between citizens. 1 Liberty was gone, but only a minority at Rome had ever enjoyed it. The survivors of the old governing cl

. In these last and fatal convulsions, disaster came upon disaster, ever more rapid. Three of the monarchic principes fell

power upon its holder and dignity for life: it ennobled a family for ever . Within the Senate, itself an oligarchy, a narrow

rs. The nobilis, however, would take pride in his feuds. 1 Yet he had ever to be on the alert, jealous to guard his dignitas

y a military despot, enriched by proscription and murder, and growing ever fatter on the spoil of the provinces, they lacked

of the year 49 B.C. are still matters of controversy. 1 If they were ever clear, debate and misrepresentation soon clouded

nitas, were all at stake: to Caesar, as he claimed, ‘his dignitas had ever been dearer than life itself. ’2 Sooner than surr

ead, asserted the old domination over his nephew more powerfully than ever in life. Brutus came to feel shame for his own di

, of the Caesarians or neutrals deserve remark in warfare or politics ever after. As Caesar’s enemies were the party in powe

least the dynastic houses of the plebeian nobility, had been growing ever closer and more exclusive. Marius, the knight fro

tial peoples, the Marsi in the forefront, without whom no triumph had ever been celebrated whether they fought against Rome

Samnite army at the Colline Gate and made a desolation of Samnium for ever . Etruria suffered sieges, massacre and expropriat

id not gratify the expectations of Rabirius; and who at this time had ever heard of Salvidienus Rufus, Vipsanius Agrippa and

ool skill. The Liberators and their friends had lost, at once and for ever , the chance of gaining an ascendancy over the Sen

specious measure the name of the Dictatorship was to be abolished for ever . Thoughtful men reflected that its powers could e

g of Republican institutions. An innovation indeed: it had seldom, if ever , existed in the preceding twenty years. The reviv

easily perhaps. Only two of his associates, so it was recorded, were ever thrown over, and that was for treachery. 2 Note

al neutrality and a fair measure of guile. 1 During his consulate and ever since he had shunned dangerous prominence. The em

th the last remnants of the Pompeians and the sometimes hoped for but ever delayed return to settled conditions threw him in

o was possessed by an overweening opinion of his own sagacity: it had ever been his hope to act as political mentor to one o

from the domination of a faction’. 3 The term was not novel. Nobody ever sought power for himself and the enslavement of o

4 Plancus had assured Cicero that no personal grounds of enmity would ever prevent him from allying with his bitterest enemy

d in guiding and repressing the inordinate ambitions of youth. It had ever been Cicero’s darling notion to play the politica

emy. The last six months of the consulate of Antonius shattered for ever the coalition of March 17th, and divided for a ti

he reorganization of the East. The northern frontiers of Macedonia, ever exposed to the raids of tribes from Albania and s

s without reluctance; and few Republicans could preserve, if they had ever acquired, sufficient faith in the principles of a

it with the first public library known at Rome for to Libertas Pollio ever paid homage, and literature meant more to him tha

Cales. L. Flavius was an Antonian (Dio 49, 44, 3). None of these men ever commanded armies, so far as is known, save Autron

and he laid down the model and categories of Roman historiography for ever after. Sallustius wrote of the decay of ancient

Antonian party was already disintegrating. Loyalty would not last for ever in the face of evidence like the defection of Pla

normities NotesPage=>282 1 The truth of the matter is lost for ever . Octavianus had the first view of the document, a

ould still be heard. Horace produces a divine decree, forbidding Troy ever to be rebuilt; 5 Virgil is quite explicit; 6 and

uture life, on the one side Catilina in hell, tormented by furies for ever , on the other an ideal Cato, usefully legislating

retend that internecine war and the proscription of ‘boni viri’ could ever produce an exemplary kind of citizen. Names might

uncritical. Such was no doubt the opinion of the suspicious Tacitus, ever alert for the contrast of name and substance. At

conquest of Spain (in 26 and 25 B.C.), and that there was no trouble ever after ’postea etiam latrociniis vacarent. ’ 3 T

t of acknowledging a great debt. 1 On the surface all was harmony, as ever , and Agrippa continued to play his characteristic

the loyal and selfless adjutant, the ‘fidus Achates’, unobtrusive but ever present in counsel and ready for action. Agrippa

ultimately bring the consulate and ennoblement of their families for ever . In brief, Augustus’ design was to make public

in absence for candidates at Roman elections. 2 If the experiment was ever made, it was quickly abandoned. Not so much becau

and power to hold the proconsulate of Africa and a triumph, the last ever celebrated by a senator. Moreover, Junius Gallio,

the war of Pompeius and Caesar. He persevered for a long time, hardly ever admitting a suffect consul. After 19 B.C., down t

auds could perhaps evade detection. Certain great houses had sunk for ever . Others, through casualties in the Civil Wars, lo

of the viri triumphales, the friends of Augustus, there was scarcely ever a public building erected in Rome at private expe

ell aware that no authentic record of such momentous transactions was ever published by their agents. Contemporary rumour

), 74 ff. XXVIII. THE SUCCESSION PageBook=>419 THREE dangers ever beset the domination of a party there may arise d

M. Antonius were twice married, the ramifications of the dynasty grew ever more complex, producing by now a large number of

glect of the head of the Claudian house. 5 Tiberius, who honoured, if ever a Republican noble did, the sacred claims of fide

régime by discouraging the hopes of rivals or relatives. One danger, ever menacing, was still averted by the continuous mir

rule nations more intractable than the conqueror of all the East had ever seen. In a surge of patriotic exaltation, the wri

the untutored sagacity of Roman statesmen, would stand and endure for ever . The Romans could not compete with Greece for pri

tion of such perverse anachronisms. The land was more prosperous than ever before. Peace and security returned to the whole

ence or scepticism. He was capable of dissimulation and hypocrisy, if ever a statesman was. But his devotion to the ancient

rst speak, he bade the frogs be silent. No frog croaked in that place ever again. When Caesar’s heir entered Rome for the fi

e monopolized every form and sign of allegiance; no proconsul of Rome ever again is honoured in the traditional fashion of t

party. To the Domitii, primacy might be delayed, but not denied for ever . The complex marriage policy of Augustus transmit

rajan, a Spanish and Narbonensian faction comes to power. New men had ever been pressing forward, able, wealthy or insinuati

tus is ‘custos rerum’; 6 he is the peculiar warden of Rome and Italy, ever ready to succour and to guard: o tutela praesen

ita et huic capite. ’ PageBook=>521 His rule was personal, if ever rule was, and his position became ever more monar

21 His rule was personal, if ever rule was, and his position became ever more monarchic. Yet with all this, Augustus was n