a Metella and first cousins of Metellus Pius. 4 The elder, trained in eastern warfare under Sulla and highly trusted by him, le

cities in his name. From Thrace to the Caucasus and down to Egypt the eastern lands acknowledged his predominance. The worship

e, praetorship, or even consulate. The lieutenants of Pompeius in the eastern wars comprised not only personal adherents like A

as flagrant there could be no pretext of public emergency, as for the eastern commands. 1 Transalpine Gaul was soon added. Furt

and: the bulk of his army was still far away. But he swept down the eastern coast of Italy, gathering troops, momentum and co

Instead, he would set out for the wars again, to Macedonia and to the eastern frontier of the Empire. At Rome he was hampered:

rious hoard was the Dictator’s war-chest, intended for the Balkan and eastern wars, it might be doubted whether much was still

versary of that exile; 1 he recognized the seizure of territory by an eastern monarch subject to Rome not that it mattered much

ary exercises, for he was to accompany the Dictator on the Balkan and eastern campaigns. He was not slow in reaching a decision

d intercept three of the consul’s legions which were moving along the eastern coast of Italy towards Cisalpine Gaul, or to marc

ve news dashed out to Alba Fucens. One of the legions marching up the eastern coast of Italy, the legio Martia, declared for Oc

oment, however, no change in the military situation in the north. The eastern provinces brought news of sudden and splendid suc

and the agents of the Liberators had intercepted the revenues of the eastern provinces. As Cicero wrote late in May, the Senat

lay the publication in Rome of the report of Cassius’s seizure of the eastern armies (Ad M. Brutum 2, 4, 5). 3 Above, p. 64.

i, above, p. 194. PageBook=>201 for victory or defeat in the eastern lands, became the proverbial trio among the novi

n clamoured that he should try the fortune of battle again. Moreover, eastern princes and their levies were deserting. Brutus g

Gaul for a brief visit, Lepidus to Africa. Antonius departed for the eastern provinces with his young and beautiful bride and

mpeius made his escape and, trusting to the fame of his father in the eastern lands, raised a private army of three legions in

ly was most vulnerable, over the low pass of the Julian Alps: and the eastern frontier of the Empire between the Alps and Maced

lsion of the Parthians Rome required new rulers for the future in the eastern lands. Antonius discovered the men and set them

only, Asia, Bithynia and Syria. For the rest, the greater part of the eastern territories was consigned to four kings, to rule

nt Hasmonean house, now decadent, retained title and throne. 3 In the eastern lands many Julii reveal their patron by their nam

. 5 Now standing in the place of Pompeius and Caesar as master of the eastern lands, not only did he invest Polemo, the orator’

defeat, constraining the Roman to lean more heavily on the support of eastern allies. Antonius set out upon his great campaig

n conjunction with Cleopatra, who was to be ‘Queen of Kings’ over the eastern dependencies. Titles of kingdoms, not all of them

elapsed. A large measure of decentralization was inevitable in the eastern lands. The agents and beneficiaries were kings or

d brought on herself wars foreign and civil. To the population of the eastern lands the direct rule of Rome was distasteful and

ne: in any representative of power it was natural and normal. Had the eastern lands instead of the western fallen by partition

s would have been reduced to inferior expedients, mere detestation of eastern monarchs and prejudice against the alien allies o

1929), 70 ff.) deduced from the gentilicia of a number of soldiers of eastern origin the fact that they were given the Roman fr

ld not be long before the defection of the leaders, Roman senators or eastern princes, spread to the ships and the legions. Can

ities of Nile. Against Rome were arrayed the motley levies of all the eastern lands, Egyptians, Arabs and Bactrians, led by a r

e system of Antonius, four men controlled wide realms and guarded the eastern frontiers, Polemo, Amyntas, Archelaus and Herod;

the West and in the North. To serve the policy of Rome and secure the eastern frontiers, it was enough to invoke the arts of di

world-conqueror, not in verse only, or by the inevitable flattery of eastern lands. Like Alexander, he had spread his conquest

e but to the crowning victory of Actium and the reconquest of all the eastern lands for Rome. 2 The consensus embraced and the

5 Namely ἡγεμών. On the propriety of this term for the ruler of the eastern lands, cf. now E. Kornemann, Klio XXXI (1938), 81

efore or barely named, like Aletrium in the Hernican territory on the eastern border of Latium, Treia in Picenum, Asisium in Um

litary despotism. Next year Augustus himself set out on a tour of the eastern provinces (22-19 B.C.), while Agrippa in his turn

. Who would there be now to prosecute the northern wars or govern the eastern world with special powers? An ageing despot was l

certain examples are pertinent and suggestive. The problems of the eastern provinces were political rather than administrati

egate for Syria during the period of his sojourn as vicegerent of the eastern lands (17-13 B.C.). That was one solution of the

hed personages, among them (it may be conjectured) men well versed in eastern affairs, former governors and procurators. 3 If n

us knew both Gaul and Illyricum. Lollius was not famed for service in eastern provinces only. After his consulate he governed M

of Narbonensis, cast down the statues of Tiberius; 4 and a despicable eastern king, Archelaus of Cappadocia, whose cause Tiberi

gue. 2 Against Lollius it was alleged that he had taken bribes from eastern kings3 in itself no grave misdemeanour. The charg

robust Italian peasants had crushed and broken the great kings in the eastern lands, the successors of the Macedonian; and they

disappointed perhaps in the censors of that year. He departed to the eastern provinces. At once on his return in 19 B.C., and

nsul of Rome ever again is honoured in the traditional fashion of the eastern lands. The language of that ‘Graeca adulatio’ so

ect the magistrate and the imperator without worshipping power in the eastern fashion. Such at least was the theory in so far a

ion of his own adhesion to the better cause. Q. Dellius described the eastern campaigns of Antonius in which he had participate

they seize supreme power but do not hold it for long. Africa and the eastern lands are pressing rapidly behind, soon almost to

ogent argument for firm control of the State. Like the vain pomp of eastern kings, the fanaticism of the doctrinaire was dist

in the summer, 44 B.C., 116 ff.; leave Italy, 119, 124, 163, 167; win eastern armies, 171, 184; in campaign of Philippi, 203 ff

), 60. PageBook=>553 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 74 B.C.), his eastern command, 21, 29, 48, 385; in retirement, 23; agai