of military tyrants. In these last and fatal convulsions, disaster came upon disaster, ever more rapid. Three of the mona

n the beginning kings ruled at Rome, and in the end, as was fated, it came round to monarchy again. Monarchy brought concord

e of liberty and of peace. Those ideals were incompatible. When peace came , it was the peace of despotism. ‘Cum domino pax i

tten law, but through auctoritas; and the name of principes civitatis came suitably to be applied to the more prominent of t

Antonii. C. Scribonius Curio (cos. 76), a man of capacity and repute, came of a senatorial family that had not previously re

r a time the most distinguished of the principes, resentful or inert, came to shun the duties of their estate. The vain Hort

lli, Celer and Nepos in capacity no exception to their family. 2 Next came their cousins, the three sons of Ap. Pulcher. Of

e the dedication nr. Cupra Maritima (ILS 878). 6 Labienus certainly came from Picenum (Cicero, Pro Rabirio perduellionis r

dynasts’ coalition seemed likely to collapse. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus came forth with his candidature and loud threats that

lled to offer Pompeius the consulate, without colleague. The proposal came from Bibulus, the decision was Cato’s.5 The pre

med likely to throw over his ally. On December 1st Curio’s proposal came up in the Senate again, revealing an overpowering

ther-in-law, Q. Metellus Scipio, two Lentuli and two Marcelli. 2 Then came the enigmatic Appius Claudius Pulcher, proud, cor

He hoped to employ the leading nobiles to destroy Caesar, whether it came to war or not, in either way gaining the mastery.

domination over his nephew more powerfully than ever in life. Brutus came to feel shame for his own disloyalty: he composed

isan before turning popularis, Pompeius by his latest change of front came back to earlier alliances. Sulla restored the o

aelius, the fashionable and extravagant son of a parsimonious banker, came over from a calculation of success, by reason of

dius Pulcher in 51 (Ad fam. 8, 6, 1), so he had little choice when it came to civil war. Caesar designated him for the consu

act of Luca reunited the dynasts and saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Crassus defended

his possession a dramatic poem written by the younger Balbus. Gallus came from Forum Julii (Jerome, Chron., p. 164 H). His

e, Sat. 1, 3, 130) could be trusted, P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39) came from Cremona. As for Helvius Cinna, cf. fr. 1 of

ted to Rome: hence the Julii and the Servilii. Out of the Sabine land came Attus Clausus with the army of his clients and se

f. Münzer, RA, 55 f. 6 Münzer, RA, 56 ff. He argues that the Atilii came from Campania (58 f.), the Otacilii from Benevent

rs ranked in dignity almost with the patriciate of Rome. The Fulvii came from Tusculum, the Plautii from Tibur. 1 The Marc

from Tusculum. 5 C. Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus, probably came from a non-Roman family of municipal aristocracy;

ied classes had good reason to fear a social revolution. Before peace came another civil war supervened, into which Etruria

s like M. Caelius Rufus and Cn. Plancius, bankers’ sons both. Caelius came from Tusculum and probably needed little help. 5

martial regions of Italy, as their names often testify. 7 All classes came in. The towns of Italy welcomed the resurgence of

e military man C. Carrinas is presumably Umbrian or Etruscan. 4 Pansa came from Perusia,5 but was a senator already. The Sab

8). PageBook=>091 Caesar’s senators. 1 The ex-centurion Fango came from the colony of Acerrae. 2 Some of Caesar’s

iberty was restored. A lull followed and bewilderment. Sympathizers came to the Capitol but did not stay long, among them

as absent for a month. Various intrigues were devised against him but came to nothing. When he returned, it was to discover

s, the grandson of one of his sisters. On the paternal side the youth came of a respectable family that lacked nobility: his

tavianus, though a patrician, had designs upon this office. 1 Nothing came of it for the moment: at need, he would always be

hatever his character and station. Antonius imitated his leader which came easy to his open nature: Octavianus also, though

intentions nothing was known. But late in October disquieting news came to Rome through private sources. It was reported

de of Antonius with a bill of attainder against Octavianus. 1 Nothing came of this perhaps the situation was too serious. No

