ast are treated rather leniently, the reason may be discovered in the character and opinions of the historian Pollio—a Republican

ford in the summer of 1937. The index is mainly prosopographical in character , and it covers the footnotes as well as the text.

ay run down to that date, thence to diverge into a description of the character and working of government. NotesPage=>001

order, will reinforce their verdict and reveal a certain unity in the character and policy of Triumvir, Dux and Princeps. 2 Whe

lomacy; and he lived to within a decade of the death of Augustus. His character and tastes disposed him to be neutral in the stru

truth would have been inexpedient; and adulation was repugnant to his character . Another eminent historian was also constrained t

hidden discords of human nature. Moreover, undue insistence upon the character and exploits of a single person invests history w

famous houses of praetorian rank.) Gelzer’s lucid explanation of the character of Roman society and Roman politics, namely a nex

d swayed, not by parties and programmes of a modern and parliamentary character , not by the ostensible opposition between Senate

eliberate concealment by the nobiles, for their own ends, of the true character of Roman political life, Römische Adelsparteien u

abuse, but very precisely a collection of individuals, its shape and character , so far from fading away on close scrutiny, at on

e their cousins, the three sons of Ap. Pulcher. Of these Claudii, the character of the eldest was made no more amiable by early s

daughter’s husband, M. Calpurnius Bibulus, an honest man, a stubborn character , but of no great moment in politics. 3 Roman no

ty-three and only quaestorian in rank, this man prevailed by force of character . Cato extolled the virtues that won empire for Ro

whom he emulated almost to a parody, Cato the Censor. But it was not character and integrity only that gave Cato the primacy bef

tial death the populace broke up his funeral. 3 Strabo was a sinister character , ‘hated by heaven and by the nobility’, for good

ghter of L. Scribonius Libo (cos. 34 B.C.), cf. below, p. 228. On the character of Ap. Pulcher, P-W III, 2849 ff. 4 Celer to Ci

d secret strength from the antipathy which he felt for the person and character of Caesar. The influence and example of Cato sp

hts, ‘the flower of Italy’. The composition of Caesar’s party and the character of those adherents with whom he supplemented the

of political catch-words and the urgent needs of the Roman State. The character and pursuits of Marcus Brutus, the representative

man. With virtus go libertas and fides, blending in a proud ideal of character and conduct constancy in purpose and act, indepen

and loyal, in manner grave and aloof, seemed to embody that ideal of character , admired by those who did not care to imitate. Hi

ve only in word and gesture, Ap; Claudius and Ahenobarbus, diverse in character but equally a joy and comfort to their enemies.

ds for action, gave his rule as party-leader a personal and monarchic character . Three of the consulars, condemned in the law cou

raetor in 59, cf. P-W VI, 204 ff. For a defence of that much-maligned character P. Vatinius see L. G. Pocock, A Commentary on Cic

c and imperial, but renders it hard to understand the composition and character of the Senate before his Dictatorship NotesPage

oined by the nobilis C. Antonius and the obscure M. Cispius, a man of character and principle who had been condemned on a charge

oncealing behind an attractive and imposing façade certain defects of character and judgement that time and the licence of power

ncour, of misrepresentation. Many of the charges levelled against the character of Antonius such as unnatural vice or flagrant co

t be doubted whether much was still at Rome for Antonius to take. The character and fate of the fund is problematical. 3 The wild

of prefixing or appending to historical narratives an estimate of the character and personality of the principal agent is of doub

aspirations is a question that concerns the ultimate nature of human character and the deepest springs of human action. NotesP

nd in Gaul had meant. Two other measures of a Caesarian and popular character were passed, a law permitting all ex-centurions,

on by loyalty in return. Caesar never let down a friend, whatever his character and station. Antonius imitated his leader which c

h, nothing at all could be discovered. 3 Before long a very different character turns up, the Etruscan magnate C. Maecenas, a dip

ouraged the designs of Octavianus. That was all they had in common in character , career and policy the three consulars were disco

onsulars were discordant and irreconcilable. Piso, an aristocrat of character and discernment, united loyalty to Roman standard

