source and facts of power. Domination is never the less effective for being veiled. Augustus applied all the arts of tone and

6: δϵι γἀρ ϵἰς Kαίσαρα πἀντα πϵριϵλθϵȋν. PageBook=>005 without being an apologia for Cicero or for Octavianus—or for b

eld in turn a dynastic and almost regal position. 1 The Senate again, being a permanent body, arrogated to itself power, and

i and Manlii they formed an aristocracy within the patriciate itself, being the so-called gentes maiores. On the patrician ge

shed a suitable and visible inauguration of the restored aristocracy, being the son and the husband of women of the Metelli.

ard drinker and an astute politician, the authentic Cato, so far from being a visionary, claimed to be a realist of tradition

ignitas and clientelae, the prerogative of the aristocracy,5 were now being monopolized by one man. Something more was invo

peius, and Afranius was a catastrophe, his only talent for civil life being the art of dancing. 7 The Optimates were exultant

em, was strong enough to prevent civil war, free to negotiate without being accused of ignoble timidity. 4 But the dynast rem

t armies of Pompeius Magnus (stationed already on Italian soil or now being recruited for the government and on the plea of l

man conceived of government save through an oligarchy. But Caesar was being forced into an autocratic position. It meant the

or politics ever after. As Caesar’s enemies were the party in power, being the most active and influential of the consulars,

s father’s murderer. The patricians were loyal to tradition without being fettered by caste or principle. Either monarchy

, Hellenized before they became Roman, whose citizenship, so far from being the recent gift of Caesar, went back to proconsul

s, Oppius and Matius had not entered the Senate they did not need to, being more useful elsewhere. But L. Aelius Lamia, a kni

in charge at the end of 45 B.C. (Ad Att. 14, 9, 3), L. Staius Murcus being sent out as proconsul in 44, cf. Münzer, P-W III

tuation was too serious. Not only his soldiers but his partisans were being seduced a report came that another legion, the

alition of March 17th had not merely been split and shattered: it was being rebuilt, this time against Antonius, by a hostile

onwealth. Octavianus’ following could not raise the semblance even of being a party. It was in truth what in defamation the m

osition to please and to flatter on the other. Cicero came close to being a neutral in the Civil War. Returning from his pr

and 17 (summer, 43 B.C.). PageBook=>148 virtus (without always being able to prevail against posterity or the moral st

t senatore et Romano homine moriamur. PageBook=>157 be called, being not so much ethical qualities as standards of an

everything. A leader or a party might find that the constitution was being perversely invoked against them: what if the Peop

uture was ominous with a war much more formidable than that which was being so gently prosecuted in the Cisalpina. Cicero pre

spirited, cogent and menacing. Antonius warned them that they were being used by Pompeians to destroy the Caesarian party,

ovoked civil war without intending or achieving a revolution. Caesar, being in close contact with powerful financial interest

taxes, novel and crushing, were invented for example a year’s income being taken from everybody in possession of the census

othing to lose from war and adventure, among the ‘foundation-members’ being Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus. Octavianus himself

ust be a province no longer but removed from political competition by being made a part of Italy. 1 So Antonius promised to g

ly believed that one world-epoch was passing, another was coming into being . The lore of the Etruscans the calculations of as

s secured and reinforced; but the execution of his policy was already being hampered by the claims and acts of his young coll

onius arrived at Brundisium, but not finding his colleague there, and being refused admittance to the town, he departed at on

he better cause ‘meliora et utiliora’. 2 Many senators and knights, being peaceful members of the propertied classes, weari

d perhaps necessary. Of the legionaries of Pompeius a great number, being servile in origin, lacked any right or status: th

and manner that would have been fitting if the whole collection were being dedicated to him (cf. esp. 1. 11, ‘a te principiu

uestion which is perhaps in itself not of prime importance. Antonius, being a Roman citizen, could not at any time contract a

ti ruitis? ’3 Another, yet another, criminal war between citizens was being forced by mad ambition upon the Roman People. In

