o NotesPage=>005 1 As Pollio has perished, Tacitus and Sallust can be drawn upon for compensation. For example, the

PageBook=>011 hundred senators the names of some four hundred can be identified, many of them obscure or casually k

nt needs of the Roman People. About Caesar’s ultimate designs there can be opinion, but no certainty. The acts and projec

(1914), 112 ff. Phil. 2, 110, however, is a difficult passage. Yet it can hardly be proved that Caesar devised a comprehens

as a realist and an opportunist. In the short time at his disposal he can hardly have made plans for a long future or laid

anda for his friend and patron, attacking the memory of Cato. History can show no writings of Pansa, or of C. Matius, the C

he more powerful attraction. In the last decade of the Republic there can have been few intrigues conducted and compacts ar

Helvius Cinna, tribune of the plebs in 44 B.C.4 Gallia Narbonensis can assert a peculiar and proper claim to be the home

um dignitatis. ’ 4 Three brothers, L., C. and P. Hostilius Saserna, can be distinguished, of whom the first at least was

nsulate to the backing of the Scipiones. The influence of the Claudii can be discerned in the elevation of M. Perperna (cos

een their ancestor (Festus, p. 38 L). 4 The consul L. Junius Brutus can hardly be accepted as historical, cf. now P-W, Su

. 2 The unification of Italy is often dated much too early. That it can have been neither rapid nor easy is demonstrated

the Civil War, though no previous affiliations or service in his army can be detected. Others, failing contradictory record

. The Paeligni have to wait a generation yet, it is true, before they can show a senator; 4 the leading families of the Pae

others not to be closely defined: an origin from the towns of Picenum can be surmised for certain of Caesar’s partisans, wh

lects. The advance of alien stocks in the governing hierarchy of Rome can be discovered from nomenclature. 1 The earliest a

ed by Münzer (P- W, Supp. v, 375 f.), is certainly attractive. A case can be made out for March 21st or 22nd, cf. S. Accame

the year, by his enemies in a manner which on any theory of legality can only be branded as high treason. So far the ple

13, 5. 3 Phil. 10, 22 (Saxa and Cafo); the activities of Ventidius can be deduced from subsequent events, perhaps also f

ve adherents of some note participated in the venture. Only two names can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9 NotesPage

s Caesarian leader beside Antonius, only eight men of senatorial rank can be discovered among his generals and they are not

l ideal, though not in the means he adopted to attain it. His defence can hardly cover the whole of his career. Yet it woul

not a Cato or a Brutus; and Brutus later remarked ‘as long as Cicero can get people to give him what he wants, to flatter

the desire for fame is not in itself an infirmity or a vice. Ambition can be legitimate and laudable. De gloria was written

d intensity, among the most splendid of all the orations. But oratory can be a menace to posterity as well as to its author

tention. PageBook=>155 the profession of which ideals no party can feel secure and sanguine, whatever be the acts of

servire temporibus. ’ PageBook=>166 Lepidus stood, if the word can be used of this flimsy character, was with Antoni

NotesPage=>167 1 Phil. 5. Something at least of Calenus’ speech can be recovered from Dio (46, 1, ff.). 2 Res Gesta

S XXVII (1937), 221. Cicero’s proposal to have the proconsul outlawed can hardly be described as constitutional. ‘Eine staa

a reasoned and balanced estimate of the situation. But more than this can be said. Pollio, the would-be neutral, the cautio

omed by the populace and by the Senate with a sincere fervour such as can have attended none of his more recent predecessor

dius, Saturninus, Thermus, Antistius, Fannius and Libo. These persons can mostly be identified. There is only one difficult

o excuse for delay to restore constitutional government. Few senators can have believed in the sincerity of such profession

vernor of all Spain for Octavianus the year after. No other nobilis can be found holding military command under Caesar’s

s under the Triumvirate (43–33 B.C.), the following brief computation can be made. Excluding the Triumvirs, and iterations,

gents were already at work. But the acts of the young dynast even now can hardly have foretold the power and splendour of t

65 at not less than a quarter of his whole army. 1 Higher estimates can be discovered the failure in Media was soon taken

rsuasive, but it is not history. Up to a point the acts of Antonius can be recovered and explained. When he disposed of k

whole world? Again the argument is from intentions intentions which can hardly have been as apparent to Antonius’ Republi

th was imposed. In the military colonies and they were numerous there can have been little difficulty. Though many of the v

preserves the opinions of Pollio concerning these transactions and it can be well understood. His comments would have been

