ier days, Augustus the Princeps, who was born in the year of Cicero’s consulate , lived to see the grandson of his granddaughter a

the rise to power of Pompeius the Great. Pollio, however, chose the consulate of Metellus and Afranius, in which year the domin

uitably to be applied to the more prominent of the consulars. 2 The consulate did not merely confer power upon its holder and d

poch of history. Not mere admission to the Senate but access to the consulate was jealously guarded by the nobiles. It was a sc

e strict sense of the term the first member of a family to secure the consulate and consequent ennoblement) was a rare phenomenon

-commanders and their political agents. It took shape at first in his consulate as concordia ordinum between Senate and knights a

ientela. Within the framework of the Roman constitution, beside the consulate , was another instrument of power, the tribunate,

rii had passed long ago, and the Fabii had missed a generation in the consulate . 2 The Fabii and the main line of the Cornelii Sc

pute, came of a senatorial family that had not previously reached the consulate . 5 Philippus steeled the Senate to take action

novi homines, orators and soldiers, helping them by influence to the consulate and claiming their support in requital. From of o

rchy knew their man. They admitted Cicero to shut out Catilina. The consulate , gained by the successful in the forty-third year

and often changed the tone of his political professions. Short of the consulate , it was given NotesPage=>024 1 Plutarch, C

ans of the tribunate. Yet two men stood out in this year of another’s consulate and public glory, shaming the mediocrity of their

litical intrigue to maintain the dignitas of the Julii and secure the consulate in his turn. 2 His aunt was the wife of Marius. C

Crassus, who had supported Catilina as far as his candidature for the consulate , was a perpetual menace; and the Metelli, for sur

senator, adding ‘Magnus’ to his name. After supporting Lepidus to the consulate and encouraging his NotesPage=>028 1 Velle

i loco Picens, loquax magis quam facundus’. He hoped to stand for the consulate in 67 (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3) and again in 65 (Ad Att

turned to Rome to hold higher office, tribunate, praetorship, or even consulate . The lieutenants of Pompeius in the eastern wars

pos) and certain of the Cornelii Lentuli. 3 In the year of Cicero’s consulate Q. Metellus Celer was praetor. 4 The activities o

nocentissimo, eloquentissimo, M. Pisoni. ’ 6 Dio 37, 49, 1. 7 His consulate a disgrace, Ad Att. 1, 18, 5; 19, 4; 20, 5. His t

h. Cato blocked the triumph. To wait for it would be to sacrifice the consulate . Caesar made a rapid decision he would be consul,

anced his price. Now, in the summer of the year, Caesar stood for the consulate backed by Crassus’ wealth, and in concert with L.

rough the tumultuous clamour of political life at Rome under Caesar’s consulate , several partisans or allies already in control o

e. From a triumvirate it was a short step to dictatorship. Caesar’s consulate was only the beginning. To maintain the legislati

eeded to reinforce his own influence, his prospect of praetorship and consulate . To that end he promulgated popular laws and harr

olleague Nepos: Nepos got the province of Hispania Citerior after his consulate (Plutarch, Caesar 21; Dio 39, 54, 1). Their succe

to announce in the Senate an attack upon the legislation of Caesar’s consulate . Pompeius dissembled and departed from Rome. 3 Cr

Caesar. The three met at Luca and renewed the compact, with a second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain a

their confidence or their illusions. Ahenobarbus was robbed of his consulate , and Cicero was compelled to give private guarant

PageBook=>038 The basis of power at Rome stands out clearly the consulate , the armies and the tribunate: in the background,

anticipate which, the Optimates were compelled to offer Pompeius the consulate , without colleague. The proposal came from Bibulu

inces be granted, not at once and automatically after praetorship and consulate , but when an interval of five years had elapsed,

of Crassus’ influence with the aristocracy. Of the candidates for the consulate , Milo had been condemned and exiled, likewise P.

e tribunes of the year conceding to Caesar the right to stand for the consulate in absence. Detected, he made tardy and questiona

ty until he made final choice between the two. Cato, standing for the consulate , was signally defeated, to the satisfaction of Po

the defeated and dispossessed, eager for revenge, looked to Caesar’s consulate , or Caesar’s victory and the rewards of greed and

