le, whatever may be the name or theory of the constitution. To that end , the space (and significance) allotted to the bio

s also explains what is said about Cicero and about Livy. Yet, in the end , the Principate has to be accepted, for the Princ

support of elaborate argumentation. Further, the bibliography at the end is not intended as a guide to the whole subject:

itus, Ann. 6, 20. PageBook=>002 ‘Pax et Princeps. ’ It was the end of a century of anarchy, culminating in twenty ye

inexorable stars. In the beginning kings ruled at Rome, and in the end , as was fated, it came round to monarchy again. M

arch, Crassus 2. PageBook=>013 compact in 60 B.C. heralded the end of the Free State; and a re-alignment of forces p

cus (cos. 143) had four consular sons. For the stemma, see Table I at end . 4 Münzer, RA, 302 ff.; J. Carcopino, Sylla ou

in Münzer, RA, 304, shows these relationships clearly. Cf. Table I at end . 5 The sons were Ap. Claudius Pulcher (cos. 54)

the researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff. For the stemma, see Table II at end . The other children were Q. Servilius Caepio (P-W

s. When the great imperator, returning, landed in Italy towards the end of the year 62 B.C. with prestige unparalleled

. ’ PageBook=>036 constitution may fairly be designated as the end of the Free State. From a triumvirate it was a sh

ius required for his ally more than an ordinary proconsulate. To this end Caesar was granted the province of Cisalpine Gaul

his own influence, his prospect of praetorship and consulate. To that end he promulgated popular laws and harried Pompeius,

o the bloodless but violent usurpations of 70 and 59 B.C. the logical end was armed conflict and despotism. As the soldiers

contemplating the decline of Republican government and hastening its end . Ahenobarbus had become consul at last, with Ap

stand for the consulate in absence and retain his province until the end of the year 49 B.C. are still matters of controve

been Gabinius, the governor of Syria. If he gave way now, it was the end . Returning to Rome a private citizen, Caesar woul

His enemies had the laugh of him in death. Even Pharsalus was not the end . His former ally, the great Pompeius, glorious fr

. That was the nemesis of ambition and glory, to be thwarted in the end . After such wreckage, the task of rebuilding conf

eckless ambition had ruined the Roman State and baffled itself in the end . 4 Of the melancholy that descended upon Caesar t

f the Free State, but an effulgence of historic names, ominous of the end . 4 Caesar’s Dictatorship meant the curbing of t

B.C. (BG 8, 50, 4). 6 Dio 43, 47, 5. On his deserved and unedifying end , Appian, BC 3, 98, 409. 7 On Cimber (whose orig

e conspiracy: the slaying of a tyrant, and that action alone, was the end and justification of their enterprise, not to be

rutus and Cassius forsworn its principles and appealed to arms, their end would have been rapid and violent. The moderates,

ng new or alarming in the holders of office and power at Rome. In the end it was not debauchery that ruined Antonius, but a

verning class and a firm control of affairs by the consuls. To this end Antonius the consul tolerated for a time the popu

rs could easily be restored one day under another appellation. At the end of March or early in April the Senate allotted co

front, both Caesarian and Republican, and advancing steadily. To what end ? Primacy in the Caesarian party was now his: but

s of his enemies. Late in March he had received Macedonia. Before the end of April, however, it was known that Antonius int

The quaestor C. Antistius Vetus was still apparently in charge at the end of 45 B.C. (Ad Att. 14, 9, 3), L. Staius Murcus b

anctus innocens dives’. 3 For these relationships, see Table III at end . Balbus himself, on the maternal side, was a near

survived the War of Perusia and lived to prevail over Antonius in the end . The news of the Ides of March found the young

lla and Antonius some two months earlier, was now prolonged until the end of 39 B.C. But Antonius proposed to exchange prov

unities. 3 The Ludi Ceriales had apparently been postponed from the end of April to the middle of May, cf. Rice Holmes, T

s of Caesar. Hence a new complication in Roman politics towards the end of July. The recrudescence of public disorder and

he suggested that Cisalpine Gaul should cease to be a province at the end of the year and be added to Italy. That would pre

harmless provinces of Crete and Cyrene. Brutus left Italy towards the end of the month, not before publishing a last edict.

may grow into something like a national party. So it was to be in the end . But this was no time for an ideal and patriotic

a. It was probably at this point that Dolabella, without awaiting the end of his consulate, set out for the East to secure

arian rapidity and entered the province of Cisalpine Gaul. Before the end of the year he disposed his forces around the cit

ly and patriotism of Octavianus, Phil. 3, 15 ff. 2 See Table III at end . PageBook=>128 active help from them in th

ul in Hispania Citerior, after which last command he triumphed at the end of 45 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 50): he is not heard of ag