politics again appeared to be degenerating into faction strife. 1 His character was vindicated by his conduct, his sagacity by th

government and a proconsul. Fanatic intensity seems foreign to the character of Cicero, absent from his earlier career: there

civilization tempt and excuse the apologist, when he passes from the character of the orator to defend his policy. It is presump

could not prevail over the doubts and misgivings of men who knew his character and NotesPage=>146 1 BC 53, 6, cf. above,

and debauchery of every degree. Clodius inherited his policy and his character ; and Clodia committed incest with her brother and

duce startling conflicts of testimony and miraculous metamorphoses of character . Catilina was not a monster after all: a blended

ion of a consul’s imperium maius here stated is rather antiquarian in character , to say the least. In neither of these speeches d

llen to seventeen: their effective strength was much less. Various in character , standing and allegiance, as a body they revealed

us, Lepidus and Pollio, Caesarian partisans all three, but diverse in character , attainments and standing; and all three were to

e in the Gallic and in the Civil Wars, was the reverse of a bellicose character . A nice calculation of his own interests and an a

eBook=>166 Lepidus stood, if the word can be used of this flimsy character , was with Antonius, his ally in the days followin

hat Lepidus should choose. Lepidus could afford to wait. A stronger character than either Lepidus or Plancus was C. Asinius Pol

citizens than wreak savage vengeance on the vanquished. 6 To his firm character and Roman patriotism there was something highly d

o Capoparte 1, 229 ff. who perhaps emphasizes too much the impersonal character of the proscriptions. PageBook=>192 Roman

fight them in the East. But the struggle was not purely political in character : it came to resemble a class-war and in the proce

loss both in ability and in distinction, and showed its revolutionary character by its composition as well as by its policy. The

ommemorated only as an admiral, and T. Statilius Taurus, a formidable character . 6 Other new consuls remain enigmatic L. Caninius

M. Antonius and professions of pietas. 2 Fulvia, if anybody, knew the character of her husband: he neither would nor could go bac

us marched northwards and took up a waiting position, as befitted his character , at Spoletium. NotesPage=>210 1 Appian, BC

vice and duplicity perhaps do less than justice to the loyal and open character of Antonius, his position as the colleague of Oct

abruptly divorced Scribonia, his senior by many years and a tiresome character . 1 He then contracted with unseemly haste an alli

as a land-commissioner. The political affiliations of this mysterious character are not unequivocally recorded. PageBook=>23

dea. The task fell to another man from the Sabine country, diverse in character , attainments and allegiance, C. Sallustius Crispu

rief broken sentences, reflecting perhaps some discordance in his own character . The archaisms were borrowed, men said, lifted fr

rmies. From Sallustius history acquired that preoccupation with human character , especially in its secret NotesPage=>249 1

Magnus. 2 The Pompeians retorted by scandalous imputations about the character of the Caesarian writer. 3 In Rome of the Trium

kingdom under the protection of Rome. The clue is to be found in the character of the War of Actium as it was designed and contr

s, no safe guide about Plancus at any time, alleges that this corrupt character , ‘in omnia et omnibus venalis’, had been detected

ed, imposing upon the strife for power an ideal, august and patriotic character . But not all at once. A conscious and united It

e consul Antonius in a public emergency. 2 The oath was personal in character , with concept and phrasing not beyond the reach o

Premerstein, Vont Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 32 ff. 3 On the character , form and true significance of the oath, see, abo

hey bribed or bullied their dependents, just as that wholly admirable character , L. Visidius, had done for Cicero’s consensus Ita

lay and fight a battle with little loss of Roman blood, as fitted the character of a civil war in which men fought, not for a pri

enegade Titius were in charge of the Caesarian legions. The course, character and duration of the battle itself is all a myster

irascible son of the great orator ; 1 in Macedonia, a very different character , the distinguished renegade M. Licinius Crassus

‘imperator’ as a part of his name recalled his Caesarian and military character ; and he ruled the provinces with an authority fam

and former public enemy, still nursed his resentment against Cicero’s character and Cicero’s style; and Pollio detested Plancus.