Metellus Scipio, father-in-law and colleague of Pompeius in his third consulate . The compact with Metelli and Scipiones recalle

cos. 80), who died in 64, Creticus (69) c. 54, L. Metellus(68) in his consulate , Celer (60) the year after his, Nepos (57) c. 54.

n his own right, born to power. The Pact of Luca blocked him from his consulate , but only for a year. He had another grievance Ca

, another to Cato’s nephew Brutus. 3 Cato himself had not reached the consulate , but two consulars followed, the stubborn and ira

The precise legal points at issue in Caesar’s claim to stand for the consulate in absence and retain his province until the end

ation of Sulla and the arbitrary power exercised by Cicero during his consulate for the new man from Arpinum was derided as ‘the

daughter. 2 Her plan was annulled by the turn of events in the fatal consulate of Metellus. Caesar was captured by Pompeius: Jul

obust and cheerful P. Vatinius, a popular figure, tribune in Caesar’s consulate , managed to hold their own. 1 Catilina and Clod

wing at Pharsalus, renewing for Caesar the luck of Sulla. 3 The third consulate of Pompeius thinned the enemies of ordered govern

bune conspicuous among the opponents of the Optimates under the third consulate of Pompeius. 5 Luxury and vice were alleged again

es, members of reputable senatorial families that had not reached the consulate and sons of Roman knights: the latter class does

oured and enriched by Caesar, Labienus was encouraged to hope for the consulate . 7 Other Pompeians and other men from Picenum mig

r ad consulatus petitionem. ’ The history that never happened was the consulate of Caesar and Labienus in 48 B.C., with the aucto

show a consul. A Fabius Maximus followed Caesar and brought back the consulate to his family. 1 Ap. Claudius, the most prominent

nce for power with the plebeians when the latter were admitted to the consulate . 3 Old ties were revived and strengthened in the

but not the will and the power for achievement. Caesar, offering the consulate , had captured them both perhaps with connivance a

amily. The NotesPage=>069 1 Q. Fabius Maximus, who died in his consulate (45 B.C.). 2 Cicero would have preferred Nero (

ittle choice when it came to civil war. Caesar designated him for the consulate of 44: he cannot then have been only twenty-five,

ihil nisi classes loquens et exercitus. ’ Rabirius even hoped for the consulate (Ad Att. 12, 49, 2). For his service in taking tr

he triumph of the Roman plebs. The earliest new families to reach the consulate are plainly immigrant. Not merely the towns of La

an family of municipal aristocracy; 6 and the first Pompeius owed his consulate to the backing of the Scipiones. The influence of

nder their protection: they never fancied that he would aspire to the consulate . Marius nursed resentment against the nobiles and

ovus homo for whom he strove in defiance of the nobiles to secure the consulate . In their political careers he may have encourage

descendant of Etruscan kings or even to an Italian magnate. Of the consulate there had been scant prospect in the past. But th

e is nothing revolutionary about the choice of his candidates for the consulate the same principle holds as for his legates in th

ents, it is by no means likely that the Dictator would have given the consulate to Ventidius or to Balbus he did not gratify the

ir estimate of the acts and intentions of Antonius in the year of his consulate , it will be necessary to forget both the Philippi

ns, in pursuance of the provisions of two agrarian laws passed in the consulate of Antonius. It is by no means clear that the b

ce would have to go far in violence and corruption to equal the first consulate of Caesar. Nor are there sufficient grounds for

by the wide discretionary powers which the constitution vested in the consulate in times of crisis and by the need to safeguard h

rt for the settlement of March 17th and the legislation passed in his consulate . For the sake of peace, the predominance of Anton

e years: yet he condoned and recognized Dolabella’s usurpation of the consulate . But Dolabella, an unscrupulous and ambitious you

ip of Asia. 2 The alternative to the primacy of Antonius during his consulate was the free working of Republican institutions.