. 14, 21, 2: ‘et nosti virum quam tectus. ’ 5 As cos. stiff, at the end of 40 B.C. The last mention of him, Ad Att. 16, 1

Roman knights in standing, Salvidienus, Agrippa and Maecenas: to the end his faction retained the mark of its origin. A lo

March he thought of departing to Greece and remaining there till the end of the year, to return under happier auspices whe

s, he hoped to use Octavianus against Antonius and discard him in the end , if he did not prove pliable. It was Cato’s fatal

aitors. If they followed Cicero there was no telling where they would end . When Republicans both distrusted the politician

suppress the arguments of the other side, whether they employ to that end calumny or silence: they often betray what they s

pletion the commentaries of Caesar, he confessed that he could see no end to civil strife. 1 Men recalled not Caesar only b

ts was inverted. 3 Party-denominations prevailed entirely, and in the end success or failure became the only criterion of w

ἔλ∈ον ἐς ἀτυξοῦντας πολίτας. PageBook=>160 own head. After the end of all the wars the victor proclaimed that he had

that law may have permitted him to take over the province before the end of his consular year. Nothing extraordinary in th

ulars, an eminent but over- lauded group,2 only two were alive at the end of 44 B.C., Cicero and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. Nor

of the Liberators there was still no certain knowledge at Rome at the end of the year. That they would in fact not go to th

hould be brought to trial, to answer for his alleged misdeeds. In the end the proposal of Q. Fufius Calenus, the friend of

consuls and have vacated their consular provinces, that is, until the end of the year 39 B.C., probably the date originally

tribute their funds4 for the salvation of the State, no doubt. By the end of the year almost all Macedonia was in his hands

lapsed. For the Republican cause, victory now seemed assured in the end . Consternation descended on the associates of Ant

They protested loyalty to the Republic, devotion to concord. To that end they urged an accommodation. Servilius spoke agai

rget the insult to his dignitas. Such was the situation towards the end of March. The efforts of diplomacy, honest or par

s from Cicero, Brutus trudged onwards. He reached Plancus towards the end of June. Their combined forces amounted to fourte

ave:2 let Cicero live on in ignominy. ’3 Even in mid-July, when the end was near, Cicero would not admit to Brutus the ru

appeal on July 27th. 4 By now Brutus was far out of reach. Before the end of May he began to march eastwards through Macedo

ight L. Julius NotesPage=>192 1 There are full accounts of his end in Livy (quoted by Seneca, Suasoriae 6, 17); Plut

h as the banker C. Flavius, with no heart for war but faithful to the end . 4 At Athens he found a welcome and support among

tains. Then, crossing into Asia, he met Cassius at Smyrna towards the end of the year 43. Cassius had a success to report.

nalty of death upon the brother of Antonius. When Brutus heard of the end of Cicero, it was not so much sorrow as shame tha

rrendered himself to Octavianus and he would pay for his folly in the end . 4 When the chief men surviving of the Republic

ds of Brutus, the faithful Lucilius, remained with Antonius until the end . 7 The rest of them, irreconcilable or hopeless,

ose ostentatious pyre started a general conflagration. 7 Such was the end of Perusia, an ancient and opulent city of the Et

rious year of Pollio had begun. Yet Octavianus was in no way at the end of his difficulties. He was master of Italy, a la

in the loyalty of his friend. When Octavianus returned towards the end of the summer, it was to find that Antonius had c

ordiae’ on October 12th (ILS 3784). PageBook=>218 Was there no end to the strife of citizen against citizen? No enem

t least on one calculation. The Etruscan seer Vulcanius announced the end of the ninth age (Servius on Ecl. 9, 47) and died

asts a mere respite in the struggle. That was not to be known. At the end of 40 B.C. the domination of the Caesarian factio

ear them for long, for a new pair of consuls was installed before the end of the year, Balbus the millionaire from Gades, e

high treason before the Senate and condemned to death. 6 This was the end of Q. Salvidienus Rufus the peer of Agrippa and V

t. The Triumvirate was now prolonged for another five years until the end of 33 B.C.3 By then, it was presumed, the State w

the fleets and armies of the East, whether it was peace or war in the end , Octavianus could face him, as never yet, with eq

ul, no information. PageBook=>240 vigour and resource. To this end he devoted his energies in the years 35 and 34 B.