of his friends hold debate about the ‘optimus status civitatis’. The character and purpose of this work have been variously, som

Not merely did the execution of a consul cast a glaring light on the character of the new Republic and the four cardinal virtues

ncholy, with all the burden of duty and destiny upon him. Augustus’ character remains elusive, despite the authentic details of

is reward not applause or gratitude but the sense of duty done. The character of Marcus Agrippa seems to lack colour and person

r personal. Augustus’ powers were legal in definition, magisterial in character ; and Augustus, Caesar’s heir, a god’s son and sav

were induced to retire by the exercise of moral suasion. 2 The true character of the purge, so gravely attested and so ingenuou

n marriage to the knight Proculeius, who was commended by a blameless character and a healthy distaste for political ambition. 4

ickly abandoned. Not so much because it was a mockery, given the true character of popular election at Rome it was quite superflu

geBook=>368 Augustus, himself of a municipal family, was true in character and in habits to his origin; Roman knights were a

laudii, would have had a dynastic and personal following whatever the character of the Roman constitution: his influence, checked

odies, which kept and left no written records. Their existence, their character and their composition must be deduced from the re

the antiquarian, the administrator or the politician, even though his character and habits were the reverse of sacerdotal. One of

. Augustus wished to remove for a time this unbending and independent character , to prevent him from acquiring personal popularit

ne could doubt who studied dynastic politics and the working of human character . It took an astrologer, the very best of them, to

sinterested integrity. 4 The apparent conflict of testimony about the character of Lollius bears its own easy interpretation. Lol

6 (PIR2, A 369), the son of Paullus and Cornelia, is a more prominent character . His daughter was betrothed to Drusus, son of Ger

the contrary interpretation of this evidence (and consequently of the character and policy of Tiberius), cf. F. Marsh, The Reign

lend of the old and the new, provide some indication of the range and character of Tiberius’ party. Members of families that hith

ituted one emperor for another and changed the personnel, but not the character , of government. The same men who had won the wars

ginally roused the Romans to become conscious of their own individual character as a people. While they took over and assimilated

al actors of the tragedy had little of the traditional Roman in their character . Augustus paid especial honour to the great gener

also came in for the attention of the Princeps. For the formation of character equal to the duties of war and government, the sc

4, 49 ff. Seneca bought the vineyard from Remmius (on which unsavoury character , cf. also Suetonius, De gramm. 23). 2 Odes 3, 2

from a small and old-fashioned town in Latium certain features in his character may not unfairly be attributed the hard realism,

now suffused and transfigured the present, setting up as a model the character and habits of the middle class in the towns of It

ity abated his ardour but did not impair the sceptical realism of his character there is no warrant for loose talk about conversi

us Caesar, divi genus, aurea condet saecula qui rursus Latio. 4 The character of the epic hero is neither splendid nor striking

vium, the city of the Illyrian Veneti, they cannot be detected in the character or in the political sentiments of Virgil and Livy

omanae cedent miracula terrae. 1 Not all the poets were inclined by character or situation to such unreserved eulogies of the N

efore been seen. 8 This unique and spontaneous manifestation bore the character of a plebiscite expressing loyalty to the Princep

ies of the chieftains of Gallia Comata and strove to give the war the character of a crusade. To this end Drusus dedicated at Lug

the Princeps had imported from his municipal origin. The person and character of Augustus and of his friends provided rich mate

, Ateius Capito, the grandson of a Sullan centurion and a subservient character . The politician prospered: the scholarly Labeo co

cero for his own purposes. Yet it may be that his real opinion of the character , policy and style of Cicero was not so far from t

ot be discovered from Livy’s writings alone, without reference to the character of his critic Pollio and of Pollio’s theories abo

er turned prostitute. 1 It was Cassius who defined for all time the character and capacity of Paullus Fabius Maximus. 2 But Cas

rk here, eager to enhance or to invent an obscure origin, a repulsive character and evil deeds against the novi homines prominent

ence of the oldest nobility of Rome revealed its inner falsity in the character of the principes viri, stupidly proud or perverse

terity to interpret the incidents of his career, the achievements and character of his rule. The record is no less instructive fo

