and not to be defined. Auctoritas is the word his enemies would have called it potentia. They were right. Yet the ‘Restoratio

and the feuds of the dynasts, monarchic faction- leaders as they were called , the Free State perished NotesPage=>008 1

rovinces. Crassus was in the habit of observing that nobody should be called rich who was not able to maintain an army on his

s oligarchy was the powerful house of the Caecilii Metelli, whom some called stupid. 1 Their heraldic badge was an elephant, c

h and wealth, linked by ties of kinship and reciprocal interest. They called themselves Optimates: they might properly be desc

able forces, entangled in the embrace of perfidious allies: or, as he called it himself, patriotic submission to the needs of

to his army for protection. NotesPage=>048 1 What is commonly called the ‘Rechtsfrage’, and interminably discussed, de

Under his rule Caesar the Dictator was either suppressed outright or called up from time to time to enhance the contrast betw

of Caesar. 4 The Marian tradition in politics was carried on by men called populares. Pompeius had once been a popularis, us

as Caesar and he would keep faith. ’1 As he also observed, ‘If he had called upon the services of thugs and brigands in defenc

l beyond the Alps, the provincia (or Narbonensis as it was soon to be called ), there was a chieftain of the Vocontii who had l

1. The maternal grandfather of L. Calpurnius Piso was a business man called Calventius from that colony, Cicero, In Pisonem f

llus came from Forum Julii (Jerome, Chron., p. 164 H). His father was called Cn. Cornelius (ILS 8995), and may be a Gallic not

whose unofficial follies did not prevent them from rising, when duty called , to services of conspicuous ability or the most d

property, however, he must have rejoiced in secret. 5 Then Octavianus called on Cicero. The illustrious orator was flattered:

rsonal courage was often but another name for rashness. But the times called for daring and the example of Caesar taught him t

t’s son, legate in the Gallic and Civil Wars, and a mysterious person called L. Pinarius Scarpus were nephews of the Dictator:

in truth what in defamation the most admirable causes had often been called a faction: its activity lay beyond the constituti

se medium esse vult in patria manet’ (May, 49 B.C.).. 3 As Mommsen called it, Ges. Schr. iv, 173. Cf. Dio 46, 34. 4 Ad At

s of the consul. His observations were negative and provocative: they called forth from Antonius complaints of violated friend

1. PageBook=>143 professed the utmost devotion for Cicero and called him ‘father’ an appellation which the sombre Brut

vout but harmless Pythagorean practices; 8 and Gabinius had once been called a ‘vir fortis’, a pillar of Rome’s empire and hon

tandard jests, treasured by friends as well as enemies. Ventidius was called a muleteer:8 the fullest elaboration on that them

rogress, not to abstract right and abstract justice, but to something called mos maiorum. This was not a code of constitutiona

um est et senatore et Romano homine moriamur. PageBook=>157 be called , being not so much ethical qualities as standards

most feudal form of clientship: on a favourable estimatė the bond was called amicitia, otherwise factio. 1 Such alliances eith

Italy so as to exert unofficial pressure on the government. This was called a consensus: the term coniuratio is more revealin

Senate. Only three, so Cicero, writing to Cassius, asserted, could be called statesmen and patriots himself, L. Piso and P. Se

fair conjecture. Rumours came from NotesPage=>166 1 D. Brutus called him ‘homo ventosissimus’ (Ad fam. 11, 9, 1); Cice

peted for the right to prosecute. Agrippa indicted Cassius,1 a person called L. Cornificius marked down Brutus as his prey.

of the services to the Triumvirs of either Asprenas or of any person called Marcius. 4 L. Staius Murcus was active for the

ions sent to him by Ventidius under the command of an enigmatic alien called Machaeras (Josephus, BJ 1, 317, &c). The name

tonius, and prosecuted Republican propaganda. Officers intervened and called a conference. A compromise was reached, but the m

the Antonian generals. The soldierly Ventidius knew that Plancus had called him a muleteer and a brigand; and Pollio hated Pl

Yet the very existence, not merely the relevance, of Saloninus may be called into doubt; 5 further, there is no reason to imag

emorated. 1 At the end of 33 B.C. the Triumvirate (as it may still be called despite the disappearance of Lepidus) was due to

e of time permitted the Revolution (for such it may with propriety be called ) to acquire permanence and stability. The benefic

of the nobiles when they contemplated the golden crown worn by a man called Vipsanius, or the elephant of Cornificius. It wou

C. Helvius Cinna, the learned author of an elaborate and obscure poem called Smyrna, was torn to pieces by the Roman mob in mi

-place of Bibaculus. PageBook=>252 The new poets, as they were called , possessed a common doctrine and technique: it wa

rted corn, may have reinforced the argument for self-sufficiency, and called up from the Roman past a figure beloved of sentim

of Laodicea, took up arms to defend their cities ; 5 and a brigand called Cleon, born in an obscure Phrygian village, harri

n his honour: this conjecture is confirmed by the existence of a city called Titiopolis in the same region (after M. Titius).

