ing that nobody should be called rich who was not able to maintain an army on his income. 2 Crassus should have known. The

der and were suitably designated as boni. The mainstay of this sacred army of the wealthy was clearly the financiers. Many s

ether he held authority from the State or not, he could thus raise an army on his own initiative and resources. The soldie

influence again from the alliance with Sulla. Q. Metellus Pius led an army to victory for Sulla and became consul with him i

PageBook=>022 the right wing when Sulla destroyed the Samnite army at the Battle of the Colline Gate. The son of a c

ering the Italian insurrection in Picenum, used his influence and his army for personal ends and played an ambiguous game wh

ons from the tenants, clients and veterans of his father, and led his army to liberate Rome from the domination of the Maria

ed the war in Spain against Sertorius, Pompeius combined with another army commander, Crassus, and carried out a peaceful co

>030 and resources of all the East at his back, he disbanded his army . Much to his annoyance, the government had proved

r of humble extraction, managed the negotiations between tribunes and army commanders when they united to overthrow the cons

with his candidature and loud threats that he would deprive Caesar of army and provinces. Some might hope to persuade Pompei

d circumvented by Crassus, their potential ally. Now he would have an army of his own in Spain to support his predominance a

sar did not conquer Gaul in the design of invading Italy with a great army to establish a military autocracy. Their ambition

HE DICTATOR PageBook=>047 SULLA was the first Roman to lead an army against Rome. Not of his own choosing his enemi

us was still in their control so long as he was not at the head of an army in the field. Upon Caesar they had thrust the cho

of that university city. 3 Caesar was constrained to appeal to his army for protection. NotesPage=>048 1 What is c

r. 4 Caesar, it is true, had only a legion to hand: the bulk of his army was still far away. But he swept down the easte

riumph soon or late of new forces and new ideas, the elevation of the army and the provinces, the depression of the traditio

some said that he served as a common soldier Ventidius rose to be an army contractor and attached himself to Caesar the pro

e in 51 B.C. (Ad fam. 8, 8, 6). A. Hirtius is nowhere mentioned as an army commander in the Gallic campaigns; and some find

connexion of his old associate Crassus, who had once raised a private army in the Peninsula. 6 Africa had given the name a

aic Court; and an able adventurer, Mithridates of Pergamum, raised an army for Caesar and relieved the siege of Alexandria;

tors, princes of industry and commerce, as equestrian officers in the army superintending supply or commanding regiments of

n of Italy3 he might be able, like the Roman noble, to levy a private army from tenants and dependents. 4 Many cities of I

and the Servilii. Out of the Sabine land came Attus Clausus with the army of his clients and settled at Rome, the ancestor

destroy the tyrant city. 4 Sulla saved Rome. He defeated the Samnite army at the Colline Gate and made a desolation of Samn

Samnite community of Aeclanum, stood loyal to Rome, raising a private army conspicuous on Sulla’s side at the capture of the

k of the Civil War, though no previous affiliations or service in his army can be detected. Others, failing contradictory re

the revolutionary period. 2 Most famous of all was P. Ventidius, the army contractor. All posterity knows Ventidius as a mu

enemies of the Pompeii. 4 When the young Pompeius raised his private army , he had to expel the Ventidii from that city. Pic

im (Pliny, NH 7, 135) and so did Plancus (Ad fam. 10, 183). Really an army contractor (Gellius 15, 4, 3), cf. above, p. 71.

e marshals Decimus Brutus and Trebonius before all. The honour of the army had been outraged. Though Rome and the army wer

all. The honour of the army had been outraged. Though Rome and the army were degenerate and Caesarian, respect for libert

f their plot allowed no delay, no attempt to secure a majority of the army commanders for their cause and they did not think

ceived Syria, Antonius Macedonia: with Macedonia went Caesar’s Balkan army , six of the best of the Roman legions. From his

e would take that region for his own consular province and with it an army adequate to defy any enterprises of his enemies.

A, 2137. Crispus, proconsul of Bithynia in 45, took away with him his army of three legions to be used against Bassus, P-W X

exchange provinces, to give up Macedonia, while retaining the Balkan army , and receive as his consular province Gallia Cisa

consecrated order of magistracies to the consulate, the command of an army , the auctoritas of a senior statesman, all that w

nus made himself known to the soldiers and officers of Caesar’s great army of the Balkans. They did not forget him, nor did

young Pompeius had grasped at once the technique of raising a private army , securing official recognition and betraying hi

