nt. It has not been composed in tranquillity; and it ought to be held back for several years and rewritten. But the theme, I

ollio and the abundance of historical material (contemporary or going back to contemporary sources, often biased, it is true

signs, he turned upon his ally and saved the government. Then, coming back to Rome after six years of absence, when he had t

understood. PageBook=>030 and resources of all the East at his back , he disbanded his army. Much to his annoyance, th

mandate to heal and repair the Commonwealth. 6 With armed men at his back Pompeius established order again and secured the

e of his friends was subsequently to remark. 2 And there was no going back . To Caesar’s clear mind and love of rapid decisio

revolution had no place in the designs of his employer. Crassus drew back , and Catilina went on, to his ruin. When Caesar

before turning popularis, Pompeius by his latest change of front came back to earlier alliances. Sulla restored the oligar

ncriminated the stern censor on that count. Further, Caesar brought back the three disgraced consulars, not all dubious ch

ey cannot show a consul. A Fabius Maximus followed Caesar and brought back the consulate to his family. 1 Ap. Claudius, the

whose citizenship, so far from being the recent gift of Caesar, went back to proconsuls a generation or two earlier. Caesar

hat Cicero’s father was a dyer of clothes: others carried his lineage back to Attius Tullus, a king of the Volsci who had fo

ul was vulnerable if a faction seized power in Rome and sought to pay back old scores. In 42 B.C. D. Brutus would be consul

ddress the People. By the middle of the month, the consul himself was back in Rome. An unfriendly interview followed. Octavi

rder and the emergence of a Caesarian rival might well force Antonius back again to the policy which he had deserted by the

e Antonius ordered summary executions. Disturbing rumours brought him back to Rome. He summoned the Senate to meet on Novemb

Cicero expected war and when war came, even Cato seemed willing to go back upon his principles and make concessions to Caesa

Brutus and Cassius might return to political life. 1 Cicero turned back . Near Velia on August 17th he met Brutus, occupie

hen and the month of September brought no real comfort or confidence. Back in Rome, Cicero refrained from attending the Sena

rue, that the relations of Cicero and Octavianus may be dated too far back , interpreted in the light of subsequent history,

return from exile, Cicero hoped that Pompeius could be induced to go back on his allies, drop Caesar, and become amenable t

had written about the ideal statesman. Political failure, driving him back upon himself, had then sought and created consola

n went deeper in his pessimism. The root of the trouble lay a century back , after the fall of Carthage, Rome’s last rival fo

blic has succumbed to tyranny or to anarchy, it is his ideal to bring back order again. The decisive act in a policy of trea

him that both Lepidus and his army were unreliable. So Plancus turned back and established himself at Cularo (Grenoble). The

Brutus and Cassius marched westwards. Out-manoeuvring and throwing back the advance guards of the Caesarians under Norban

was the first Battle of Philippi (October 23rd). 2 Both sides drew back , damaged and resentful. There followed three week

ody, knew the character of her husband: he neither would nor could go back upon his pledges of alliance to Octavianus. She m

the veracity of his brother and his wife. Salvidienus made his way back from Spain through the Cisalpina; Pollio and Vent

ancus fled to Greece, deserting his army. Ventidius and Pollio turned back and made for the coast of the Adriatic. Ventidius

ns from the colonies to rally and march against Antonius; some turned back . 4 Octavianus might command a mass of legions: th

or Syria. From Corcyra in the late summer of the year he sent Octavia back to Italy. He may already have tired of Octavia. A

person. Octavianus objected: Lepidus, with twenty-two legions at his back , ordered Octavianus to depart from Sicily. But Oc

danger for the near future, should the Republicans and Pompeians come back from the East, should Antonius demand lands for t

d harried on their slow march by the Parthians, the legions struggled back to Armenia, saved only by the courage of Antonius

troops. Octavia had come as far as Athens. Her husband told her to go back to Rome, unchivalrous for the first time in his l

ordering of the provinces and kingdoms of the East. Ahenobarbus held back , perhaps in hope of peace. 2 Sosius took the lead

name of Triumvir. But he possessed auctoritas and the armed power to back it. He entered the Curia, surrounded by soldiers

for Egypt and Egypt’s Queen? Ahenobarbus urged that Cleopatra be sent back to Egypt. Canidius the marshal dissented, pointin

Antonius now had to stand beside Cleopatra—there could be no turning back . Patrae at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth was h

he fleet of Antonius either refused battle or after defeat was forced back into harbour. 1 Antonius himself with forty ships

All men knew that the noblest families of the Roman aristocracy went back to Latin or to Sabine ancestors to say nothing

to the new system, with no little success. But there must be no going back upon his earlier supporters the plebs, the vetera

ur novi homines and five nobiles. With 28 B.C. annual consulates come back , monopolized at first by Augustus, Agrippa and Ta

e tribunicia potestas. 2 The deputy was soon on his travels again and back at his work. After a sojourn of four years as vic

53, describes him as ‘pervicax adulter’, alleging a liaison that went back to the time when Julia was the wife of Agrippa. O

esar and Lollius, a hasty careerist offered to go to Rhodes and bring back the head of the exile. 3 That was excessive. Ther

War of Actium. Whatever the truth of that contention, he could not go back upon it, even if he had wished. The mandate was n

s of worthies as retailed by patriotic poets, he had to go a long way back to find his favourites before the age of the Grac

. and A.D. 4), cf. H. M. Last, CAH x, 432 ff. 6 The Roman cult goes back to the organization of the city wards in 7 B.C. (

of guilt it all came from neglect of the ancient gods. The evil went back much farther than Caesar or Pompeius, being sympt

t been in vain: it was not one man’s idea, and the origins of it went back before Actium. The different classes in the Commo

his friends at Apollonia, the young Caesar had not wavered or turned back . Announced by Apollo, his path lay through blood

s, doubly Claudian, for the line ran through both parents, could look back through the annals of the family to that Appius C

tic remark of this Republican misanthrope. 1 Succeeding ages looked back with regret to the freedom enjoyed under the tole

at home, was a splendid subject for history. Well might Tacitus look back with melancholy and complain that his own theme w

ter of Augustus, 112, 378; marries Antonius, 217; mediates, 225; sent back by Antonius, 226; behaviour in 35 B.C., 265; divo