested in Illyricum at the beginning of the Bel

d in some way to the family of the Princeps. The significance of this fact for the secret politics of the period is evident

ill retained in foreign policy mattered little in comparison with the fact that the Princeps, in virtue of his imperium cont

al and honoured title of ‘Allies and Friends of the Roman People’: in fact they were the clients of the Princeps, and they k

rately). Suetonius and Tacitus know nothing of this ‘conspiracy’. The fact that Cinna was consul in A.D. 5 may have had some

rgil had private and material reasons for gratitude to Augustus, that fact may have reinforced, but it did not pervert, the

tional memories were not strong in the western lands: in the East the fact that the Principate was a monarchy guaranteed its

an Lentuli were numerous, but by no means talented in proportion. The fact that L. Domitius Ahenobarbus was the grandfather

ism. With monarchy now firmly based in habit and theory as well as in fact , the very absence of any alternative form of rule

4 Tacitus, Ann. 15, 31. 5 Hist. 4, 69, 18 M (not invalidated by the fact that it occurs in the letter of an oriental despo

narchy. 1 Concord and monarchy, Pax and Princeps, were inseparable in fact as in hope and prayer ’custodite, servate, proteg