Not only his soldiers but his partisans were being seduced a report came that another legion, the Fourth, under Antonius’

amily and extraction of respectable municipal men. Octavianus’ mother came from the small town of Aricia! From dealing wit

. Seven months pass, and he has money, troops and a following. Whence came his adherents and his political funds? Family a

s enriched himself further by the purchase of confiscated estates: he came from Velitrae, Octavianus’ own town. 1 Evidence

gracious disposition to please and to flatter on the other. Cicero came close to being a neutral in the Civil War. Return

ageBook=>138 stronger. Not that Cicero expected war and when war came , even Cato seemed willing to go back upon his pri

like Balbus were of more use to a busy and imperious autocrat. Then came the Ides of March and, two days later, the meetin

nturing to attack the policy of Antonius, Cicero, it might be argued, came out into the open at last, and made history by a

r the moment, a lull in affairs. Early in October the storm broke. It came from another quarter. The collected correspondenc

ffensive was therefore launched earlier than had been expected. Now came the last and heroic hour, in the long and varied

d, this supplement to the Republic. After the Ides of March, however, came a new impulsion to demonstrate his conception of

was seldom dreary, hypocritical or edifying. Persons, not programmes, came before the People for their judgement and approba

and champions of Rome’s empire might become her citizens! Where a man came from did not matter at all at Rome it had never m

trivial provinces of Crete and Cyrene was a fair conjecture. Rumours came from NotesPage=>166 1 D. Brutus called him

ady been established and made public on December 20th. On January 1st came the time for action. Hirtius and Pansa opened the

uted in the Cisalpina. Cicero pressed his advantage. Early in March came the news that Dolabella, passing through Asia on

patriotic front. 1 The project was therefore wrecked. On March 20th came dispatches from Lepidus and Plancus, acting in co

or the patriotic fervour of the levies of Republican Italy. 4 When it came to battle at Mutina, the grim and silent sword-wo

ublicans in the East, crushed and exterminated. If Brutus and Cassius came to Italy with their host of seventeen legions, hi

But even now there were some who did not lose hope. In the evening came a rumour that the two legions which had deserted

the East. But the struggle was not purely political in character: it came to resemble a class-war and in the process transf

From virtue or from caution, men refused to purchase estates as they came upon the market. Money soared in value. The Trium

and the retiring quaestors of Asia and Syria; 7 and from Italy there came sympathizers, among them M. Valerius Messalla, a

nfluence, cf. W. Schulze, LE, 531 ff. Münzer, however, argues that he came from the ancient colony of Norba, P-W xvii, 926.

; cf. ILS 886. 8 Velleius 2, 75. PageBook=>211 Still no sign came from the East. In Perusia the consul professed th

: he prepared a fleet and looked about for allies. From Sex. Pompeius came envoys, with offer of alliance. 6 Failing a gener

Antonius, who had fled to Sicily. Ti. Claudius Nero and his wife also came to Greece about this time. PageBook=>216 i

ns. 4 Pollio may have departed to Macedonia about the same time if he came to Rome to assume the insignia of his consulate,

lien or domestic adherents. Whether from choice or from necessity, he came to rely more and more upon the services of his Gr

oment Antonius was loyal to the Caesarian alliance; but Antonius, who came to Brundisium but departed again without a confer

eius 2, 85, 2). 8 Porphyrio on Horace, Sat. 1, 3, 130, says that he came from Cremona. Virgil dedicated to him the sixth o

tribes up to the line of the Dinaric Alps, but not beyond it. If war came , he would secure Italy in the north-east from an

andidate for 65 B.C. The Antonian, or ex-Antonian, C. Fonteius Capito came of a highly reputable praetorian family, L. Vinic