raetorship, the governorship of Macedonia, and the sure prospect of a consulate . 4 Death frustrated his intended candidature, but

ferred in matrimony to L. Marcius Philippus, a safe candidate for the consulate of 56 B.C. Octavius left three children, an Octav

of a Roman noble through the consecrated order of magistracies to the consulate , the command of an army, the auctoritas of a seni

robably at this point that Dolabella, without awaiting the end of his consulate , set out for the East to secure the province of S

owards political neutrality and a fair measure of guile. 1 During his consulate and ever since he had shunned dangerous prominenc

nd Caesar, as witness his proconsulate of Syria, marriage to Atia and consulate : yet he gave his daughter Marcia (by an earlier m

he end of 45 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 50): he is not heard of again until his consulate , August 43 B.C. Pinarius, otherwise unknown, was

to break with Antonius, for he hoped through Antonius to get an early consulate for his own son. 5 Nor was the devious Marcellus

5 Ad fam. 12, 2, 2. He hoped to squeeze Brutus and Cassius out of the consulate of 41 B.C. and get one of the places for his son,

Caesar, and elected through the agency of Pompeius and Caesar to the consulate , Piso saw no occasion to protect Cicero from the

ad been ensnared by Caesar, perhaps with a bribe to his ambition, the consulate of 48 B.C. Servilius may not have been a man of a

l advancement, afterwards became more conservative when he gained the consulate and entered the ranks of the governing oligarchy.

been a revolutionary not even a reformer. In the years following his consulate he wavered between Pompeius and the enemies of Po

ast fell to Cicero in his old age, after twenty years from his famous consulate , after twenty years of humiliation and frustratio

patriot, L. Visidius, who had watched over Cicero’s safety during his consulate , not NotesPage=>169 1 Phil. 6 and 7 2 Ib

Brutus and Cassius, he appears to have recognized their right to the consulate of 41 B.C. The breach was not yet irreparable.

se now that it had become flagrantly Pompeian and Republican. 3 The consulate lay vacant but not unclaimed. Octavianus aspired

ruary Antonius had recognized the claims of Brutus and Cassius to the consulate in 41 B.C., Phil. 8, 27, cf. Dio 46, 30, 4; 35, 3

side against Caesar’s murderer. The designs of Octavianus upon the consulate were suspected in May, his intrigues were reveale

ir. For themselves they asked the promised bounty, for Octavianus the consulate . The latter request they were able to support wit

The Senate sent envoys with the offer of permission to stand for the consulate in absence8 a move of conciliation that may have

, too, had been declared a public enemy. The last six months of the consulate of Antonius shattered for ever the coalition of M

nces. Depressed by the revived Dictatorship to little but a name, the consulate never afterwards recovered its authority. But pre

were of no importance. Lepidus himself, however, was to have a second consulate in the next year, with Plancus as his colleague.

proconsul of the Cisalpina, perhaps to hold it for two years till his consulate (40 B.C.). 4 Lepidus retained his old command, Ga

ollio not till 41. On January1st, 41 B.C. L. Antonius inaugurated his consulate by a triumph over Alpine tribes: Dio, however, sa

ty, P. Servilius, grasped the prize of intrigue and ambition a second consulate from the Triumvirs (41 B.C.), like his first from

ve the highest distinction under the domination of the Triumvirs. The consulate falls in the main to the newest of the new, senat

ive. Saxa and Fango were to be cut off in their prime, cheated of the consulate ; Octavius the Marsian, ‘the accursed brigand’, pe

men were dead or proscribed. The Senate was packed with ruffians, the consulate , once the reward of civic virtue, now became the

alliance formed in September of the year which bore as its title the consulate of Pollio and Calvinus. 4 It might not have happe

Eclogue hails the approach of a new era, not merely to begin with the consulate of his patron Pollio but very precisely to be ina

about the same time if he came to Rome to assume the insignia of his consulate , it was not to wear them for long, for a new pair

ns of Sosius, ranging in date from his quaestorship (40 or 39) to his consulate (32), were struck at Zacynthus, BMC, R. Rep. 11,

standing, and the aristocrat Domitius Calvinus, fresh from his second consulate , with long experience of warfare and little succe

