g political freedom, averts civil war and preserves the non political classes . Liberty or stable government: that was the quest

aesarian and Triumviral, cannot be annulled. When the individuals and classes that have gained wealth, honours and power throug

s of dignity and office. 4 Equestrian or senatorial, the possessing classes stood for the existing order and were suitably de

tiative and resources. The soldiers, now recruited from the poorest classes in Italy, were ceasing to feel allegiance to the

shed, by the strife of parties largely based on economic interest, of classes even, and of military leaders. Before long the It

ernment of the nobiles, supported by a sacred union of the possessing classes , by the influence of their clientela among the pl

ro took heart. He proclaimed the ideal of a conservative union of all classes bound in loyalty to the Senate and guided by mode

ed. 1 It had confidently been expected that the solid and respectable classes in the towns of Italy would rally in defence of t

ical about its champions. The very virtues for which the propertied classes were sedulously praised by politicians at Rome fo

ertain of his partisans who had hoped for an assault upon the moneyed classes , a drastic reduction of debts and a programme of

m inventus inimicus aut quis iure esse potuit? ’ PageBook=>073 classes or high finance against Caesar. 1 The financier A

em. 2 Above all, Caesar recruited for his new Senate the propertied classes of the Italian towns, men of station and substanc

us Lamianus? 2 Ad Att. 9, 2a, 3: ‘Postumus Curtius venit nihil nisi classes loquens et exercitus. ’ Rabirius even hoped for t

d Umbria, though wavering, had remained loyal to Rome: the propertied classes had good reason to fear a social revolution. Befo

held to be firm for conservative interests. No doubt: the propertied classes looked with distrust upon the reform programmes o

municipal aristocrats in sympathy with the champion of the oppressed classes . 6 Caesar had numerous partisans in the regions

shed or martial regions of Italy, as their names often testify. 7 All classes came in. The towns of Italy welcomed the resurgen

tution might appear to survive in Italy. Not everywhere, or among all classes . When Brutus and Cassius during the months of Apr

ll Italy. 3 Brutus and Cassius were warmly welcomed by the propertied classes in the municipio, deferential and flattered by th

political eloquence. The boni, after all, did exist the propertied classes ; and it was presumably in their interests that an

t commonly invoked in defence of the existing order by individuals or classes in enjoyment of power and wealth. The libertas of

ction upon crime and murder, if any were needed, among the propertied classes of the municipia, publicly lauded for the profess

: it would be plain folly to fight for L. Antonius and the propertied classes of Italy. Pollio, Plancus and Ventidius separat

Many senators and knights, being peaceful members of the propertied classes , wearied by exile and discomfort, left the compan

awaited him a welcome, sincere as never before. Many no doubt in all classes regretted the son of Pompeius the Great and refus

r incorporation in that order, reinforced the bond between the higher classes of the holders of property. Veterans by grant, an

ple, all pretence, and showed the authentic features of a war between classes . Through experience of affairs, candour of moral

full onrush of foreign religions or gross superstitions, invading all classes . T. Sextius, the Caesarian general in Africa, car

t to monopolize the control of prophecy and propaganda. Yet in some classes there was stirring an interest in Roman history a

s of earlier politicians to build up a following among the propertied classes of Italy. The oath embraced all orders of society

d or dragooned. What were the real sentiments of the upper and middle classes at this time? Many a man might discern a patent f

ts called him ‘dux’ and ‘ductor’. 4 So much for Rome, the governing classes and Italy. But even in Italy, the Princeps by his

practices, but not changed, namely the firm concord of the propertied classes and the traditional distinction in function and s

raditional distinction in function and standing between the different classes of society. 3 Such was also the NotesPage=>3

wn, Augustus affirmed and consolidated the alliance of the propertied classes in two ways by creating an official career for Ro

a steady reinforcement of the citizen body. Above all, the propertied classes in the towns of the Empire, east and west, stood

nly represented, but were themselves the governing and administrative classes , recognized the son of Augustus as a prince and r

’s idea, and the origins of it went back before Actium. The different classes in the Commonwealth had been aroused to a certain

ed literature through individual patronage. As in politics, the other classes were susceptible to auctoritas, taking their tone

Both may be taken as fairly typical representatives of the propertied classes of the new Italy of the north, which was patrioti

Poetry and history were designed to work upon the upper and middle classes of a regenerated society. Their influence and the

hensible was the loyalty of the provinces or rather of the propertied classes which the Empire preserved and supported all over

Principate was a monarchy guaranteed its ready acceptance. The lower classes had no voice in government, no place in history.

istocracy: it was cheerfully adopted by the snobbish fervour of other classes in society. It is precisely the sons of Roman kni

nd his party that prevailed it meant the victory of the non-political classes . NotesPage=>513 1 Ann. 1, 3. 2 Lucretius

tus. A new conception of civic virtue, derived from the non-political classes of the Republic and inherent in the New State fro

as transformed and transcended. A government was created. ‘Legiones classes provincias, cuncta inter se conexa. ’1 So Tacitus

ciety had its peculiar functions, there was no sharp division between classes . Service to Rome won recognition and promotion

homines, 199 f., 363; ancient families of Etruria, 82 f.; propertied classes , 89; Roman noble houses of Etruscan origin, 85 f.

169, 286, 364; aristocrats from, 10, 31, 82 ff., 356, 359; propertied classes , 14, 49, 89, 359; impoverished families 91, 129;

, 150 f., 358, 509 f.; in the municipia, 101, 360 f., 454. Society, classes of, at Rome, 10 ff., 352, 365, 510 f., 521; preju