an People. Posterity, generous in oblivion, regards with indulgence both the political orator who fomented civil war to sa

t;005 without being an apologia for Cicero or for Octavianus—or for both at once. A section of it was so written by C. Asi

an words. Nor would it be rash to assert that Pollio was closely akin both to Sallustius and to Tacitus. 1 All three sat in

ot stand alone, without allies, without a following. That axiom holds both for the political dynasts of the closing age of t

n among the nobiles had opened the gates. Cicero would have preserved both dignity and peace of mind had not ambition and va

with the plebs was therefore essential. It was possessed in abundance both by Caesar and by his bitter enemy, L. Domitius Ah

had to be the leader of a faction. Cicero fell short of that eminence both when a consul and when a consular, or senior stat

r, and growing ever fatter on the spoil of the provinces, they lacked both principle to give inner coherence and courage to

, was his influence in the West Africa and Mauretania, all Spain, and both provinces of Gaul. The power and glory of the mas

al science (ib. 1, 2, 10). 3 Varro served as a legate with Pompeius both in the Sertorian War and in the East, on sea and

y put a double-edged weapon in the hand of Crassus, who disliked them both . 4 Nor was Pompeius’ consul effective, though a w

of Bibulus, his daughter’s husband. 6 He should have made certain of both consuls. Caesar, returning from his command in

e opinion that Brutus was Caesar’s son. 2 In alliance, namely, with both Labienus and Q. Metellus Nepos. 3 C. Calpurnius

arning, Cicero was sacrificed to Clodius. Not content thus to satisfy both personal honour and the convenience of the dynast

rovinces and confounding the oligarchy by pertinacious proposals that both dynasts should surrender their armies and save th

me up in the Senate again, revealing an overpowering majority against both dynasts. 2 The consul C. Marcellus denounced the

ajority in the Senate, nearly four hundred against twenty-two, wished both dynasts to lay down their extraordinary commands.

had been made before in favour of other dynasts; and Caesar asserted both legal and moral rights to preferential treatment.

war and promote social regeneration. For that there was sore need, as both his adherents and his former adversaries pointed

e Julii themselves were an old sacerdotal family. 4 Sulla and Caesar, both members of patrician houses that had passed throu

er for achievement. Caesar, offering the consulate, had captured them both perhaps with connivance and help of his friend an

etor, made the acquaintance of Balbus and brought him to Rome. Allied both to Pompeius and to Caesar, Balbus gradually edged

d the dynasts and saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Crassus defended the man of Gades. C

and the Marian faction. But Pompeius had enemies in Spain, and Caesar both made himself known there and in absence conferred

ersonal friends like M. Caelius Rufus and Cn. Plancius, bankers’ sons both . Caelius came from Tusculum and probably needed l

left, and could leave, no heir to his personal rule. But Antonius was both a leading man in the Caesarian party and consul,

cides. Yet Antonius did not strive to get them condemned. Rejecting both extremes, he brought forward a practical measure.

debauchery that ruined Antonius, but a fatal chain of miscalculations both military and political, and a sentiment of loyalt

Antonius in the year of his consulate, it will be necessary to forget both the Philippics and the War of Actium. The polit

ook=>109 be a resourceful politician, presenting a double front, both Caesarian and Republican, and advancing steadily.

, refusing to be deterred by letters from his mother and step-father, both of whom counselled refusal of the perilous inheri

an open breach with the party of Brutus and Cassius. His professions, both public and private, had hitherto been couched in

there was criticism and opposition in the Senate on the following day both Cicero and P. Servilius Isauricus spoke. 1 Antoni

st. Turning to the person and family of the revolutionary, he invoked both the traditional charges of unnatural vice with wh

ieved eminence of his illustrious house. Philippus and Marcellus were both desperately anxious not to be openly compromised.

t Octavianus at Brundisium in April, for a time at least, had control both of certain funds destined for the wars of the Dic

d and attacked Piso for his conduct of the governorship of Macedonia, both before and after the proconsul returned, on any e

ntest. He exerted himself for mediation or compromise then and later, both during the struggle between Caesar and Pompeius a

ilicia, he made what efforts he could to avert hostilities. He showed both judgement and impartiality. 1 It was too late. He

