s later, which was final and permanent. Outlasting the friends, the enemies and even the memory of his earlier days, Augustus

uthority tremendous and not to be defined. Auctoritas is the word his enemies would have called it potentia. They were right. Y

Caesar and Pompeius had neutrality been possible. Pollio had powerful enemies on either side. Compelled for safety to a decisio

ed: a statesman could not win power and influence without making many enemies . The novus homo had to tread warily. Anxious not

at is, rank, prestige and honour, against the attacks of his personal enemies . 2 The plea of security and self-defence against

1 But there were to be found in their ranks a few sincere reformers, enemies of misrule and corruption, liberal in outlook and

ucullus, thwarted of his triumph for years by the machinations of his enemies , turned for consolation to the arts and graces of

she was a granddaughter of Sulla. 4 Active ambition earned a host of enemies . But this patrician demagogue lacked fear or scru

Pulcher, a mild scandal touching the religion of the State which his enemies exploited and converted into a political contest.

n army of his own in Spain to support his predominance at Rome. The enemies of the dynasts paid for their confidence or their

of Caesar. Two years passed, heavy with a gathering storm. Caesar’s enemies were precipitate and impatient. Early in 51 the c

eius to Caesar. Both were retained in Italy. Though Pompeius or the enemies of Caesar might prevail at the consular elections

threat of a coalition between Pompeius and the Optimates united their enemies and reinforced the party of Caesar. Caesar had ri

us Rufus, provoking a reciprocal charge of unnatural vice. 2 Caelius’ enemies drove him to Caesar’s side. Ap. Pulcher was no

esar would tolerate no superior, Pompeius no rival. 1 Caesar had many enemies , provoked by his ruthless ambition, by his acts o

rst Roman to lead an army against Rome. Not of his own choosing his enemies had won control of the government and deprived hi

s would capture the government and perhaps reform the State. Caesar’s enemies were afraid of that and so was Pompeius. After lo

ea which Caesar himself valued most it was his personal honour. His enemies appeared to have triumphed. They had driven a wed

to Rome a private citizen, Caesar would at once be prosecuted by his enemies for extortion or treason. They would secure lawye

us 30, 3 (mentioning Cato and Milo). PageBook=>049 At last the enemies of Caesar had succeeded in ensnaring Pompeius and

s. 4 Cf. E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie3, 299 ff. PageBook=>050 enemies of Caesar had counted upon capitulation or a shor

ocrat to contend with his peers for primacy, not to destroy them. His enemies had the laugh of him in death. Even Pharsalus was

reign king. Dead, too, and killed by Romans, were Caesar’s rivals and enemies , many illustrious consulars. Ahenobarbus fought a

powers and freedom from the tribunician veto. Caesar knew that secret enemies would soon direct that deadly weapon against one

able and therefore the most attractive form of misrepresentation. The enemies of Caesar spread rumours to discredit the living

ur and prestige, asserted that Pompeius was disloyal. Caesar had made enemies through Pompeius and now Pompeius had joined them

nobarbus, diverse in character but equally a joy and comfort to their enemies . Certain of the principes by providential death

eutrals deserve remark in warfare or politics ever after. As Caesar’s enemies were the party in power, being the most active an

d Caesar’s war-trained legions. 6 Others sought protection from their enemies , revenge or reinstatement. Along with bankrupts a

atilina and Clodius were dead but remembered. Rapacious or idealistic enemies of the dominant oligarchy took heart again. It wa

esar the luck of Sulla. 3 The third consulate of Pompeius thinned the enemies of ordered government, and a purge of the Senate

e of Pompeius. 5 Luxury and vice were alleged against Sallustius: the enemies of Ap. Claudius could have incriminated the stern