il his heir discountenanced an uncomfortable theme. Oppius and Balbus came forward to protect the memory of their friend and

and Cornificius was born of reputable senatorial stock. The rest all came from the province of Gallia Cisalpina, Cato, it w

us’ (Suetonius, De rhet. 3). 2 Suetonius, De gram. 11. 3 Catullus came from Verona. That Brixia was the home of Cinna ha

nna, and others of their friends were found on Caesar’s side when war came . 1 The men were dead, and their fashion of poet

ad, and their fashion of poetry lost favour rapidly. Young Propertius came too late. The consular Pollio, however, who had t

d abuse had likewise been silent under the rule of the Triumvirs. Now came a sudden revival, heralded by the private corresp

d. He respected the constitution and dispensed with it. When the time came , he went beyond Senate and People, appealing to a

uld see that divorce, like marriage, was an act of high politics. Now came an opportune discovery so opportune that forgery

n and by violence, Italy was forced into a struggle which in time she came to believe was a national war. The contest was pe

aul about the time of the battle of Actium (Dio 51, 20, 5), certainly came from Aesernia (ILS 895); and Sex. Appuleius was p

ei commanded adequate influence in Corduba; 3 and Forum Julii, whence came Cornelius Gallus and the ancestors of Cn. Julius

nferior to Italians, it is true, but by no means contemptible if they came from the virile and martial populations of Macedo

marshals (no fewer than six in 28-26 B.C.) were fairly earned. Then came the reckoning with Antonius. In the summer of the

also acquired the force and meaning of ‘dominatus’. 3 Caesar’s heir came to use the term ‘princeps’, but not as part of an

found a secure haven. The uncontrolled libertas or ferocia of Pollio came as a verbal reminder of that tradition. Pollio, i

y trouble. PageNote. 331 (No Notes) PageBook=>332 Augustus came to Gaul. A vain expectation was abroad, made voca

owed to retain senatorial rank, in name at least. As soon as a census came they would forfeit it, if they had lost their for

to secure admission to the Senate for numerous Italians. Their chance came with Caesar. Sick of words and detesting the cham

from Etruria eastwards towards Picenum and the Sabine land. Now they came from all Italy in its widest extension, from the

61 Some were recent upstarts, enriched by murder and rapine. Others came from the ancient aristocracy of the land, dynasti

o Etruscan origin (Schulze, LE, 138). Post. Mimisius Sardus certainly came from Asisium, of a family of municipal magistrate

f Lanuvium. 1 L. Tarius Rufus, ‘infima natalium humilitate’, probably came from Picenum. 2 The origin of M. Lollius and of P

ry. Picenum, as would be expected, supplied soldiers: the two Poppaei came from an obscure community in that region. 6 Larin

. 6 B.C.) was senatorial. L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. suff. 12 B.C.) came of an old praetorian family. L. Aelius Lamia (cos

os. suff. A.D. 5) and A. Vibius Habitus (cos. suff. A.D. 8) certainly came from Larinum (CIL IX, 730): for earlier members o

note, who adopted one of the three sons of Seneca the Elder, probably came from Spain (P-W x, 1035 f.). (Q.) Pompeius Macer

at Pisidian Antioch). 4 Not only Gallus. C. Turranius (c. 7-4 B.C.) came from Spain, if he is rightly to be identified wit

r been senators, such as Balbus the Elder and Salvidienus Rufus. Rome came to witness younger and younger consuls Pollio at

an as a millionaire in his own right. Agrippa rose out of nothing: he came to own the whole of the peninsula of Gallipoli. 2

Velleius 2, 16, 3; for his son, ILS 5318. M. Magius Maximus certainly came from Aeclanum (ILS 1335). As the gentilicium is n

gainst Catilina, perhaps, but not against Pompeius or Caesar. When it came to maintaining public concord after the assassina

ork. After a sojourn of four years as vicegerent of the East, Agrippa came to Rome in 13 B.C., to find Augustus newly return

t. 4 The kingdom of Noricum was annexed about the same time. 5 Then came the turn of Illyricum and the Balkans. In 14 or 1

paigns against the Germans were conducted by Tiberius. Then in 6 B.C. came a crisis in the family and the party of Augustus.

