of those families had earned or confirmed their title of nobility by command in war against the Samnites and the Carthaginians

nst Lepidus (Sallust, Hist. I, 77 M); and he secured for Pompeius the command in Spain, not ‘pro consule’ but ‘pro consulibus’

ted, in war and in peace, through illegality and treachery. He held a command in Africa against Marian remnants and triumphed,

rough a tribune’s law the People conferred upon their champion a vast command against the Pirates, with proconsular authority o

ule of one imperator, were patent and impressive. 1 To the maritime command succeeded without a break the conduct of the Mith

hould have made certain of both consuls. Caesar, returning from his command in Spain, asked for a triumph. Cato blocked the t

nd, after that, Spain and Syria respectively for five years; Caesar’s command was also to be prolonged. Pompeius emerged with

attack. He was rebuffed by Pompeius, and the great debate on Caesar’s command was postponed till March 1st of the following yea

. 3 That event showed clearly the strength of the opposing parties in command of votes at Rome. Moreover, Antonius and other ad

peius and handed him a sword, with dramatic gesture, bidding him take command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already

hs, remembering their patron, were ready to bring their levies at his command . Magnus, it might seem, was strong enough to prev

his enemies had won control of the government and deprived him of the command against Mithridates. Again, when he landed in Ita

of the day: he was declared a public enemy if he did not lay down his command before a certain day. By invoking constitutional

a lost cause, receiving pardon from Caesar, high favour, a provincial command and finally the praetorship in 44 B.C. Yet Cato,

an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidus had troops under his command , with results at once apparent. At dawn on March

Plancus took Gallia Comata, while Lepidus had already gone off to his command of the two provinces of Gallia Narbonensis and Hi

experienced Caesarian partisans P. Vatinius and T. Sextius were in command of the armies of Illyricum and of Africa, three l

e consul had already decided to take for himself a special provincial command . Further, alarmed by the intrigues current during

nate on June 1st was sparsely attended. But Antonius chose to get his command from the People. The tenure of the consular provi

16 as well as extreme Republicans. They knew what the last extended command in Gaul had meant. Two other measures of a Caes

t Rhegium an expectation that Antonius might surrender his provincial command , that Brutus and Cassius would be able to return

to the open. Nor was it likely that he would consent to surrender his command , hardly even a part of it, the Cisalpina, which m

e through the consecrated order of magistracies to the consulate, the command of an army, the auctoritas of a senior statesman,

ifficulties about Comata. Antonius summoned D. Brutus to yield up his command . The threat of force would be necessary. Antonius

, 2, 1, &c.) and proconsul in Hispania Citerior, after which last command he triumphed at the end of 45 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 50

g various popular causes and supporting the grant of an extraordinary command to Pompeius, from honest persuasion or for politi

ke concessions to Caesar. 1 Cicero was induced to accept a military command under Pompeius, but lingered in Campania, refusin

of the Republic against a recalcitrant proconsul occupy the stage and command the attention of history: in the background, emer

ough not so strong, was valid in this, that he held his extraordinary command in virtue of a plebiscite, as had both Pompeius a

consular province: but that might have been contested, for Antonius’ command was not a normal consular province, decreed by th

us, Cicero spoke for Brutus and secured the legalization of a usurped command :1 Brutus was appointed proconsul of Macedonia, Il

the commission of making war against Dolabella, with an extraordinary command over all the provinces of the East. The revolut

f thanks on March 20th. To Pompeius was now assigned an extraordinary command over the fleets and sea-coasts of the Roman domin

or two years till his consulate (40 B.C.). 4 Lepidus retained his old command , Gallia Narbonensis and Hispania Citerior, augmen

zed by the adventurer Sex. Pompeius, acting in virtue of the maritime command assigned to him by the Senate earlier in the year

heard of again. Antonius’ adherent Q. Fufius Calenus held a military command and died in 40 B.C.; but the Caesarian nobilis Cn

establishment of the Triumvirate, four of them are found holding high command . Of these, T. Sextius and Q. Fufius Calenus soon

almost all non-Latin in their nomenclature. Some had held independent command under Caesar: Allienus and Staius are soon heard

e: foreigners or freed slaves might compete with knights for military command in the wars of the Revolution. 2 The Republic h

porary charge of two Roman legions sent to him by Ventidius under the command of an enigmatic alien called Machaeras (Josephus,

acent would have destroyed Octavianus. But there was neither unity of command nor unity of purpose among his motley adversaries

ally and march against Antonius; some turned back. 4 Octavianus might command a mass of legions: they were famished and unrelia

dmen; in the subsequent campaigns in Sicily only two Romans held high command on his side: Tisienus Gallus, the refugee from Sa

anus the year after. No other nobilis can be found holding military command under Caesar’s heir in the four years before Brun

admiral M. Lurius, never heard of before and only once again, held a command in Sardinia. 7 To this ill-consorted and undistin

the son of C. Caninius Rebilus, cos. suff. 45 B.C. 2 On freedmen in command , above p. 201. Seleucus the admiral from Rhosus i

by the censors of 50 B.C., he returned with Caesar, holding military command in the wars and governing a province. 1 The end o

o was his successor in that province, and who held Macedonia with the command of Antonius’ Balkan army, has not been recorded.

w era of prosperity, with legions, cavalry, ships and treasure at his command , Antonius appeared the preponderant partner in a

