he went through the wars from the passage of the Rubicon to the last battle in Spain. Then he followed Antonius for five year

But there was a prominent Lutatius, whose name recalled a great naval battle and whose father had defeated the Cimbri; there w

were outmanœuvred and overcome. Yet even so, until the legions joined battle on the plain of Pharsalus, the odds lay heavily a

s rule. Each had sought armed domination. 1 Had Pompeius conquered in battle , the Republic could hardly have survived. A few y

attained. Herius Asinius, the first man among the Marrucini, fell in battle fighting for Italia. 9 But the family did not per

atisfaction. Alert and resilient among the visible risks of march and battle , he had no talent for slow intrigue, no taste for

y and glory inspired the veteran statesman in his last and courageous battle for what he believed to be the Republic, liberty

utionary wars. Pietas was the battle-cry of the Pompeians in the last battle in Spain:2 and the younger son of Pompeius took a

yle of ending a civil war clemency and generosity. 3 When the tide of battle turned on the field of Pharsalus, the Caesarians

) was still alive, but took no part in politics. PageBook=>164 battle . The remnants of the faction were with the young

drew his lines closer around Mutina. Octavianus and Hirtius avoided battle , waiting for Pansa to come up with his four legio

Pansa at Forum Gallorum some seven miles south-east of Mutina. In the battle Pansa himself was wounded, but Hirtius arriving t

sa and Hirtius he received the imperatorial acclamation. Such was the battle of Forum Gallorum (April 14th). 1 Seven days la

rum (April 14th). 1 Seven days later, Antonius was forced to risk a battle at Mutina. He was defeated but not routed; on the

atriotic fervour of the levies of Republican Italy. 4 When it came to battle at Mutina, the grim and silent sword-work of the

tle and grandiose to lure Brutus to his ruin without the necessity of battle . Despondent, with tired troops, delayed by the ra

schooling and constrained through form of law and not in the heat of battle to shed the noblest blood of Rome, compassion and

; Velleius 2, 71, 2 (Lucullus). 4 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 3. He fell in battle , Plutarch, Brutus 51. 5 Ib. 1, 14, 1. 6 For e

on ferocious. The ranks of the military men find steady accessions as battle , failure or treachery provide victims and vacanci

ad a success to report. He had encountered Dolabella, defeated him in battle and besieged him at Laodicaea in Syria. In despai

e to be desired. Their plan was simple to hold up the enemy and avoid battle . They commanded both the Ionian Sea and the Aegea

arsh to the south around the flank of Cassius, he at last forced on a battle . Octavianus had now come up though shattered in h

ld not afford to resign to Antonius the sole credit of victory. The battle was indecisive. Brutus on the right flank swept o

Cassius, that brought on the doom of the Republic. Brutus could win a battle but not a campaign. Provoked by the propaganda an

f delay, officers and men clamoured that he should try the fortune of battle again. Moreover, eastern princes and their levies

rfect and outworn, but for all that the soul and spirit of Rome. No battle of all the Civil Wars was so murderous to the ari

icily. 8 It was a great victory. The Romans had never fought such a battle before. 9 The glory of it went to Antonius and ab

fronted Pollio and Ventidius, who, undecided and at variance, refused battle and retired through the Apennines. 6 Nor did help

won a victory at Mylae but Octavianus himself was defeated in a great battle in the straits, escaping with difficulty and in d

er sea-fight. Superior numbers and the tactics of Agrippa decided the battle of Naulochus (September 3rd). Pompeius made his

ection of his troops does not need to show his person in the front of battle . Octavianus in the campaigns in Illyricum risked

and artillery. Antonius, lacking light horse, could not bring them to battle . It was already late in the season when he appear

2 M. Nonius Gallus, active for Augustus in Gaul about the time of the battle of Actium (Dio 51, 20, 5), certainly came from Ae

, and entrap him with the aid of superior sea-power. Not perhaps by a battle at sea: the greatest general of the day would pre

Time, money and supplies were on his side: he might delay and fight a battle with little loss of Roman blood, as fitted the ch

resort, Antonius might not need to appeal to the legions to stand in battle against their kinsmen. He might be able to employ

rd. Antonius’ admiral Sosius was defeated by Agrippa in a great naval battle ; 2 and Antonius’ attempt to cut off the camp of O

onia, to seek an issue there with the help of barbarian allies. 4 The battle of Actium was decided before it was fought. The

nd recall. It is uncertain whether Antonius designed to fight a naval battle for victory or to escape from the blockade. 5 On

6 On the other side the fleet of Octavianus faced the Antonians. The battle was to be fought under the auspices of Caesar—Cae

of the Caesarian legions. The course, character and duration of the battle itself is all a mystery—and a topic of controvers

few casualties. A large part of the fleet of Antonius either refused battle or after defeat was forced back into harbour. 1 A

signments. 2 The chief author of treachery to Antonius in the naval battle (if treachery there was), and avoidance of bloods

in the contest for power had intended that there should be a serious battle if they could help it. So it turned out. Actium w

an intense emotional colouring, being transformed into a great naval battle , with lavish wealth of convincing and artistic de

ondency before death. After brief resistance Antonius was defeated in battle . He took his own life. The army of the Roman Peop

adversary must have been redoubtable indeed! It was not the glorious battle of Actium and the defeat of the greatest soldier

r of the spolia opima, for he had slain the chieftain of the enemy in battle with his own hand, a feat that had fallen to only

is duty of pacifying the wild tribes of the Taurus had been killed in battle . 1 Rome inherited: M. Lollius, an efficient and u

, fought along with Caecina Severus, the legate of Moesia, in a great battle all but disastrous for Rome, and remained for two

n life ebbed along with power, the descendant of kings who had led to battle the legions of Etruria surrendered to self-pity a

cal in life, habit and ideals with the rough farmers whom they led to battle generals and soldiers alike the products of ‘saev

eration saw the Marsian and the Picene leading the legions of Rome to battle against the Parthians; and the Principate, for al

rief renascence before the end. Others that survived proscription and battle by good fortune, diplomacy or the contraction of

Battle of, 50. Philhellenism, 135, 262 f. Philippi, campaign and battle of, 202 ff. Philippics, of Cicero, 104, 140, 146