Sabinus). 5 Frontinus, De aq. 98 and 116. PageBook=>403 Then came the affair of Egnatius Rufus, which showed how da

ustus the Father of his Country. 3 Religion, law and literature all came under guidance, from above and from behind. The c

oval and bided his time with secret exultation. 3 In the next year it came out. Gaius was to have the consulate after an int

lasses, recognized the son of Augustus as a prince and ruler; and men came to speak of him as a designated Princeps. 1 To Ga

be idle indeed to speculate upon the composition of a body that never came into existence, were there not attested certain e

us Seianus and the military tribune Velleius Paterculus. 2 Tiberius came to Samos with due submission to pay his respects

eyond all measure by his detractors. 5 In the following year Augustus came to Gaul, Tiberius with him. Tiberius inherited Lo

obiles her allies; and in A.D.I, when his son and heir was consul, he came safely through the climacteric year of a man’s li

the politician. He was not given the command of an army. L. Arruntius came of a wealthy and talented family, newly ennobled

d of Tiberius, is attested as governor of Syria (A.D. 4-5); after him came Quirinius (A.D. 6). 6 M. Plautius Silvanus gove

al distinction although the first consul in his family. 6 After Lamia came Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (cos. 1 B.C.), the dist

m rule in Rome, Italy and the provinces, that was not enough. Peace came , and order; but the State, still sorely ailing, l

the matter of inheriting property. The education of the young also came in for the attention of the Princeps. For the for

collapse of Rome and the Empire, engendered a feeling of guilt it all came from neglect of the ancient gods. The evil went b

their names to the Lex Papia Poppaea had wife or child. 2 One of them came of a noble Samnite family now reconciled to Rome:

of an uncompromising party of puritan nationalists. Augustus himself came of a municipal family. To his origin from a sma

was forced to express his doubts to the Senate. 1 That a change later came over the Roman aristocracy was evident to the his

quid semper abest rei. 2 Without need of apology and more naturally came the moral, rustic and patriotic vein to the poet

f the fire and passion of the Transpadane Catullus was born again. He came from Asisium, neighbour city to unhappy Perusia,

mea selecto iudice iussa fuga est. ’ PageBook=>469 When famine came and the mob complained of the dearness of wine, t

Pollio and rescued through the personal intervention of Augustus, who came to the court and sat there. 2 He did not need to

ance and treatment appropriate to the writing of history. Pollio, who came from a poor and infertile region of Italy, knew w

ollio secure from reprisals as well as formidable in attack. Labienus came of a loyal Pompeian family reduced in circumstanc

the Porcii lapsed into obscurity if not extinction. 1 No more consuls came of the Luculli, the Lutatii, the Hortensii, the S

reign of Claudius. Pollio was survived by only one son, Gallus, who came to a miserable end. But Gallus propagated the Asi

s Seneca’s brother-in-law, from Arelate, Pliny NH 33, 143: the latter came from Vasio (CIL XII, 1354). 3 That Pompeia Plot

the latter came from Vasio (CIL XII, 1354). 3 That Pompeia Plotina came from Nemausus is made probable, but not proved, b

aetulicus, who conspired with M. Aemilius Lepidus and was suppressed, came another nobilis, Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 1 A few ye

ing to his name or his reputation. 4 But the prediction made long ago came true fear, folly or ambition spurred Galba to emp

history in epic verse, a typical and traditional occupation at Rome, came from Corduba. His Pharsalia recorded the doom of

magis ipsum sponte sua cecidit sub leges artaque iura. 3 So order came to Rome. ‘Acriora ex eo vincula’, as Tacitus obse

isasters on the frontiers of empire. 1 Yet for all that, when the end came it found him serene and cheerful. On his death-be