te consummated in solemn and legal ceremony. The corpse had long been dead . In common usage the reign of Augustus is regarde

Sulla resigned power after a brief tenure. Another year and he was dead (78 B.C.). The government which he established

the opposition to the laws of Manilius and Gabinius. Catulus was now dead , Hortensius enfolded in luxurious torpor. But Luc

on of Cato. Of his allies and relatives, Lucullus and Hortensius were dead , but the group was still formidable, including hi

. ‘They would have it thus,’ said Caesar as he gazed upon the Roman dead at Pharsalus, half in patriot grief for the havoc

ies of Caesar spread rumours to discredit the living Dictator: Caesar dead became a god and a myth, passing from the realm o

ient, annoyed by covert opposition, petty criticism and laudations of dead Cato. That he was unpopular he well knew. 1 ‘For

al command and finally the praetorship in 44 B.C. Yet Cato, no sooner dead , asserted the old domination over his nephew more

h for the principes: before long, most of the Pompeian consulars were dead , and few, indeed, of the Caesarians or neutrals d

eius. They now turned against the oligarchs. Catullus and Calvus were dead : their friends and companions became Caesarians.

s quaestor. 5 Caesar had kept faith with Crassus; the younger son was dead , the elder followed Caesar, for all that his wife

s consulate, managed to hold their own. 1 Catilina and Clodius were dead but remembered. Rapacious or idealistic enemies o

Notes) Ch. VII THE CONSUL ANTONIUS PageBook=>097 CAESAR lay dead , stricken by twenty-three wounds. The Senate brok

hemselves before the Roman People, all was not lost. The Dictator was dead , regretted by many, but not to be avenged; an ass

ble nonentities designated as consuls for the next year. Cato too was dead . Averse from compromise and firm on principle, he

rom lust of adventure or of gain that certain intimate friends of the dead autocrat at once lent their support and devotion

r to defend his policy. It is presumptuous to hold judgement over the dead at all, improper to adduce any standards other th

he proposed on the same day yet another statue in the Forum, for the dead ambassador Sulpicius Rufus, thereby quarrelling w

For the victorious champions of the constitution, the living and the dead , new and extraordinary honours had already been d

tus, however, a triumph, the charge of the war and the legions of the dead consuls. 2 Orations NotesPage=>162 1 Ad fa

ok=>163 and a monument were to honour the memory of the glorious dead . 1 Their comrades expected more solid recompense.

ctavianus might be induced to pardon the assassins of Caesar. ‘Better dead than alive by his leave:2 let Cicero live on in i

heirs and the declared enemies of their own class. The older men were dead , dishonoured or torpid: the young nobiles went in

g company of Caesar’s legates in the Gallic Wars2 almost all were now dead . After the establishment of the Triumvirate, four

sm ruled, supported by violence and confiscation. The best men were dead or proscribed. The Senate was packed with ruffian

No consulars, it is true, for the best of the principes were already dead , and the few survivors of that order cowered igno

hey had once been friends. As Antonius gazed in sorrow upon the Roman dead , the tragedy of his own life may have risen to hi

war the men of Nursia set an inscription which proclaimed that their dead had fallen fighting for freedom. Octavianus imp

lleague of Octavianus and the slowness of communication by sea in the dead of winter. Of the earlier stages of the dissensio

n lands had lapsed by now to the Caesarian party. Sextus’ brother was dead , as were those faithful Picenes, Afranius and N

after Brundisium, the soldiers of fortune Salvidienus and Fango were dead : the young leader was short of partisans. The com

truction, grim comfort or political apology, raising dispute over the dead . The controversy about Cato began it. Then Caesar

(Gellius 17, 18); and Lenaeus, the freedman of Pompeius, defended his dead patron by bitter personal invective (Suetonius, D

r friends were found on Caesar’s side when war came. 1 The men were dead , and their fashion of poetry lost favour rapidly.

arlier Caesarian associates, the marshals Ventidius and Decidius were dead . Pollio had abandoned public life, perhaps Censor

eserted long ago, Cato and the consulars Bibulus and Ahenobarbus were dead ; so were Brutus and Cassius, Q. Hortensius, young

arding its own children vigour and talent, not ancestral imagines and dead consuls. Hence no little doubt whether the motley

ole age seemed to have elapsed, and most of the principal actors were dead : in fact, Sosius and Domitius were only eleven ye

Caesarian partisans, Republicans, Pompeians. Certain allies were now dead ; others, estranged by absence or by the diplomati

in men like Plancus and Titius. Ahenobarbus the Republican leader was dead ; but Messalla and Pollio carried some authority.

ius was politically forgotten, buried in fraudulent laudations of the dead . What they required was not the ambitious and per

r, on the other an ideal Cato, usefully legislating among the blessed dead : secretosque pios, his dantem iura Catonem. 7

and the blame of his proscription was profitably laid upon Antonius, dead and disgraced. Augustus bore testimony: ‘Cicero w

onian, before Actium, and six more since then. Some of these men were dead or had lapsed long ago from public notice. Nor wa

ive: they made a point of not attending the funeral games of Agrippa, dead earlier than they could have hoped. 4 Of Agripp

ian partisans remained. 1 Of the men from Spain, Saxa and Balbus were dead , but the younger Balbus went on in splendour and

nes. 1 That was polite homage. Agrippa was gone, Taurus perhaps was dead by now; and Maecenas, no longer a power in politi

the general’s task in splendour and with success. But now Drusus was dead and Tiberius in exile. The government resisted

a more searching trial for the Princeps and his party when Drusus was dead and Tiberius in exile. Whatever had happened at R

us, had two wives, Cornelia and the younger Marcella. Paullus was now dead ; his two sons by Cornelia, L. Aemilius Paullus (c

rrinas, Calvisius, Cornificius and others had disappeared. Taurus was dead , and his son did not live to reach the consulate,

Quirinius’ merits, with pointed contrast and vituperation of Lollius, dead twenty years before, but not forgotten. Lollius

a man’s life, the sixty-third. 3 Not three years passed and Gaius was dead . After composing the relations of Rome and Parthi

mies or rivals of Tiberius, such as Lollius and Iullus Antonius, were dead , others discredited, others displaced. Astute pol

ands. Most of the generals of the earlier wars of conquest were now dead , decrepit or retired, giving place to another gen

tius Crispus, a secretary of state, in virtue of the provision of the dead Princeps for this emergency, a deed coolly decide

ng Cato, the martyr of Republican liberty. The praise or blame of the dead rather than the living foreshadows the sad fate o

old civilization that knew and honoured the majesty of death and the dead . Propertius might have been a highly remunerati

ion with the assassins. He was only incited to pay some honour to his dead benefactor by the spur of the young Caesar’s poli

the house of Pompeius. He had made an ill requital. The Pompeii were dead , but Titius lived on, in wealth and power. The to

the truth about the living, but hate might have its revenge upon the dead . Hence the contrasted but complementary vices inh

nge upon the enemies of the government. Satire valiantly attacked the dead and the helpless. Quintilian, a professor of rhet

rutal, rapacious and intolerable, entered into the possessions of the dead and usurped privilege and station of the living V

hilippi. Political liberty, it could be maintained, was doomed if not dead long before that. Pollio knew the bitter truth ab

n the head of the Roman State. Yet one thing was certain. When he was dead , Augustus would receive the honours of the Founde