Brutus in the Cisalpina, contumacious against a consul. As they were both acting on private initiative for the salvation of

ed Cicero there was no telling where they would end. When Republicans both distrusted the politician and disapproved of his

ragons of early days; which is fitting, for the evil and the good are both the fabrication of skilled literary artists. Ca

virtue of libertas, to be regretted more than political freedom when both were abolished. For the sake of peace and the com

t nothing was to be expected. Cicero distrusted for different reasons both Paullus, the brother of Lepidus, and the kinsmen

t he held his extraordinary command in virtue of a plebiscite, as had both Pompeius and Caesar in the past. 2 To contest the

o Ariminum but not to fight if he could avoid it. He might yet baffle both Cicero and Antonius. But he could not arrest the

s feared a trap he knew his Lepidus; 3 and Laterensis warned him that both Lepidus and his army were unreliable. So Plancus

ok=>169 that Cicero would usurp the vacant place. 1 Later, after both consuls had fallen, Brutus in Macedonia heard a r

a party. 4 Yet it was not their principal purpose to wipe out utterly both political adversaries and dissentient neutrals; a

riumvir’s uncle, C. Antonius, becomes censor in the same year; then both disappear. 5 Two honest men, L. Piso and L. Caesa

ed, were the gaps in other ranks and orders. The bulk of the nobiles, both ex-Pompeians and adherents of Caesar, banished fr

, though reunited after strange vicissitudes, had suffered heavy loss both in ability and in distinction, and showed its rev

plan was simple to hold up the enemy and avoid battle. They commanded both the Ionian Sea and the Aegean. If they were able

a of Octavianus, gross and mendacious, exaggerated the role of Fulvia both at the time and later, putting her person and her

he armies yet more money from the wealthy cities of Asia, the prey of both sides in Rome’s intestine wars. He exacted nine y

tablished. Italy was to be common ground, available for recruiting to both leaders, while Antonius held all the provinces be

ss and the men of property throughout Italy. Having the best men of both parties in sympathy or alliance, Antonius began w

to high and startling relief. 1 The young Caesar was now in sore need both of the generalship of Agrippa and the diplomacy o

cal principle, saving lives and property. 6 The earlier activities of both Lepidus and Ap. Pulcher are obscure probably tort

Roman aristocracy, or persons of influence in the towns of Italy: in both he advertised and extended his power. L. Vinicius

d a realistic conception of human life. He insisted upon modernity, both in style and in subject, already setting forth in

hat he was later to formulate as a literary theory a healthy distaste both for archaism and for Alexandrianism, a proper reg

icism or mythological erudition. He wished to transcend and supersede both the archaic Roman classics and the new models of

f dependent kingdoms and of Roman provinces which he built up appears both intelligible and workable. Of the Roman provinc

he law and the constitution still mattered, Antonius had a valid plea both NotesPage=>279 1 Dio 50, 2, 7. 2 Antiqua

The excesses of patriotic idealism and mendacious propaganda revolted both his honesty and his intellect: he had no illusion

him for a time the territory of Armenia Minor—for the Mede would hold both Armenia and Parthia in check. Yet against Parthia

umph—the young Caesar would pacify the ends of the earth, subjugating both Britain and Parthia to the rule of Rome. 1 No the

but had a Republican—or Antonian—past behind him. Treachery destroys both the credit and the confidence of any who deal in

t is, therefore, no paradox to discover in the Principate of Augustus both the institutions and the phraseology of Republica

viri. 2 Augustus was the greatest of the principes. It was therefore both appropriate and inevitable that the unofficial ti

23 B.C. was the work of Livia as well as of Agrippa and a triumph for both . ‘Remo cum fratre Quirinus. ’2 Thus did Virgil

mers. Banished from politics, the knights acquire from the Princeps both usefulness and dignity. An equestrian career of s

d the dangers of the senatorial life; of which very rational distaste both Augustus’ own equestrian grandfather and his frie

sar the resurgence of the Marian faction. Dictatorship and Revolution both broke down Roman prejudice and enriched the poore

to stem their steady advance. Augustus, it is commonly held, lacked both the broad imperial vision and the liberal policy

or a time the capital city was relieved of the burdensome presence of both her rulers. There followed a certain relaxation i

t;373 From 18 to 13 B.C. only two novi homines appear on the Fasti, both with military service to their credit, as against