Actium, War of, 294 ff.; causes, alleged and real, 270 f., 275; true character , 289; as a myth, 440 f.; as an Italian victory, 4

ly, 231 f.; fall of, 231; remains pontifex maxi-musy 447; death, 469; character , 165 f.; style of politics, 230; use of humanitar

grippa, see Vipsanius. Agrippa Postumus, 410, 416; his unattractive character , 432 f.; relegated to an island, 433, 494; execut

egiance, oaths of, 52, 126, 284 ff. 473; sworn to Livius Drusus, 285; character of in 32 B.C., 288; sworn to Tiberius, 438. All

ons in 32 B.C., 280 ff.; strategy, 294 f.; defeat and death, 295 ff.; character and reputation, 104 f., 121 f., 150, 277, 442; de

5; ranks and officers, 70 f., 353 ff.; size of, 389; alleged national character of, 456 f.; recruiting, 457 f.; specialization in

B.C., 291; under the Principate, 320, 482, 512; his death, 512.; His character , 5 f.; dislikes Cicero, 166, 318, 483; dislikes P

65 f., 472 f.; with the Empire, 323, 365f., 473 ff., 476 f., 521. His character , 2, 113, 340, 346 f., 454, 479 ff.; unduly ideali

. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Q. (cos. 52 B.C.), his origin and character , 36, 40, 45; his consulate, 40; kills L. Ticida,

169, 170, 172; disappears from record, 197; his policy defended, 136; character and philhellenic tastes, 135 f., 149 f., 517; fam

e of, 424; connexions, 424, 434, 437, 496; descendants, 496 ff., 500; character and bibulous habits, 436; as a patron of literatu

tavianus, 236, 376; legate of Hispania Ulterior, 329, 332; his brutal character , 332, 477. Caristanius Fronto, C., of Pisidian

ast, 124, 171 f., 177; campaign of Philippi, 203 ff.; his death, 205; character , 57, 184; his clientela among the Transpadani, 46

.C.), Caesarian, 43, 64. Cassius Severus, the orator, 375, 483; his character , 486; on P. Vitellius and Paullus Fabius Maximus,

e Civil War, 62, 64; relations with Octavianus, 142, 182; death, 217; character , 128; family connexions, 112, 134. Claudius Mar

, 38, 39, 61, 62, 69, 110; his censorship, 41, 66; his feuds, 63; his character , 45; his brothers and sisters, 20, 23; his two da

th Antonius and the problem of their marriage, 261, 273 f., 277, 280; character and ambitions, 274; alleged designs, 283; relativ

4, 426 f., 432, 444, 478; in general, 479. Constitution, the Roman, character of, 11 f., 152 f., 370; usefulness of, 38, 316, 3

ia, 124, 166; actions in the East, 171 f.; defeat and death, 203; his character , 69, 150 f PageBook=>544 Cornelius Dolabel

5; proconsul of Africa, 395; in Illyricum, 400; in Germany, 401, 431; character of, 421 f., 510. Domitius Apulus, Antonian, 132

5, 405, 474; in Spain, 401; propagator of the imperial cult, 474; his character as defined by Cassius Severus, 487; by Horace, 51

62, 81; his death, 62; no consular son, 498; alleged vices, 149; his character defended, 66 f.; origin, 31, 92. Gadara, 150, 3

133, 176; in the War of Mutina, 167, 169, 173 f.; his death, 174; his character and activities, 71; writings, 71, 148, 460; origi

s, 16, 218; at Tarentum, 225; early life and writings, 254; style and character , 255, 461; on Marsians and Apulians, 287; on Cleo

pio, 23 f., 196. Hortensii, 492. Hortensius, Q. (cos. 69 B.C.), his character and wealth, 21; political activity, 22, 23, 28, 3

ealth, 21; political activity, 22, 23, 28, 33, 39; his death, 44, 61; character of his oratory, 245; his town house, 380. Horte

ion of Italy, 82, 89 ff., 92 ff., 359; his liberal policy, 365 f. His character , 25, 70, 121 f.; insistence on dignitas, 48, 70,

is allies and relatives, 44 f., 69, 95, 163, 198, 205 f., 492 f.; his character , 57 f., 147f., 183 f., 320; philosophical studies