Octavianus: his father, through diplomacy, hoped to get him an early consulate . 6 His ambition was now satisfied, his allegiance

a, returning from Gaul with useful achievements to his credit and the consulate for the next year as his reward, did not choose t

ctive associates seven men who had held or were very soon to hold the consulate , all men of distinction or moment, inherited or a

or unscrupulous military men, the first of new families to attain the consulate . Beside them stand three descendants of patrician

2 Apart from the narrative of the Sicilian War and the fact of his consulate , the only clear testimony about Q. Laronius is a

: ‘Minotauri, id est Calvisi et Tauri’): after that, nothing till his consulate and service as an admiral. Presumably one of Caes

ved and retained the appellation of imperator. 3 Cornificius held the consulate at the beginning of 35 B.C.; the upstart Laronius

ank and many a humbler snob or time-server as well: the prospect of a consulate in ten or twenty years, if the system endured, in

s well as dishonourable. 1 New men emerging established claims to the consulate by brutality or by craft. 2 The marshals might di

geBook=>248 political activity, a turbulent tribune in the third consulate of Pompeius. Expelled from the Senate by the ce

cle as an admiral and governor of provinces, already designated for a consulate . 4 Prominent, too, in the counsels of Antonius wa

an control and resigned it to the kingdom of Egypt. 1 Antonius in his consulate decreed the liberation of Crete; 2 and his grant

oquence to political advantage; 5 he was soon to be requited with the consulate which Antonius should have held. Republican freed

politics to say nothing of the recent ‘constitutional’ crisis of the consulate of Antonius and the War of Mutina. A more brutal

r. He proceeded to declare Antonius stripped of his powers and of the consulate for the next year. That office he allotted to an

de his peace with Octavianus about the same time—on terms, namely the consulate . 2 Even Ahenobarbus went, stealthily in a small b

d Wesen des Prinzipats, 227), who demonstrates that after 27 B.C. the consulate was reduced to its due and constitutional powers,

me, devised to subvert or suspend the constitution, down to his third consulate and the power he held by force NotesPage=>31

t the reverse. He controlled government and patronage, especially the consulate , precisely after the manner of earlier dynasts, b

councils. Augustus took what he deemed necessary for his designs, the consulate and a group of military provinces. Definition of

origin of his domination. When a faction seized power at Rome, the consulate and the provincial armies were the traditional in

in, he had thrice been acclaimed imperator by the legions. 1 A second consulate was not the only reward of loyal service—he was g

Terentius Varro Licinius Murena. PageBook=>326 So much for the consulate . In the manner of controlling the provinces the r

control the armed proconsuls. But the Triumvirate was abolished, the consulate reduced to normal and legitimate competence. The

Appuleius. PageBook=>328 in his old age, twenty years from his consulate . It was Sex. Appuleius, a kinsman of the Princeps

3 The wars of Augustus were waged in the main by men who reached the consulate under the new order. The position of the Prince

g in secret. On the first day of January he entered upon his eleventh consulate with Murena, a prominent partisan, as his colleag

isdaining office. Augustus, in virtue of arbitrary power, offered the consulate . 1 Piso’s acceptance sealed his acquiescence in t

that baffled his doctors and his enemies. On July 1st he resigned the consulate . In his place a certain L. Sestius took office an

from holding the supreme magistracy year by year. In the place of the consulate , which gave him a general initiative in policy, h

thought of exerting tribunicia potestas to compensate in part for the consulate and to fulfil the functions, without bearing the

n so far as his authority was legal. The new settlement liberated the consulate but planted domination all the more firmly. The t

n them stood the military and monarchic demagogue. For Augustus the consulate was merely an ornament or an encumbrance; and an

struggle of the Republic, or the descendants of families to which the consulate passed as an inherited prerogative. Though the

and phrases were not enough. Piso and Sestius, ex-Republicans in the consulate , that looked well. But it was only a manifesto.

n in the year after Actium: no pretence of Republic then. Nor was the consulate of a Marcellus (Aeserninus) and of the ex-Pompeia

in Rome. Already in 23 the young man was aedile; and he would get the consulate ten years earlier than the legal provision. 1 Mar

udly affirmed, no fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with that supreme distinct