33 = p. 37 Clark, &c. PageBook=>067 testimony, that of his enemies , so convincingly reveals: he had delivered over t

ly became consuls. Only two of the legates present or past joined the enemies of Caesar Cicero’s brother and the great marshal

on he had himself so arduously attained. For protection against his enemies Caesar appealed to the legions, devoted and invin

o win over influential neutrals, to detach, deceive or intimidate his enemies . Through these agents repeated assaults were deli

but Balbus, the friend of such eminent citizens, could surely have no enemies . 4 Balbus won. But for the failure of certain pol

nquered Spain from Sertorius and the Marian faction. But Pompeius had enemies in Spain, and Caesar both made himself known ther

egional. A hundred thousand veterans, settled on the lands of Sulla’s enemies , supported his domination, promoted the Romanizat

090 proconsul who, like him, had crushed the Gauls, the traditional enemies of Italy. Caesar in his invasion pressed swiftly

n Gaul. 3 The power and wealth of the Pompeii no doubt raised up many enemies against them in their own country. Sulmo of the P

I (1912), 41 f.). Two Granii were among the partisans declared public enemies in 88 B.C. (Appian, BC 1, 60, 271). Sulla died af

9 Livy, Per. 73. PageBook=>092 in the courts of Rome, making enemies and friends in high places. 1 Pollio was with Cae

has record of a family of Ventidii, municipal magistrates at Auximum, enemies of the Pompeii. 4 When the young Pompeius raised

Tacitus, Dial. 34, 7), not, however an important person. The powerful enemies to whom Pollio makes reference in his letter cann

t;101 in the last months of Caesar’s life, artfully fomented by his enemies ; and Caesar, who had taken up arms in defence of

in defence of whose station and dignity they took up arms against his enemies , had been treacherously slain by those whom he tr

n and his person, especially when attacked, later in the year, by his enemies in a manner which on any theory of legality can o

province and with it an army adequate to defy any enterprises of his enemies . Late in March he had received Macedonia. Before

will here be maintained, though it is dubious and misleading. As his enemies bitterly observed, the name of Caesar was the you

ntonius was forced into a policy that alarmed the Senate and gave his enemies a pretext for action. Thus he was to find himself

Liberators. 3 So much in public. What happened next is obscure. The enemies of Antonius, taking new courage, may have gone to

we know. Yet Antonius may have spoken as he did in order to force his enemies to come out into the open. Nor was it likely that

t Pompeius had been forced at the last into a fatal alliance with his enemies the oligarchs. Caesar had been saved because he h

statue of Caesar with the inscription ‘Parenti optime merito’. 2 His enemies let loose upon him a tribune, Ti. Cannutius by na

y device to discredit the young adversary. Among contemporaries, many enemies of Antonius believed in the reality of the attemp

lingered until the expiration of his consular year, he was lost. His enemies might win the provincial armies. Brutus and Cassi

s menaced. Senate, plebs and veterans were mobilized against him. His enemies had drawn the sword: naked force must decide. But

a royal portent. 2 Of the origin and family of M. Agrippa, friends or enemies have nothing to say: even when it became safe to

Caesar’s heir was purely revolutionary in origin, attracting all the enemies of society old soldiers who had dissipated gratui

ld be folly to leave a large treasure behind him, a temptation to his enemies . NotesPage=>130 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2. 2 A

cian could compete with Cicero for versatility, as the attacks of his enemies and his own apologies attest. The sagacious and d

the years following his consulate he wavered between Pompeius and the enemies of Pompeius, trusted by neither. In Cato he admir

threats of the absent Pompeians, who would deal with neutrals as with enemies . Spain might bring them victory after all. The ag

lieved or not, became standard jests, treasured by friends as well as enemies . Ventidius was called a muleteer:8 the fullest el

belongs to a time when it could do him no harm. 9 Nor was it Caesar’s enemies but his beloved soldiery who devised the appropri

viduals by their acts had placed themselves in the position of public enemies . A popularis could contest the misuse of this pre

ement. It therefore became a reproach to be ‘afraid of peace’, to be ‘ enemies of peace’. 1 In detestation of civil war, Republi

f the apostle of concord was not always easy when he had to deal with enemies whom he had described as ‘madmen’, ‘raging brigan

ncy, partly to discredit by contrast and memories of Sulla his Sullan enemies , partly to palliate the guilt of civil war. Almos

d be hazardous. A proconsul in defence of honour, when trapped by his enemies , invokes the protection of his army. A youth insp

publicans. Antonius secured him a vote of thanks from the Senate. The enemies of Antonius soon entered the competition. One of

s would have excited rational distrust among friends as well as among enemies . The West showed scant prospect of succour. Fur

s folly and certain extinction. Considering the recent conduct of his enemies at Rome and in Italy, he had every reason to dema

as unbounded. Antonius and his followers were at last declared public enemies . For the victorious champions of the constitution