a and of Taurus in Illyricum were not publicly commemorated. 1 At the end of 33 B.C. the Triumvirate (as it may still be ca

e dynasts, fulfilling a solemn pledge, restore the Republic after the end of all the wars. Though a formidable body of inte

ive in number but not in dignity, recent creations almost all. By the end of the year 33 B.C. they numbered over thirty, a

holding military command in the wars and governing a province. 1 The end of Caesar abated the ambition of Sallustius and h

ly but the violent ascension and domination of Pompeius, that was the end of political liberty. Sallustius studied and im

l splendour the nuptials of Antonius, the peace of Brundisium and the end of all the wars. Maecenas hoped to employ Virgil’

rol, terrorize their neighbourhood and defy the government. After the end of the campaigns in Sicily, Calvisius Sabinus was

r, and Cn. Cornelius Cinna, his nephew, remained with Antonius to the end ; 2 likewise minor characters, such as the Pompeia

oman province. 3 The Triumvir pursued the same policy, to its logical end . The province of Cilicia was broken up entirely.

nistic monarchies. Rome spread confusion over all the East and in the end brought on herself wars foreign and civil. To the

at is not proved. Antonius was compelled to stand by Cleopatra to the end by honour and by principle as well as by the nece

d for their ratification to a document which he dispatched before the end of the year to the consuls designate, Cn. Domitiu

ked standing before the law, for the triumviral powers had come to an end . 6 He was not dismayed: he took no NotesPage=&g

2 B.C. may be taken as fair proof that the Triumvirate had come to an end , legally at least. PageBook=>278 steps to

. A number of the younger nobiles remained, however, some to the very end . Most significant is the strong Republican foll

ed the last of the rival dynasts and there by consummated the logical end of the factions, compacts and wars of the last th

combined needs, Antonius abandoned the Albanian coast and the western end of the Via Egnatia. That might appear an error: i

calculation. Now the military situation was desperate, heralding the end of a great career and a powerful party. Only thre

Ptolemies scorned to be led in a Roman triumph. Her firm and defiant end , worthy of a Roman noble in ferocia, set final co

p. 164 h) puts his death in 27 B.C. Dio narrates the prosecution and end of Gallus episodically and not in clear chronolog

, though purporting no longer to convey enhanced powers, as after the end of the Triumvirate, still gave him the means to i

nt dispensation to be altered is a good citizen. 1 Precisely for that end Augustus laboured, to conserve the new order, ann

is nephew Brutus, who proclaimed a firm determination to fight to the end against any power that set itself above the laws,

property and the active co- operation of the governing class. To that end , he modified the forms of the constitution to fit

ia for Caesar as quaestor in 45 B.C., he joined the Liberators at the end of the following year (above, p. 171). 2 Namely

tus. Passing through the south of Gaul he arrived in Spain before the end of the year. Two centuries had elapsed since th

e and enslavement the Roman peace upon a desolated land. Such was the end of a ten years’ war in Spain (from 28 to 19 B.C.)

d strengthened his powers when he appeared to divide them. Before the end of the year he dispatched Agrippa to the East. An

Roman dynastic politics into the realm of pure monarchy; and it might end in wrecking the Caesarian party. In the secret

ph for both. ‘Remo cum fratre Quirinus. ’2 Thus did Virgil hail the end of fratricidal strife and the restored rule of la

followers and friends from the camps of his adversaries until in the end , by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed u

had no monopoly of long service certain knights, active for years on end , won merit and experience with the army commander

were two administrative posts in Rome created by Augustus towards the end of his Principate. The praefectus annonae had cha

eral relatives of consular rank (Velleius 2, 127, 3), cf. Table VI at end . 4 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 40: ‘C. Proculeium et quosd

rnor: he preferred to be a fashionable poet and he paid for it in the end . Through the recalcitrance of P. Ovidius, a certa

x, 163 f. PageBook=>371 Agrippa departed from Rome before the end of 23 B.C., removing from men’s eyes one of the v

clientelas Appius regebat et caecus et senex. ’ 2 See Table III at end . 3 For the evidence about the two Marcellas, PI

ppianus. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 22 f., cf. PIR2, A 420, and Table IV at end . PageBook=>380 Power, distinction and weal

by Cichorius, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 470, is hazardous: see Table VI at end . PageBook=>385 Influences more secret and

emnity that he revokes his favour, the loss of his amicitia marks the end of a courtier’s career, and often of his life. Ce

e field of politics. Never again was provision for the soldier at the end of service to coerce the government and terrify t

ment; senatorial rank and the tenure of high office were no longer an end in themselves but the qualification for a career

horror of death. 1 The better sort of Roman voluptuary waited for the end with fortitude and faced it like a soldier. Nex

n. 3 NotesPage=>422 1 Propertius 4, 11, 63 ff. See Table IV at end . 2 Nothing at all is known about M. Livius Drus

support, not far below monarchic hope. The Marcelli are close to the end , and the Metelli, soon to fade away, cannot show

the consul of A.D. 7 is a Junius Silanus by birth. 5 See Table V at end . PageBook=>424 L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15

; for a stemma of the Pisones, ib., facing p. 54. See also Table V at end . 2 His daughter (PIR2, C 323) married L. Nonius

ius Varus was the aunt of this Asprenas, cf. the stemma, Table VII at end . Further, one of the Volusii married a Nonia Poll