Scaurus, like some other Republicans and Pompeians, never reached the consulate , Cinna not until more than thirty years had elaps

the Free State. The novus homo might rise to the praetorship: to the consulate , however, only by a rare combination of merit, pr

best of the new-comers loyalty and service would ultimately bring the consulate and ennoblement of their families for ever. In

nators of their families, sometimes the last, with no prospect of the consulate but safe votes for the Princeps in his restored a

of M. Lollius and of P. Silius is unknown. 3 A novus homo held the consulate as colleague of Quirinius in 12 B.C.4 But after t

uestrian posts under Augustus, which gave them rank comparable to the consulate in the senatorial career. Two, if not three, prov

ship admitted a man to the highest order in state and in society, the consulate brought nobility and a place in the front ranks o

ty as the age at which the quaestorship could be held, forty- two the consulate . Caesar had been hasty and arbitrary: the Triumvi

umvirs were brutal among the grosser anomalies, men designated to the consulate who had never been senators, such as Balbus the E

ame eligible to assume the quaestorship in his twenty-fifth year, the consulate in his thirty-third with alleviations for favoure

use that freedom. On the other hand, the candidate, at least for the consulate , would do well to seek the approbation of the Pri

four years of the new dispensation Augustus kept a tight grasp on the consulate , as the names on the Fasti attest and prove. Nor

nd by the promise, it may be, of an imminent programme of reform. The consulate he gave up: converted since Actium into an office

Encouraged by his success, Rufus put forward his candidature for the consulate in 19 B.C. Saturninus blocked him, announcing tha

election. Compare Caesar’s practice, for all magistracies except the consulate (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 41, 1). 2 Velleius 2,

hose fathers through death or defeat in the Civil Wars had missed the consulate . Here and on the Fasti of the years following are

scovered the aristocrats who rallied to the Principate, receiving the consulate at the earliest age permissible, if not with disp

bid for the support of the nobiles. Hence a steady cheapening of the consulate . In effect, it went now by nomination. NotesPag

ce, distinction in oratory or law, these were the three claims to the consulate . An orator might make mock of a jurist when urgin

tor might make mock of a jurist when urging a soldier’s claims to the consulate . 2 None of them could prevail alone. Neither law

ar. It took the compact of Luca to rob L. Domitius Ahenobarbus of his consulate in 55 B.C.4 The Roman voter, free citizen of a fr

ied, the old categories subsisted. 5 Descent from consuls secured the consulate even to the most unworthy which was held to be ri

1, 15. 2 Cicero, Pro Murena, passim. 3 He hoped to stand for the consulate in 67 B.C. (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3) and in 65 (Ad Att.

). PageBook=>375 Under the new order Cicero would have won the consulate without competition, held it without ostentation

ost an honest, original and scholarly lawyer, M. Antistius Labeo, his consulate . 1 With peace and prosperity polite arts return

impertinent and pointless to scrutinize the merits that conferred the consulate upon C. Valgius Rufus, an erudite person who wrot

where. But L. Tarius Rufus, an admiral at Actium, rose at last to the consulate after a command in the Balkans. 1 Other novi homi

uld show to their credit service in the military provinces before the consulate . Such were M. Lollius, M. Vinicius and P. Sulpici

P. Silius. 2 Without his favour, no novus homo could have reached the consulate . Of the nobiles, many of the most eminent were at

nfidence. 3 They were not all trusted: yet he could not deny them the consulate , their birthright. So Iullus Antonius, the younge

lus Antonius, the younger son of the Triumvir, became consul. But the consulate did not matter so much. Enemies were dangerous on

s a Sulla, a Metellus, a Scaurus and other nobles did not rise to the consulate . 4 With so few suffect consulates in the early ye

rorum imagines erat aliquis virtutum amor. ’ 4 Nobiles who miss the consulate are, for example, Cornelius Sulla Felix, PIR2, C

6 B.C. He died soon after and her second husband Barbatus died in his consulate . PageBook=>379 As time went on, more and m

les grew up and passed through the avenue of political honours to the consulate , an imposing collection of principes viri stood m

, cf. PIR2, C 1059. She was the sister of Quirinius’ colleague in the consulate , M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus. 5 Taci