: he was to be discarded as soon as he had served the purposes of the enemies of Antonius. So at least he inferred from the mea

ry on the surface and on a partisan view, the extremest of evils. The enemies of Antonius deprecated bitterly the influence of

. Octavianus did not intend to be removed; and the emphasis that open enemies and false friends laid upon his extreme youth was

ord. 8 NotesPage=>169 1 The rumour had been spread by Cicero’s enemies , Phil. 14, 15 f. 2 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 1

d. Octavianus could afford to wait, to take vengeance upon the lesser enemies along with the greater. Rome could already have

ship no disproportionate revenge for men who had been declared public enemies . Rome shivered under fear and portents. Soothsa

s a pledge of solidarity among themselves and to inspire terror among enemies and malcontents than from thirst for blood. Many

g enough. For the Triumvirs it was expedient to drive their political enemies out of the land, thus precluding any armed insurr

sometimes be avoided, among the aristocracy at least. Sulla had many enemies among the nobiles, but certain of the more eminen

men compassed, for profit or for revenge, the proscription of private enemies . Many a long-standing contest for wealth and powe

the citizens: men of property, whatever their station, were the real enemies of the Triumvirs. In concord, senators and busine

uld not tolerate Caesar’s ostensible political heirs and the declared enemies of their own class. The older men were dead, dish

iumvirs had expelled from Italy not only the nobiles, their political enemies , but their victims as well, men of substance and

famine, desolation and despair. But Italy was encompassed about with enemies . Antonius was NotesPage=>212 1 Dio 48, 14,

llies. The affair of Perusia had been sadly mismanaged. This time the enemies of Octavianus had a leader. The final armed recko

ted fines and privileges over the East, rewarded friends and punished enemies , set up petty kings or deposed them. 1 So did he

wn cool resolution. Not to mention chance and the incompetence of his enemies , the accidental death of Fufius Calenus and the f

r protection got restitution of property. But the government had many enemies , the victims of confiscation, rancorous and impot

ar. ‘Ex virtute nobilitas coepit. ’5 Then Rome’s wars against foreign enemies had augmented the aristocracy with a new nobility

raise: it was vindicated by history and by the judgement of Antonius’ enemies . Another realm reposed in the gift of Rome Egyp

ove the remnants of the Catonian and the Pompeian parties, among them enemies of Caesar and assassins yet unpunished, to find h

Antonius’ acts and dispositions were not immediately exploited by his enemies at Rome. The time was not quite ripe. The offic

To prevent and coerce consuls was inexpedient, the retirement of his enemies not unwelcome. Even now, the Senate and People we

Octavianus was in a very difficult position. The secession of avowed enemies by no means left a Senate unreservedly and reliab

pany would alienate sympathy and confirm the worst allegations of his enemies . Otherwise the situation appeared favourable: he

hy should Italy sacrifice brave sons and fair lands at the bidding of enemies of Caesar or of Antonius? The Roman constitution

ound followers to a political leader in a private quarrel against his enemies , his inimici, not the enemies of the State (hoste

leader in a private quarrel against his enemies, his inimici, not the enemies of the State (hostes); and as such the oath could

in the towns could now emerge, seizing power at the expense of absent enemies and establishing a claim upon their estates. Many

eloquent and ambitious, succumbed to imprudence or the calumny of his enemies , who no doubt were numerous. Octavianus disowned