70 B.C.), 8; his career, 22, 26, 29, 33 f., 35 f., 37; death, 38; his character , 22; wealth, 12; a dictum about politics, 12; con

tory, Roman Poets. Livia Drusilla, her marriage to Octavianus, 229; character and ambitions of, 340 f.; her success in 23 B.C.,

with Augustus, 317, 464; as a ‘Pompeianus’, 317, 464; his style, 486; character of his history, 464 f.; pessimism of his Preface,

a, 199, 206, 229. Livius Drusus Libo, M. (cos. 15 B.C.), a mysterious character , 422, 425. Lollia, wife of A. Gabinius, 31. Lol

f., 460, 466 f.; in 23 B.C., 340,341 f.; as a domestic minister, 347; character and vices, 341 f., 409, 452; luxury, 342; wealth,

ith Octavianus, 114, 128, 134, 142, 147, 164, 167, 169, 170, 322; his character , 128; family and kinsmen, 36, 112, 128. Marcius

gustus’, 314, 411; as censor, 339, 402; his priest in Caria, 404; his character , 165, 511; rehabilitation, 511; origin of his fam

pedigree of, 495. Nerva, the Emperor, 415; his connexions, 501 f.; character of his rule, 517, 518. Neutrality, in civil war,

of Sallustius, 154, 248 f., 515; of Tacitus, 512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff., 119 ff., 152 ff; distaste fo

freedmen, 76, 385; provincial clientela, 30, 42, 74 ff., 261 ff. His character , 26 f., 137; as a champion of the Republic, 50 f.

Q. (tr. pl. 52 B.C.), 279. Pompeius Strabo, Cn. (cos. 89 B.C.), his character and actions, 28; adherents and clientela, 71, 75.

sses the consulate, 40; in the Civil Wars, 46, 49, 50; bis death, 50; character , 26; dominated by Servilia, 23; influence on Brut

of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff., 516 ff.; organic and personal character of, 322 f., 520 f.; collegiality, 337 f., 346 f.,

cipate, 477. Proculeius, C., Roman knight, 236, 266, 299, 334, 409; character and virtues of, 334, 358. Procurators, 356. P

; responsibility for the disaster, 511; connexions of, 424, 434, 437; character , 511; his son, 496. Quinctilius Varus, Sex. (q.

indirect, 364, 519. Republic, Restoration of, 3, 313 ff., 323; true character of, 325, 351. Republicanism, in the Principate

. Republicanism, in the Principate of Augustus, 320, 420, 506; true character of, 514; in northern Italy, 465, 478. Republica

aesar, 110 f.; retires from politics, 247 f.; allegations against his character , 250; his historical writings, 248 f.; his Histor

, 385; his gardens, 380; his son, 384; removes Agrippa Postumus, 439; character and services of, 410, 412. Sallustius Passienus

ns with Octavianus, 182, 189; his second consulate, 197, 208; career, character and connexions, 69, 136; descendants, 298, 492.

; owned by Taurus and Lollius, 381; enfranchisement, 446. Snobbery, character of, at Rome, 150 f., 358, 509 f.; in the municipi

of his position as emperor, 505, 521; edits the Res Gestae, 522. His character , 417; Republicanism, 344 f., 418; detests servili

f., 183 ff.; proscription and death, 192; Pollio’s verdict, 192.; His character , 122, 138, 320 f.; wealth, 195; town house, 195,

iberators, 198, 206; his consulate, 339; governor of Syria, 303, 309; character , 303; no descendants, 498. Tullius Cicero, Q.,

72; in the War of Mutina, 173 f., 176; alleged death-bed advice, 177; character and policy, 133; his wife, 134; no consular desce

371, 388 f.; in Spain, 333, 389, 457; in Illyricum, 391; death, 391; character , 341, 343 f; Republicanism, 343, 413; disliked by