.; G. W. Richardson, JRS XXVII (1937), 1 ff. Against Tarn’s theory it can be argued, with Kromayer, that Antonius had alrea

itting. To the Roman, peace was not a vague emollient: the word ‘pax’ can seldom be divorced from notions of conquest, or a

publication of the last book of the Odes (13 B.C.) the ruler of Rome can still be called ‘dux’—but with a difference and w

on. It is time to turn from words and theories. Only a robust faith can discover authentic relics of Cicero in the Republ

dents in constitutional practice or anticipations in political theory can only lead to schematism and a dreary delusion. Au

ustus either noble in birth or consular in rank. Not a single nobilis can be found among his legates in the first dozen yea

rial provinces in the East has been argued, but cannot be proved. Nor can precision be extorted from Josephus’ statement (A

oς Kαίσαρι. Against a grant of authority over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later, in 20 a

llies of early days there was no love lost. The men of the Revolution can scarcely be described as slaves to tradition: but

eme of things was saved. A democracy cannot rule an empire. Neither can one man, though empire may appear to presuppose m

t;354 By a regular feature of the Augustan system senior centurions can pass directly into the militia equestris and qual

Roman Emperor. 3 By the time of the Flavian dynasty a common soldier can rise to be governor of the province of Raetia. 4

Gallus are symbols of the Revolution. Peace and a well-ordered state can do without such men. NotesPage=>355 1 Caes

ebiscite of all Italy. So the New State, perpetuating the Revolution, can boast rich and regular corps of novi homines, obs

unstprosa 1, 289 f. A portion of Fabius’ letter to the cities of Asia can be recovered from several fragmentary copies, OGI

d rumoured about Livia poison and murder. Her power and her following can be detected in the time of her son, most distaste

s, is honoured by Horace with the dedication of an ode. 2 The nobiles can hardly be said to fare any better. 3 To the milit

long as it was senatorial, and Macedonia, while it retained legions, can furnish examples of consular proconsuls. The Se

nsferred to the legate of Moesia. 5 However that may be, no consulars can be established in this period, only praetorians i

m profit, for the governor now received a salary in money. 5 Politics can be controlled but not abolished, ambition curbed

nn, Zur Rechtsprechung im Principat des Augustus (1935), 93 ff. There can hardly be any doubt that their powers were develo

Ep. VIII, p. 317, probably of 21 B.C., mentions a Cn. Dom[itius], who can hardly be anybody else. On this, and on other rel

s return. 3 Much happened in that dark and momentous interval, little can be known. 4 With the steady and public progress o

us Asprenas, cos. suff. A.D. 6, of a family of the new nobility which can show highly eminent connexions at this time: the

rive from Augustus’ accusations against his daughter. The same source can be detected in Pliny, NH 21, 9; Dio 55, 10, 12.

egionary in the time of Augustus far too high. 3 Indirect arguments can be used. For example, Narbonensis supplies only t

from Noricum (ILS 2033) and Thracians from Macedonia (ILS 2030; 2032) can also be found. 4 Compare the list of soldiers f

fe and was dedicated to two sons of this Piso is so plausible that it can dispense with the support of Porphyrio. PageBoo

of his high mission, Aeneas is sober, steadfast and tenacious: there can be no respite for him, no repose, no union of hea

ot think that moral laxity was a topic of innocent amusement. 4 Nor can Ovid himself be taken seriously in his role of a

of Augustus’ granddaughter Julia (A.D. 8) provided the excuse. There can be no question of any active complicity on the pa

as suppressed for alleged conspiracy against Caligula, and the family can show no consuls in any branch after Nero. 5 The C

sons, no doubt, for the choice. There were others: at this time there can have been in existence few direct descendants eve

ne may dazzle, but it cannot blind, the critical eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name,

d as ‘nobilissimus vir, amicus meus’. 4 The successful novi homines can stand their ground. Superfluous the effort either

ulteriora mirari, praesentia sequi’. 2 Even among the nobiles there can have been few genuine Republicans in the time of

counted their life, deeds and destiny for glory or for politics: none can have fabricated history with such calm audacity.

s (Scipio) and T. Peducaeus are new. 32 and 29 B.C. The two Valerii can now be clearly distinguished (for earlier difficu