Actium took on august dimensions and an intense emotional colouring, being transformed into a great naval battle, with lavis

sed. The girl was enlisted as an instrument of Roman imperial policy, being given in marriage to Juba, the prince of the Numi

about twenty-six legions. The remainder were disbanded, the veterans being settled in colonies in Italy and in the provinces

he birth of Caesar a blessing or a curse? 4 Augustus twitted him with being a Pompeian. 5 The Emperor and his historian under

Cicero: the speeches of his peers and rivals have all perished. That being so, the resurgence of phrases, and even of ideas,

uous or intimidate the servile. On the contrary, the purified Senate, being in a majority the partisans of Augustus, were wel

ling with pride their alien origin. In politics the Claudii, far from being narrowly traditional, were noted as innovators, r

en speaking of these men. 1 Such a triumvirate existed, called into being not by any pre-ordained harmony or theory of poli

the constitution to protect their fortunes. So far indeed from there being reaction under the Principate, the gains of the R

n prospect, did the State take charge of the payments, a special fund being established for the purpose (the aerarium militar

, access to the Senate might appear to have been made more difficult, being restricted to those in possession of the badge of

us Geminus acquired the distinction, proudly recorded on his tomb, of being the first senator from all the Paeligni. 4 Note

emented by Caesar, the patriciate had been reduced again in the wars, being represented in the Senate at the time of Actium b

late and dispensed patronage in their turn, open or secret. Tiberius, being the head of the Claudii, would have had a dynasti

s; 1 and although no proconsul after Balbus triumphed, the governors, being legally independent of the Princeps, conducted wa

very six months. 1 It appears to have persisted throughout his reign, being especially useful in the last years, when the Pri

eal with, and the position of the Princeps was delicate and perilous, being held to repose upon general consent and modest ex

oposals of those momentous sessions had been shaped in private before being sponsored by eminent senators if possible by such

th the descendants of Augustus through his daughter Julia, Germanicus being betrothed to Agrippina, Julia Livia to Gaius Caes

s (Tacitus, Ann. 6, 40). Velleius described M. Lepidus (2, 114, 5) as being ‘nomini ac fortunae Caesarum proximus’. PageBoo

the consulate, only one of them, however, to military command. 3 This being so, few indeed of the nobiles, the rivals and equ

), and a firm company of novi homines. A new government is already in being . Yet this was not enough to preclude rumours, a

year; there were subsequent changes and additions, the most important being the Lex Papia Poppaea of the year A.D. 9.1 Regene

ncient gods. The evil went back much farther than Caesar or Pompeius, being symptom and product of the whole unhallowed and u

her causes than the legislation of Augustus,2 for luxury, so far from being abated, was quite unbridled under his successors

nt. 4 Further, some of the finest fighting material in Europe was now being exploited for Rome’s wars but not as regular troo

us, ferocious but indiscriminate, save when there was a government in being . Then it mustered for the attack. Pamphlets and p

l Wars, and his own apologist the style of his writing was effective, being military and Roman, devoid of pomp and verbosity;

a healthy community. Epicureanism, indeed, was heavily frowned upon, being a morally unedifying creed and likely to inculcat

But the men of the North, though alert and progressive, were far from being revolutionaries. In many respects, indeed, their

nsible paramours, and create the impression that injured morality was being avenged. The auctoritas of Augustus was enough. 3

did not utterly cease. A more enduring instrument of power was slowly being forged. Augustus strove to revive the old religio

e traditions of libertas and ferocia. When the roll of the Senate was being revised in 18 B.C., Labeo put forward the name of

condemned and burnt. Augustus was able to prevent his domination from being stamped as the open enemy of freedom and truth. B

ed by the great ones of earth in their lifetime is silenced in death, being converted into recognition and love: exstinctus

ose private virtues did not avail to compensate the cardinal crime of being on the ‘wrong side’ in politics and profiting at

nd many of the nobiles were inextricably bound up with the New State, being indebted to it for their preservation and standin