(praefectus), C. Julius Papius, and some centurions, among them a man called Demetrius. A neglected passage in Josephus (BJ 1,

apital city of Egypt on the first day of August. Such was the episode called the Bellum Alexandrinum. Cleopatra survived Ant

ttle of Actium and the defeat of the greatest soldier of the day that called forth the shrillest jubilation from the victors,

werful body of senators. 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2. 3 A woman called ‘Licinia P. f. Galli (uxor)’ was buried in the se

eady to hand. The leading statesmen of the Republic had commonly been called principes, in recognition of their authority or t

of the last book of the Odes (13 B.C.) the ruler of Rome can still be called ‘dux’—but with a difference and with the appendag

f ‘princeps’ and eager for warlike glory was flattered when his poets called him ‘dux’ and ‘ductor’. 4 So much for Rome, the

was soon to found—the Roman State anew. He might therefore have been called Romulus, for the omen of twelve vultures had gree

ctified Cato were not the only victims of the Civil Wars who could be called up and enlisted in the service of the revived Rep

t as his dearest wish to be known as the ‘optimi status auctor’. 2 He called it the Optimus status’ himself: the writer who ha

The Princeps would never have denied it. Only ghosts and words were called up to comfort the living and confound posterity.

legates as his subordinates. 2 Provinces so large and so important called for proconsuls of consular rank, with a tenure lo

s no longer a province, but the Alpine lands, restless and unsubdued, called for attention. A beginning had been made; 3 and t

t or an absentee. That would take time. Augustus’ provincia at once called for attention. He turned first to the provinces o

ved long ago by Livia, that astute politician whom her great-grandson called ‘the Roman Ulysses’. 1 For her son she might have

observed when speaking of these men. 1 Such a triumvirate existed, called into being not by any pre-ordained harmony or the

7 B.C. (ILS 5050, 1. 150). C. Furnius, along with a mysterious person called C. Cluvius (PIR2, C 1204), was specially adlected

onius, Cal. 23, 2 (Aufidius Lurco or rather, Alfidius: her mother was called Alfidia, ILS 125). 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 3: ‘atque

separate provinces; many of them by the size of their armies already called for legates of consular standing. Yet this was ap

the Roman People was led to believe. In this year a public monument called the Ara Pacis was solemnly dedicated. 3 Peace cal

public monument called the Ara Pacis was solemnly dedicated. 3 Peace called for new and greater wars. The legions were rejuve

M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 98 ff. Whether or no he should be called co-regent is a question of terminology. 3 Res G

rominent in historical record, was not the only Eastern province that called for special treatment. The legates of Galatia are

nty years before in the Thracian War of Piso, so now the Balkan lands called again for reinforcement from the armies of the Ea

Augustus devised posts to be held by Roman knights. For the rest, he called upon senators; and the presidents of the various

s aedium sacrarum et operum locorumque publicorum, as they were later called . 4 Frontinus, De aq. 99 and 102. 5 On the wor

the procuratorships of the imperial provinces. But it was a freedman called Licinus who assessed and exploited for Augustus t

ishing his resentment upon a diet of science and letters. His enemies called it secret vice. 1 Like Agrippa, beneath the mask

crat. Illicit and exorbitant power, ‘regnum’ or ‘dominatio’ as it was called , was no new thing in the history of Rome or in th

is not quite clear: the adopted son of L. Arruntius (cos. A.D. 6) is called L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus; and his son i

iously impairing the interests or the prestige of Rome, none the less called for attention. Moreover it was advisable to displ

rother Claudius, whom some thought stupid and whom his mother Antonia called a monster, was not a decorative figure. But Claud

d opposition (28 B.C.)2 But reform was in the air. The unpopular task called for a statesman of resolution ’iustum et tenacem

t the Parthians; and the Principate, for all its profession of peace, called on Rome and Italy to supply soldiers for warfare

Though a number of these men may have practised commerce and might be called town-dwellers, especially the freedman class, the

2483: two Galatians bear the name of M. Lollius. For another soldier called M. Lollius, IGRR III, 1476 (Iconium). 5 Dio 54,

of the city, established as the old poet recorded ‘augusto augurio’, called for a consecrated word and for commemoration of t

aef. 4ff.: ‘summa egestas erat, summa infamia, summum odium. ’ He was called ‘Rabienus’. 3 Seneca, Controv. 4, praef. 2 (a r

the Julio-Claudian age, from the blameless M. Silanus, whom Caligula called the ‘golden sheep’, down to Junia Calvina, ‘festi

ugustus. When he died after a brilliant career of service his enemies called it sordid adulation trusted by Tiberius, by Calig

Acriora ex eo vincula’, as Tacitus observes. 4 The New State might be called monarchy, or by any other name. That did not matt

he Populus Romanus: under his trusteeship the State could in truth be called the Commonwealth, ‘res publica’. The last of the

, daughter of Ahenobarbus (cos. 16 B.C.), 230. Domitian, the Emperor, called ‘dux’ by Statius, 312. Domitii, 19, 382, 492, 4