ly the ruling order could have any history at all and only the ruling city : only Rome, not Italy. 1 In the Revolution the po

pecial commission for five years to purchase and control corn for the city . The powers were wide, but perhaps fell short of

yed that building in the conflagration. Then they streamed out of the city to the villa of Pompeius, clamouring for him to b

in a war against the Sullan oligarchy. Italy began to stir. In the city of Rome political contests and personal feuds now

3 M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, their veto disregarded, fled from the city . A state of emergency was proclaimed. Even had

ilia and enjoy the red mullet and Hellenic culture of that university city . 3 Caesar was constrained to appeal to his army

ide the formidable Balbus, the leading personage in the ancient Punic city of Gades in Spain. L. Cornelius Balbus was not a

ipater. Mytilene was in the clientela of Pompeius: Theophanes of that city was his friend, domestic historian and political

user, unfamiliar with the language and the topography of the imperial city . 2 The joke is good, if left as such. Gallia Ci

icited by Roman politicians. Not only could he sway the policy of his city or influence a whole region of Italy3 he might be

Rome, not from loyalty to the Marian cause, but to destroy the tyrant city . 4 Sulla saved Rome. He defeated the Samnite army

y of Ahenobarbus that brought on the capitulation of the neighbouring city of Corfinium. Pompeius knew better than did his a

peius raised his private army, he had to expel the Ventidii from that city . Picenum was the scene of faction and internecine

mbolical act, antiquarian and even Hellenic. But Rome was not a Greek city , to be mastered from its citadel. The facts and e

vened, punishing the impostor with death. The Liberators had fled the city . Antonius NotesPage=>105 1 Tacitus commend

. 6 The ground was prepared. Early in May, Octavianus drew near the city . As he entered Rome, a halo was seen to encircle

ne Gaul. Before the end of the year he disposed his forces around the city of Mutina and held Brutus entrapped. Civil war

anomalous allies and illicit armies, attempted to seize power in the city . So far, the raising of a private army and the

aternal side from the Cilnii, a house that held dynastic power in the city of Arretium from the beginning. 4 NotesPage=>

ickly defeated Antonius, drove him southward and penned him up in the city of Apollonia. Even more spectacular was the suc

rian generals Staius Murcus and Marcius Crispus, encamped outside the city of Apamea which the Pompeian adventurer Caecilius

ith a legion of recruits they were stationed on the Janiculum and the city was put in a posture of defence. Whether the Sena

s and less. Octavianus marched down the Flaminian Way and entered the city unopposed. The legions of the Republic went over

r was false. 2 On the following day Octavianus forbore to enter the city with armed men a ‘free election’ was to be secure

the Caesarian party. With the revival of the Pompeian faction in the city of Rome and the gathering power of Brutus and Cas

t employed as instruments of domination the supreme magistracy in the city and the armies of the provinces. Depressed by the

cy was superfluous. The three leaders marched to Rome and entered the city in ceremonial pomp on separate days. A Lex Titia,

me from the domination of a faction. But L. Antonius did not hold the city for long. He advanced northward in the hope of ef

ian or Republican partisans, the consul threw himself into the strong city of Perusia and prepared to stand a brief siege, e

nt him away to be his governor in Spain, where he shortly died. 6 The city of Perusia was destined for pillage. The soldiery

conflagration. 7 Such was the end of Perusia, an ancient and opulent city of the Etruscans. NotesPage=>211 1 CIL xi,

the winter after Philippi. Then his peregrinations brought him to the city of Tarsus, in Cilicia. Through his envoy, the ver

m, the gate of Italy, refused to admit Antonius. He laid siege to the city . Then Sex. Pompeius showed his hand. He had alrea

and the nuptials of Antonius were soon clouded by disturbances in the city of Rome. The life of Octavianus was endangered.

d only the Parthini, a tribe whose habitat is known. A capture of the city of Salonae far away in Dalmatia, alleged by the V

of war-booty for the benefit of the populace and the adornment of the city . Pollio repaired the Atrium Libertatis and equipp

te consulates and triumphs as patronage to senators, to embellish the city of Rome and to provide the inhabitants with pure

Q. Horatius Flaccus was the son of a wealthy freedman from Venusia, a city of Apulia, who believed in the value of education

, a patriot and a friend of liberal pursuits, aroused enthusiasm in a city that honoured the memory of tyrannicides. Horace

convictions: it was but the accident of his presence at a university city , at an impressionable age and in the company of y

n Armenia the legions began their long march to Phraaspa, the capital city of Media, some five hundred miles away. Antonius

gina in Caria as αὑτὸκράτωρ and benefactor, patron and saviour of the city (ILS 8780). C. Cocceius Balbus (cos. suff. 39) al

ar had the Roman constitution declined. Octavianus retired from the city . The new consuls summoned the Senate and took off