(cos. A.D. 10), cf. PIR2, C 1348 and the stemma shown on Table VII at end . 4 Q. Volusius was the son-in-law of a Tiberius

be no open evidence of discord in the syndicate of government. In the end , everything played into her hands. In 2 B.C. an o

ult to explain, cf. P-W 11 A, 885 ff.; for the stemma, see Table V at end . L. Scribonius Libo and M. Scribonius Libo Drusus

the unhindered succession to the throne of Gaius and Lucius. To this end their mother served merely as an instrument. Ther

yricum (August, A.D. 14). The health of Augustus grew worse and the end was near, heralded and accompanied by varied exag

ours, and even risks. As the health of Augustus began to fail and the end was near, men’s minds were seized by fear and ins

did men feel the full pride of Rome’s imperial destiny empire without end in time and space: his ego nec metas rerum nec

the patriotic pride of Augustus. In dejection he thought of making an end of his life. But for that disaster he could have

er eloquent discourse upon high themes Horace recovers himself at the end : non hoc iocosae conveniet lyrae: quo, Musa,

Comata and strove to give the war the character of a crusade. To this end Drusus dedicated at Lugdunum an altar to Rome and

ctive. The publicani were superseded or reduced. That did not mean an end of oppression and injustice. The vices and cruelt

his features prepossessing he had bad teeth and sandy hair. After the end of the Civil Wars he lived as a valetudinarian, a

glory of their state in times of civil peace. The Revolution made an end to many noble families old and recent. The domi

us, either to resplendent fortune or to a brief renascence before the end . Others that survived proscription and battle by

temporaries of Pompeius, have seemed destined to achieve power in the end . Inheriting from his father not only great estate

a had given her husband no children but the Claudii ruled. And in the end , by posthumous and ironical justice, Antonius and

ii Silani, PIR1, 1 541 if.; the stemma, ib. 550; cf. also Table IV at end . M. Junius Silanus, the ‘pecus aurea’, was killed

, cf. Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 23, 4. PageBook=>496 Such was the end of certain noble houses whose pedigrees were clos

elli, and an impoverished consul in the reign of Nero. 5 Such was the end of ancient patrician houses that recalled the ear

, their rivals and social equals. It was fitting that they should all end with the end of a period. Crassus’ grandson, th

s and social equals. It was fitting that they should all end with the end of a period. Crassus’ grandson, the ambitious p

necessity conjectural, cf. PIR2 C, facing p. 362. See also Table V at end . PageBook=>497 By paradox all of these fam

inius Crassus Frugi, cos. A.D. 27. 7 For the stemma, cf. Table V at end . 8 PIR2, C 259. 9 C. Calpurnius Piso, cos. A.

t Lollia Paullina, the granddaughter and heiress of M. Lollius. 4 Her end too was violent. The grandson of M. Vinicius marr

ans antique names of Poppaea Sabina and Statilia Messallina. With the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the Augustan as we

Pollio was survived by only one son, Gallus, who came to a miserable end . But Gallus propagated the Asinii with six sons,

an artist in adulation and the husband of princesses. 1 That was the end of a Sabine family. Passienus could not compete w

ads to the complete exclusion of the nobiles, the delayed but logical end of Revolution and Empire. Noble birth still bro

nals of the Empire, from the accession of Tiberius Caesar down to the end of Nero. Period and subject might also be describ

th. 1 The Sullan oligarchy made its peace with the monarchy. By the end of Augustus’ reign, however, there remained but l

on to a decade before the death of Augustus, tough and lively to the end , Messalla with failing powers until A.D. 13.7 N

tant than political liberty; and political rights are a means, not an end in themselves. That end is security of life and p

rty; and political rights are a means, not an end in themselves. That end is security of life and property: it could not be

by disasters on the frontiers of empire. 1 Yet for all that, when the end came it found him serene and cheerful. On his dea

ish wars, when stricken by an illness that might easily have been the end of a frail life, Augustus composed his Autobiogra

ic sedition and armed violence, the heir of Caesar had endured to the end . He died on the anniversary of the day when he as

and ambitions, 274; alleged designs, 283; relative unimportance, 274; end of Cleopatra, 298 f.; the legend, 299; her childr

pina, 110, 124, 127, 144; in the War of Mutina, 162 ff., 176 ff.; his end , 180; his family and connexions, 64, 134. Juniu

167; win eastern armies, 171, 184; in campaign of Philippi, 203 ff.; end of, 205 f.; on the side of Antonius, 268 f.; desc

in and name of, 129, 220; in the Perusine War, 209 ff.; treachery and end , 217, 220, 334. Salvius Aper, P., praefectus pr