1 Upon his own adherents the Princeps bestowed nobility through the consulate , social distinction by advantageous marriages and

ere forty million sesterces. 8 Senatorial rank and promotion to the consulate were not the only favours in the hands of the par

oble or upstart, the chief men of the Caesarian party attained to the consulate and dispensed patronage in their turn, open or se

tus, may be detected in the frequent promotion of novi homines to the consulate after A.D. 4.2 But Tiberius was not the only fo

eep and devious. She secured senatorial rank for M. Salvius Otho, the consulate for M. Plautius Silvanus, who was the son of her

ambition stood aloof from politics. They could hardly be blamed. The consulate was the monopoly of the nobiles: after the consul

y be blamed. The consulate was the monopoly of the nobiles: after the consulate , little occupation, save a proconsulate, usually

on praetorian in rank. At the same time, as more senators reached the consulate , sturdy men without ancestors but commended by lo

f the blood. Ahenobarbus was proconsul of Africa four years after his consulate ; 2 Paullus Fabius Maximus and Asinius Gallus gove

ained by a man described as a ‘vir militaris’, and destined after his consulate to govern one of the great military provinces, ha

s: elderly novi homines were safe. Lollius and Quirinius, who won the consulate by ‘militaris industria’, subsequently as consula

Augustus and to the State. Among his achievements (perhaps before his consulate ) was a campaign against the Marmaridae, a tribe o

to the south of Cyrene. 1 At some time in the twelve years after his consulate Quirinius governed Galatia and subdued the Homona

pes of power and honour. In the interests of an ordered commonwealth, consulate and military command were removed from competitio

Benndorf (1898), 283 ff. By a strange fate Calvinus’ colleague in the consulate , M. Valerius Messalla Rufus, who wrote on augury,

us and Vinicius soon gained experience in the frontier provinces, the consulate , and, no doubt, a place in councils of State. Sil

ollius was not famed for service in eastern provinces only. After his consulate he governed Macedonia and Gaul in succession; it

he origin of the story, as well as explaining Dio’s date. Yet Cinna’s consulate was probably due, not so much to Augustus, as to

ret exultation. 3 In the next year it came out. Gaius was to have the consulate after an interval of five years (that is, in A.D.

under the revived aristocracy of the New State would have reached the consulate in his thirty- third year, like his peers in that

e of the power and the profits. The most open political prize was the consulate . In 5 B.C. Augustus assumed that office, after

he descendants of Cinna, Sulla, Crassus and Pompeius. Some missed the consulate and none, so far as is known, were permitted by A

d disappeared. Taurus was dead, and his son did not live to reach the consulate , but the family was intact and influential. 4 Of

the army of the Balkans after their praetorships; 2 they received the consulate but no consular military province. Silius’ two br

t no consular military province. Silius’ two brothers attained to the consulate , only one of them, however, to military command.

berius’ party. Members of families that hitherto had not risen to the consulate are prominent yet not paradoxical, for this was a

im promotion he did not rise above the praetorship. Augustus gave the consulate to his rival, Ateius Capito, the grandson of a Su

in the direct line of the Metelli, an ex-Antonian, did not reach the consulate ; and the last consular bearer of the name was a J

prise or excess of principle, some of the nobiles failed to reach the consulate under Augustus. The son of P. Servilius Isauricus

s belong to history: no offspring of theirs could hope to receive the consulate from the Caesarian leader. But the Caesarians the

d the last consuls of their families. Papius and his colleague in the consulate , the Picene Q. Poppaeus Secundus, were unmarried.

onian partisans ennobled in the Triumviral period. Though missing the consulate under Augustus, they were favoured by subsequent

logical end of Revolution and Empire. Noble birth still brought the consulate as of right, and after a long interval of years t

to repair the shattered Republic; and Cicero, for saving Rome in his consulate , had been hailed as pater patriae. But Sulla, wit

end. He died on the anniversary of the day when he assumed his first consulate after the march on Rome. Since then, fifty-six ye

5, 31, 35, 45, 94, 163, 498; origin and career, 31 f., 396 f.; his consulate , 33, 35, 374;?; proconsul of Cisalpina, 35. Afr