Pirates vanished the principal (and original) reason for a provincial command in the south of Asia Minor. The province itself,

the south-western extremity of Peloponnesus. The land army under the command of Canidius comprised nineteen of his legions: th

ritime warfare than on land. Agrippa, the victor of Naulochus, was in command , supported by the consul Messalla, by L. Arruntiu

; Plutarch, Antonius 79 (Gallus). Proculeius had been holding a naval command at Ccphallcnia after the Battle of Actium, BMC, R

his triumph on May 26th, 28 B.C. (CIL I 2, p. 77): none the less his command in Spain may have preceded that of Taurus. He is

imperatorial salutation (ILS 895). The precise nature and date of his command is not certain (see Ritterling, Fasti des r. Deut

Messalla, who triumphed from Gaul on September 25th, 27 B.C., was in command of a great military province at the time of Crass

did not take all the legions: three proconsuls had armies under their command , the governors of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa

Antonians Pollio, Censorinus, C. Sosius and M. Licinius Crassus would command armies again. Yet, apart from these survivals of

ive and unprecedented array of viri triumphales, only one was to hold command of an army again, and that NotesPage=>327

t. 6): presumably the consul of 15 B.C. The precise definition of the command held by generals operating in northern Italy in t

ius Nerva (cos. 20) is known; as for L, Arruntius (cos. 22), only his command at Actium is attested. L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff

Vinicius (cos. suff. 19) may well have held more than one praetorian command in the provinces: Illyricum and Macedonia respect

again and again. In Ulterior the brutal P. Carisius, who continued in command , was a match for them. 6 PageNote. 332 1 Dio

le years of Augustus’ rule when a pair of Roman knights was chosen to command the Praetorian Guard. Less important stages in an

trian career that might culminate in the governorship of Egypt or the command of the Guard were two administrative posts in Rom

of Egypt (Riv. di fil. lxv (1937), 337) will fall after 2 B.C. The command over the Vigiles was established in A.D. 6 (Dio 5

is industria’ was the most valuable endowment. Service in war and the command of armies brought the highest distinction to men

us Rufus, an admiral at Actium, rose at last to the consulate after a command in the Balkans. 1 Other novi homines, worthy heir

ke that Praecia to whose good offices Lucullus owed, it was said, his command in the East,1 found successors in the New State;

2 and it was to the patronage of the great Narcissus that he owed the command of a legion. 3 The four emperors who followed Ner

decorative. Except for Agrippa, only six of them are later chosen to command armies, as legates or proconsuls. 1 There were go

her competent men now emerge and succeed to the heritage of power and command , both nobles and novi homines. They had hitherto

lination to the later years. It could, however, be urged that the new command was set up as a result of the campaigns of Piso.

ults and patronage was no new thing at Rome. Under the Republic the command of an army was the reward of birth, ambition or g

in Cilicia was well served. 1 When Pompeius got for Caesar the Gallic command he gave him Labienus, who must have had previous

valry. 6 After the quaestorship or the praetorship, the senator might command a legion this post was no innovation, but the sta

o strong. Cf. n. 8. 2 Josephus, AJ 16, 344, &c. The date of his command is probably 9–6 B.C. (P-W I A, 1519 ff.). There m

. Silvanus and Piso, however, were nobiles. These men all held high command in the provinces of the East with which, indeed,

3 Dio 55, 10a, 2; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 44. 4 The date of M. Vinicius’ command (ILS 8965) is quite uncertain. A. v. Premerstein

who followed Tiberius in 6 B.C.1 Before long, however, that important command , with five legions, was held by Ahenobarbus and b

on. 2 Likewise to the period of Tiberius’ absence belongs the Spanish command of Paullus Fabius Maximus and the Syrian governor

nder the year 1 B.C. (55, 10a, 3): possibly Saturninus, if an earlier command than that of A.D. 4-6 could be assumed (cf. Velle

Pompeius survived: no chance that they would be allowed to hold high command in Spain. The earlier class of provincial magnate

. In the interests of an ordered commonwealth, consulate and military command were removed from competition and from profit, fo

ve consorts of his daughter Julia. Ahenobarbus held in succession the command of the great northern armies, passing from Illyri

Augustus came to Gaul, Tiberius with him. Tiberius inherited Lollius’ command of the legions of Gaul and the glory of the Alpin

eturn, the Claudian was not restored to his dignitas. 2 No honour, no command in war awaited him, but a dreary and precarious o

ed by a fatal impatience to play the politician. He was not given the command of an army. L. Arruntius came of a wealthy and ta

ers attained to the consulate, only one of them, however, to military command . 3 This being so, few indeed of the nobiles, the

utius Silvanus governs Asia and then Galatia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain probably belongs to this period; 8 and t

tive): Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, was in supreme command . 4 In Illyricum, now divided into two provinces,

is Roman and military. 2 He would not desert his post until a higher command relieved him, his duty done and a successor left

ex. Pompeius, 228; of Octavianus, 231, 295; of Antonius, 231, 294 f.; command of, under the Principate, 356, 397; see also Admi

33 B.C.), Antonian diplomat, 225, 242, 259, 266, 267. Foreigners, in command of Roman armies, 201; hatred of, 256, 287, 290; s

e of, 395; military experience, 396 f.; long tenures, 397. Legions, command of, 201, 356, 396; recruitment, 15, 295, 456 ff.;

PageBook=>553 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 74 B.C.), his eastern command , 21, 29, 48, 385; in retirement, 23; against Pomp