Ahenobarbus’ son and Plancus in 22 B.C.). 2 Velleius 2, 84, 2. The city of Domitiopolis, in Cleopatra’s portion of Cilici

ed, in his honour: this conjecture is confirmed by the existence of a city called Titiopolis in the same region (after M. Ti

d Cleopatra designed to conquer the West Antonius would surrender the city of Rome to the Queen of Egypt and transfer the ca

le not the corrupt plebs or the packed and disreputable Senate of the city , but all Italy. The phrase was familiar from re

ellum Italicum, it had not coalesced in sentiment with the victorious city to form a nation. The Italian peoples did not yet

uleii (a family related to Octavianus) and Nonius Gallus won over the city of Aesernia in northern Samnium, that the Vinicii

e took his own life. The army of the Roman People entered the capital city of Egypt on the first day of August. Such was the

by Antonius. Octavianus deposed a certain number of petty dynasts or city tyrants. The greater vassals, however, he was eag

ntered Rome on August 13th. During three successive days the imperial city witnessed the pomp of three triumphs, for the cam

vir Antonius abode for long years in the East men might fear lest the city be dethroned from its pride of place, lest the ca

oet Virgil. 1 Not by conquest only but by the foundation of a lasting city did a hero win divine honours in life and divinit

s was allowed to retain his military imperium within the gates of the city . That was only one part of the scheme: he now dev

6 He refused, but consented to take charge of the corn supply of the city as Pompeius Magnus had done: this function, howev

(20-19 B.C.), after a brief sojourn in Rome. For a time the capital city was relieved of the burdensome presence of both h

for power and ostentation to gratify soldiers and plebs, to adorn the city and to subsidize his political allies. Corruption

erning of all Italy and a wide empire under the ideas and system of a city state was clumsy, wasteful and calamitous. Many a

vinces only that the principes were trained and yoked to service. The city state of Rome lacked permanent administrative off

. 5 Below, p. 421. PageBook=>402 For certain services in the city Augustus devised posts to be held by Roman knight

he leading partisans of Antonius and Octavianus competed to adorn the city of Rome. Augustus soon after Actium set about res

gustus provided for the health, the security and the adornment of the city which was the capital of Italy and the Empire. He

the capital of Italy and the Empire. He boasted that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. 3 The obse

e Empire. He boasted that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. 3 The observation was true in every se

es everywhere, grasping more and more. He retains his imperium in the city of Rome ; 2 he controls admission to the high ass

ly as the reign drew to its close, now showing three new posts in the city of Rome; and knights as well as senators have the

The loyal Vedius constructed, to honour Augustus, a Caesareum in the city of Beneventum. 2 He also formed the habit of feed

. But the problem was to recur again and again. The garrison of the city imposed Claudius in succession to his nephew Cali

excessive. There were other symptoms. Nemausus, a loyal and patriotic city of Narbonensis, cast down the statues of Tiberius

k was palliated and compensated by a virtue singularly lacking in the city states of Greece but inculcated from early days a

AH x, 432 ff. 6 The Roman cult goes back to the organization of the city wards in 7 B.C. (Dio 55, 8, 6f.), cf. ILS 9250. O

nate entrusted Augustus with the task of repairing all temples in the city of Rome. No fewer than eighty-two required his at

he Triumviral period they were banished now from the precincts of the city . 3 The national and patriotic revival of religion

vilege should stand for service. If the citizen refused to fight, the city would perish at the hands of its enemies or its m

None would have believed it, but Rome’s salvation issued from a Greek city . The priestess of Phoebus announced it: via pri

ing generations to civic virtue. The story of the first days of the city , established as the old poet recorded ‘augusto au

rests of biographers and scholiasts as did the poets. But the opulent city of Patavium certainly had to endure severe requis

en Mantua, in legend a foundation of the Etruscans, and Patavium, the city of the Illyrian Veneti, they cannot be detected i

Transpadane Catullus was born again. He came from Asisium, neighbour city to unhappy Perusia, from that Italy which paid th

s was enough. 3 Ovid received instructions to depart to Tomi, a Greek city on the coast of the Black Sea. He could hardly ha

2 That was not all. When Augustus carried out his organization of the city wards, the vicomagistri were put in charge of shr

It is true that he caused no fewer than eighty silver statues in the city to be melted down and converted into offerings to

the narrower sense, or even of the dialect and spelling of his native city . One thing is evident, however: the nature of ‘Pa

e from a poor and infertile region of Italy, knew what Patavium was a city notorious for material prosperity and for moral w

ius acquiring brides from patrician families, Taurus flaunting in the city of Rome a bodyguard of Germans like the Princeps

; with Sex. Pompeius, 227; as an Antonian, 232, 264, 266, 267, 281; a city named after him, 281, 405; deserts Antonius, 281