, if it could be helped. The nobilis and the consular, those were the enemies . NotesPage=>310 1 Ovid (Amores 3, 9, 63) d

nd official history sought to demonstrate. He feared the nobiles, his enemies . Consulars with armies were rivals to the Princep

the Princeps enjoyed a robust health that baffled his doctors and his enemies . On July 1st he resigned the consulate. In his pl

ocal magnates of the Antonian faction in the towns of Italy had local enemies . A number of victims of the purge probably belo

Some said that Vitellius’ father was a freedman no doubt he had many enemies . L. Annaeus Seneca, a wealthy man from Corduba, m

e policy of Caesar and of the Triumvirs: ‘occultior, non melior’, his enemies would have said. Under the new regulations, acces

six, Agrippa at twenty-six. The constitution never recovered from its enemies or from its friends. Augustus in the first years

was the man to exert himself, firm and without fear. 2 What name the enemies of the government found for his behaviour has esc

rs of the Revolution and whose mature skill, directed against foreign enemies , augmented the glory and the security of the New

le, nourishing his resentment upon a diet of science and letters. His enemies called it secret vice. 1 Like Agrippa, beneath th

d the throne and the heirs presumptive and designate, among them many enemies , the source and seed of remembered rancour and po

rmies, of Lollius in the East and of Fabius Maximus in Spain. 6 The enemies of Tiberius, the careerists honest or dishonest,

f the Princeps, to the grief of Augustus, the scorn or delight of his enemies and perhaps to the ultimate advantage of the Roma

d been transformed both in composition and in allegiance. Some of the enemies or rivals of Tiberius, such as Lollius and Iullus

elf was ill at ease, conscious of his ambiguous position and his many enemies , hesitant and over-scrupulous. The inevitable rol

ealed itself in his public acts and utterances. On the other hand his enemies were alert to prosecute their advantage. Tiberius

e citizen refused to fight, the city would perish at the hands of its enemies or its mercenaries. PageNotes. 448 1 Pliny, N

indictive and unpatriotic. 1 Against the champions of Cato, insidious enemies , the Dictator retorted with pamphlets, his own an

n at Philippi when he fought against the assassins of his parent, the enemies of the Fatherland. Divus Julius was the watchword

, but Augustus reassured him, pointing to the real impotence of their enemies . 4 The strength of Augustus’ position when Prince

ion. Augustus intervened on their side, with salutary rebuke of their enemies . 3 Augustus did not forget his friends and allies

us. 4 Not so dangerous as Labienus and Cassius, or possessing fewer enemies , the Republican historian A. Cremutius Cordus, wh

the fame of Messalla and Pollio; and its ablest exponents were bitter enemies of the government. PageNotes. 487 1 Suetonius

us is artfully coloured by devotion to Tiberius, with vituperation of enemies and rivals. The horror and indignation with which

ncroached upon Tiberius’ monopoly of military glory, whether personal enemies of Tiberius or not. Lollius is a monster of rapac

y have been involved in his ruin. With the accession of Caligula, the enemies of Augustus and of Tiberius enjoyed a brief and i

mpire was constrained to veiled criticism or delayed revenge upon the enemies of the government. Satire valiantly attacked the

osest in power, in prestige, or in family to the Princeps. Allies and enemies now became involved in the most fantastic relatio

tor of Augustus. When he died after a brilliant career of service his enemies called it sordid adulation trusted by Tiberius, b

d already been done. The millionaires Balbus and Seneca were the real enemies . It is in every way fitting that Spain and Narbon

less and innocuous. Their descendants enjoyed power and repute, their enemies kept silence; and the grandson of Vinicius was th

vion. Antonius is masked and traduced as a faction, the Liberators as enemies of the Fatherland, Sex. Pompeius as a pirate. Per

Aemilianus, P. (cos. 147 B.C.), 12; his dictum about a Metellus, 20; enemies of, 60, 285; in Cicero’s De re publica, 319. Co

io, C. (tr. pl. 50 B.C.), becomes a Caesarian, 41 f.; his friends and enemies , 63, 66; his relationship to L. Aemilius Paullus,