prize of ambition. 3 The patricians continued to wield an influence beyond all relation to their number; and the nobiles, th

commanded political influence in their own right, exercising a power beyond the reach of many a senator. Of such dominating f

onstitution was a screen and a sham. Of the forces that lay behind or beyond it, next to the noble families the knights were t

r per tresque triumphos ante deum princeps. 3 Pompeius was Princeps beyond dispute but not at Rome. By armed force he might

faction to attack and harry Pompeius. But the feud was not bitter or beyond remedy: the Metelli were too politic for that. Th

but only for a year. He had another grievance Caesar’s tenure of Gaul beyond the Alps robbed him of a province to which he ass

easy war. They had lost the first round. Then a second blow, quite beyond calculation: before the summer was out the genera

that awkward fact. If the leader or principal agent of a faction goes beyond the wishes of his allies and emancipates himself

l war, Rome feared from Caesar’s side an irruption of barbarians from beyond the Alps. No less real the menace from Pompeius,

s person the towns of Gallia Cisalpina and the tribal princes of Gaul beyond the Alps. Excellent men from the colonies and mun

but he did not satisfy them until the Civil War had begun. In Gaul beyond the Alps, the provincia (or Narbonensis as it was

e survivors, a few Caesarians, of little weight, and some discredited beyond remedy: for the rest, the aged, the timid and the

tonius. It is by no means clear that the behaviour of Antonius went beyond the measure of the Roman party-politician. He was

talent for slow intrigue, no taste for postponed revenge. Though able beyond expectation as a politician, he now became bewild

st admirable causes had often been called a faction: its activity lay beyond the constitution and beyond the laws. When Caes

n been called a faction: its activity lay beyond the constitution and beyond the laws. When Caesar went to war with the gove

e. In spring and summer the cause of ordered government was still not beyond hope: to save it, what better champion than a pat

than that, he had immigrated thither from the land of trousered Gauls beyond the Alps. 6 The exigencies of an advocate’s pra

d, a respite and time for negotiation. Even now the situation was not beyond all hope. NotesPage=>168 1 Pro Sestio 137:

treating with Antonius, for Antonius was in effect a public enemy and beyond the law. Cicero himself had always been an advoca

Brutus and Cassius had acted: they seized the armies of all the lands beyond the sea, from Illyricum to Egypt. About Cassius t

when proconsul outlawed. For Octavianus there was none, and no merit beyond his name: ‘puer qui omnia nomini debes’, as Anton

th the energy of despair. Six years earlier the cause of the Republic beyond the seas was represented by Pompeius, a group of

us’ best marshal and last hope. The Triumvir’s own province, all Gaul beyond the Alps, was held for him by Calenus and Ventidi

an armament from the East, Antonius’ man Calenus still held all Gaul beyond the Alps. On the coasts Ahenobarbus threatened It

for recruiting to both leaders, while Antonius held all the provinces beyond the sea, from Macedonia eastwards, Octavianus the

ir. Men yearned for escape, anywhere, perhaps to some Fortunate Isles beyond the western margin of the world, without labour a

an early consulate. 6 His ambition was now satisfied, his allegiance beyond question. Whether the discarded Scribonia took an

subdued the native tribes up to the line of the Dinaric Alps, but not beyond it. If war came, he would secure Italy in the nor

of the kindred peoples of Italy. As for the consular Balbus, that was beyond words. The lower ranks of the revolutionary Sen

cribed the land of Italy as no desolation but fruitful and productive beyond comparison; 1 Italy had barely been touched by th

rod was the fourth king. The policy and the choice of the agents goes beyond all praise: it was vindicated by history and by t

west. Canidius in a masterly campaign had already reduced the peoples beyond Armenia towards the Caucasus, and Canidius was wa

combination in the Roman State. The young Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, beyond all doubt the best of his family, refused to acce

ngdoms and tetrarchies in sovran and arbitrary fashion, he did not go beyond the measure of a Roman proconsul. Nor did Antoniu

assuredly did not. 1 The propaganda of Octavianus magnified Cleopatra beyond all measure and decency. To ruin Antonius it was

d the constitution and dispensed with it. When the time came, he went beyond Senate and People, appealing to a higher sanction

2 The oath was personal in character, with concept and phrasing not beyond the reach of valid conjecture. 3 Of the Roman Sta

ast was masked so well and delayed so long. The loss of the dominions beyond the sea would be ruinous to an Italy that had pro

of Actium was decided before it was fought. The true story is gone beyond recall. It is uncertain whether Antonius designed

nifestation of the will of the people delegated its sovranty, passing beyond the forms and names of an outworn constitution. T

the Dictator. Moreover, the young Caesar was a saviour and benefactor beyond any precedent. A new name was devised, expressing

en like Agrippa had no great reverence for forms and names. It went beyond the practices of Roman dynastic politics into the

w that one man stood supreme, invested with power and with auctoritas beyond all others, he could invite to a share in his rul

st the working of a natural process. How soon and how far it would go beyond Italy, which of the personal adherents of the new

nces of the West and that part of the Roman People which extended far beyond the bounds of Italy. NotesPage=>367 1 Taci

y, expeditions were made across the Danube in these years, the tribes beyond the river were intimidated and Bohemia, where Mar

ustus’ marshals. 6 NotesPage=>400 1 Dateless operations on and beyond the Danube are attested by Res Gestae 30; Florus

sius Dio complains that the task of the historian has been aggravated beyond all measure under the Republic the great question

ee the consummation of the campaigns in Illyricum, in the Balkans and beyond the Rhine. Agrippa died and then Drusus, Tiberi

strange but not incongruous alliance of monarchy. Augustus had passed beyond the measure and proportions of a Roman politician

have been transgression against the Leges Juliae: the punishment went beyond that, and the procedure was probably a trial for

nds of raiding Germans a trifling defeat, soon repaired but magnified beyond all measure by his detractors. 5 In the following

icum. In the interval of his absence, the power of Rome had been felt beyond the Danube. The peoples from Bohemia eastwards

On the other hand, northern or provincial Italy, above all the parts beyond the Po, a region predominantly Celtic, pays a hea

dispirited and discontented, having been economically kept in service beyond the promised term; and ‘Itala virtus’ seemed sing

had been corrupt, unrepresentative and ruinous. Caesar’s heir passed beyond it. What was a special plea and political propaga

was not enough. Augustus assumed the irreproachable garb of Princeps, beyond contest the greatest of the principes and better

the Principate as something permanent and enhancing his own prestige beyond that of a mortal man, while it consolidated his o

s, omits certain childless matches and does not carry his descendants beyond the second generation. IV. THE AEMILII LEPIDI