New State. Some were passed over, such as M. Lurius and P. Carisius, both of whom had served against Sex. Pompeius and else

the soldiers to march against their patron and imperator. Augustus both created new patrician houses and sought, like Sul

Augustus’ half-sister: her sons were Sex. Appuleius and M. Appuleius, both consuls, no doubt at an early age. The schemes

tent men now emerge and succeed to the heritage of power and command, both nobles and novi homines. They had hitherto been k

nd consular provinces. Yet rigidity of system would have been foreign both to the Roman spirit and to the personal and oppor

of a new province to the north, the imperial legate of Moesia. 3 When both Illyricum and the Rhine army had been divided in

e contrast with the three provinces of 27 B.C. illustrates the change both in administration and in foreign policy. All ne

enior centurions and equestrian officers were a repository of wisdom; both centurions passing into the militia equestris and

ll held high command in the provinces of the East with which, indeed, both Silvanus and Piso could recall hereditary ties. 7

mpleted his amphitheatre and Cornificius rebuilt the temple of Diana, both from war-booty; and Balbus’ theatre also commemor

me, fell to some of his generals who had recently celebrated triumphs both Messalla and Calvisius Sabinus dealt with the Via

cted mountain warfare in Spain and in the Alpine lands. Vinicius knew both Gaul and Illyricum. Lollius was not famed for ser

the whole world felt the shock of Tiberius’ departure. 1 Not at all: both the Princeps and his party were strong enough to

rished in the wars of Marius and Sulla; his grandfather, the enemy of both Caesar and Pompeius, had fallen at Pharsalus; his

si, an alliance which brought enhanced splendour and eventual ruin to both houses. 1 L. Piso was a neutral, commanding rep

alone (2, 100, 4 f.) gives the list. He says that there were others, both senators and knights. 2 Dio 55, 10, 15; Tacitus

not the ambition, Asinius Gallus the ambition only: L. Arruntius had both . 4 NotesPage=>433 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug.

ort the monarchy and the succession of his sons, had been transformed both in composition and in allegiance. Some of the ene

he Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus and the Lex Julia de adulteriis, both of this year; there were subsequent changes and a

family, that was a novelty, but the spirit was not, for it harmonized both with the traditional activities of the censorial

nd with the aspirations of conservative reformers. 4 Augustus claimed both to revive the past and to set standards for the f

rights than before. But the husband, after divorcing, could prosecute both the guilty partner and her paramour. The penalty

rs were less in evidence. There was Sallustius, it is true, attacking both oligarchy and the power of money, with advocacy o

a twin pillar to support the civilization of a world- empire that was both Roman and Greek. The War of Actium was shown to b

oets expressed the spirit of the national programme. In 13 B.C., when both Augustus and Agrippa had returned from the provin

e conspiracy of Murena. 4 Political oratory starved and dwindled in both law courts and Senate; from the assemblies of the

e fashion quickly spread and propagated a disease among literature in both prose and verse, a scourge in the social life of

ssed to find little to his taste in the New State. Pollio was himself both a historian and an orator; and in history he was

rts he composed libellous pamphlets, assailing illustrious persons of both sexes, without restraint or distinction, among th

of the Republic. Tiberius, doubly Claudian, for the line ran through both parents, could look back through the annals of th

a, Claudius and Nero all had Antonian blood in their veins, Nero from both sides of his family. Nero, the last emperor of th

pared by Domitian, could not escape allegations of conspiracy against both Nerva and Trajan. 8 He was duly relegated, but no

ius Avitus from Vasio, Pompeius Paullinus from Arelate, Narbonensians both , and L. Verginius Rufus from Mediolanium, like th

ill be reckoned among the profiteers of the Revolution. 5 Enriched by both sides, Pollio augmented the dignity as well as th

n he reflected that great oratory is a symptom of decay and disorder, both social and political. Electoral corruption, extor

t;516 The admirer of ancient eloquence could not have the advantage both ways, enjoying both Republican liberty and the be

of ancient eloquence could not have the advantage both ways, enjoying both Republican liberty and the benefits of an ordered