252; in the Perusine War, 209 ff.; dictum about Octavianus, 211; his consulate , 218 f., 369; at Brundisium, 217; and the Fourth

lized, 167; in and after the War of Mutina, 173 ff., 181 ff.; and the consulate , 182 f., 185 f.; Triumvir, 188; role in proscript

Scipio, Q. (cos. 52 B.C.), his origin and character, 36, 40, 45; his consulate , 40; kills L. Ticida, 63; death, 50. Caecina, a

Piso, Cn. (cos. 23 B.C.), with the Liberators, 199, 206; accepts the consulate , 334 f., 368. Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 7 B.C.

., 255, 308, 327; his pietas towards Caesar, 221; in Africa, 110; his consulate , 221; as an admiral, 230; his priesthoods, 238; a

ot enter the Senate, 80 f.; relations with Octavianus, 114, 131, 133; consulate , 220; at the bedside of Atticus, 257; historical

9; dubious conspiracy of, 414, 420. Cornelius Dolabella, misses the consulate under Augustus, 377. Cornelius Dolabella, P. (c

P., Catilinarian, 66, 77, 81, 380. Cornelius Sulla Felix, misses the consulate , 377. Cornelius Tacitus, the historian; his ori

(cos. 54 B.C.), 24, 50, 61, 90, 110, 495; active in 56 B.C., 37; his consulate , 37, 38, 374; misses an augurship, 41, 382; his f

111, 165, 197, 327, 368; in the campaign of Philippi, 205; his second consulate , 189, 227; governor of Spain, 227, 332; repairs t

C.), his family and connexions, 25, 64, 68; early career, 25, 29, 32; consulate and alliance with Pompeius, 8, 33 f.; his consula

attacked by Catullus, 63; allegiance in 50 B.C., 42, 63; prospects of consulate , 67; deserts Caesar, 67 f. Labienus, T., orator

Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. suff. 38 B.C.), as a Caesarian, 64; his consulate , 229; proconsul of Spain, 239; repairs temple of

269 f., 282; and Augustus, 368, 379, 419 f., 479; in relation to the consulate , 372 f.; brief renascence, 419 ff.; loss of prero

29 f., 392 ff.; usefulness of, 328, 397; promotion by Augustus to the consulate , 372 f.; ‘militaris industria’, 375 f., 397; virt

s, Q. (cos. suff. 43 B.C.), nephew of Caesar, 64; his career, 128 f.; consulate , 186, 197; related to Messalla, 237. Peducaei,

his control of provinces, 35, 42; actions in 59–53 B.C., 36 ff.; sole consulate , 39; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff.; at the outbreak of th

33 f.; against Caesar, 34; his policy in 52 B.C., 37, 46; misses the consulate , 40; in the Civil Wars, 46, 49, 50; bis death, 50

financier, his importance, 73; services to Caesar, 82; not given the consulate , 82, 95; helps Octavianus, 131. Raetia, 357, 39

ointed an envoy, 172; relations with Octavianus, 182, 189; his second consulate , 197, 208; career, character and connexions, 69,

of Cicero, 69. Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 63 B.C.), early career and consulate , 24 f., 29 f., 32; as a novus homo, 11, 13, 94; r

cs, 104, 140, 146 f.; his policy and acts in 43 B.C., 167–86; and the consulate , 182 f.; disagreements with Brutus, 147 f., 183 f

s Cicero, M. (cos. suff. 30 B.C.), with the Liberators, 198, 206; his consulate , 339; governor of Syria, 303, 309; character, 303

ins Octavianus, 237, 238, 368; allegations against Antonius, 277; his consulate , 291; in Gaul and Syria, 302 f., 309; campaign ag

uleteer’, 92, 151; his early services to Antonius, 126, 176, 178; his consulate , 188; in Gaul, 189, 202, 210; in the Perusine War

194, 362; in Gaul, 329, 339; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 330; his consulate , 372; a personal friend of Augustus, 376; his. pa

; at Apollonia, 129; in the Perusine War, 209 ff.; in Gaul, 227, 231; consulate , 231; in the Bellum Siculum, 231 f.; marries Caec