To assert himself against Antonius, the young revolutionary needed an army in the first place, after that, Republican allies

sed quickly some three thousand veterans. The new Pompeius now had an army . He was at first quite uncertain what to do with

the moment, in the direction of Arretium. The veterans in the private army of Octavianus would not stand against Antonius, t

nvective. 1 His edicts exposed and denounced the levying of a private army as treason and brigandage, not merely Catilinaria

empted to seize power in the city. So far, the raising of a private army and the first revolutionary venture has been narr

ion. Salvidienus may well have been an equestrian officer in Caesar’s army . On the local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ se

tried in vain. 8 When Octavianus journeyed to Campania to raise an army by bribery, five adherents of some note participa

anus while enjoying the protection of his financial resources and his army . 3 Not all invention, perhaps. The subtle intrigu

3 Suetonius, De rhet. 4. PageBook=>137 levying of a private army against a consul of the Roman People. Servilius

of November daily letters passed between them. Octavianus now had an army NotesPage=>141 1 Ad Att, 14, 13a; 13b (Cic

t Octavianus and D. Brutus were insistent the former with his illicit army , perilously based on Etruria, Brutus in the Cisal

liberty. It was on this plea that the young Pompeius raised a private army and rescued Rome and Italy from the tyranny of th

em. ’ PageBook=>159 who led them: salutary compulsion from the army would then be needed to transform a brigand and m

generals and soldiers exalted disloyalty into a solemn duty. Lepidus’ army compelled him, so he explained in his despatch to

of honour, when trapped by his enemies, invokes the protection of his army . A youth inspired by heroism levies an army for h

kes the protection of his army. A youth inspired by heroism levies an army for himself. So Caesar and Pompeius, the preceden

patriotic panegyric upon treason. 1 He demonstrated that if a private army was raised against Antonius, if his troops were m

thority of the Senate was now to be played against the People and the army commanders. As at present composed, with its prep

he Aemilian name, his family connexions and the possession of a large army turned this cipher into a factor. Both sides assi

ys were to be sent to Antonius; they were to urge him to withdraw his army from the province of Brutus, not to advance withi

f, but his salus. The sole security for that was the possession of an army . To give up his army and surrender at the discret

sole security for that was the possession of an army. To give up his army and surrender at the discretion of a party that c

gypt through Palestine, to join Dolabella. They too went to swell the army of Cassius. NotesPage=>171 1 Ad fam. 12, 2

spurning all thought of negotiation so long as Antonius retained his army . 2 Cicero had in his hands an open letter sent by

ono probatur. ’ PageBook=>174 separately. He met and broke the army of Pansa at Forum Gallorum some seven miles south

d of decision. On the day after the defeat he got the remnants of his army into order and set out along the Aemilia towards

ad succumbed to his wounds; Antonius soon increased his lead, for his army was strong in cavalry. Brutus had none; and the e

kon with Plancus. In April the governor of Gallia Comata mustered his army and made a semblance of intervening in northern I

ew his Lepidus; 3 and Laterensis warned him that both Lepidus and his army were unreliable. So Plancus turned back and estab

uth whom Providence had sent to save the State’. 5 Octavianus and his army grew daily more menacing. That young man had got

le or for legality. 1 Yet even so, the possession of Macedonia and an army meant for Brutus not so much an instrument for wa

some four hundred centurions and soldiers, bearing the mandate of the army and the proposals of Caesar’s heir. For themselve

rty of the constitution. Now he was consul, his only danger the rival army commanders. For the moment, certain brief forma

year’s pay. 5 They had still to receive as much again. With a devoted army , augmented to eleven legions, the consul left Rom

other way. The consequences of compelling a general to appeal to his army in defence of life or honour were now apparent th

From Italy, therefore, had to be found the money to pay the standing army of the Caesarians, which numbered some forty-thre

of Italy. Change and casualties are most clearly evident among the army commanders. Of the imposing company of Caesar’s l

established in Italy,3 while Pollio held the Cisalpina with a strong army . 4 At first there was delay. Octavianus turned

ve way at last. After a tenacious and bloody contest, the Caesarian army prevailed. Once again the Balkan lands witnessed

ance and divided in counsel. In Gallia Cisalpina stood Pollio with an army of seven legions. The decision to abolish this pr

s dispersed. Along with Fulvia, Plancus fled to Greece, deserting his army . Ventidius and Pollio turned back and made for th

f Pompeius had surrendered the island of Sardinia, a war-fleet and an army of three legions. Octavianus or his admirals L. C

s from Tarentum, while Lepidus invaded Sicily from the south with the army of Africa, fourteen legions strong. Operations

ting to the fame of his father in the eastern lands, raised a private army of three legions in Asia, with which force he con

Again, at Brundisium his position was critical. Caesar’s heir had the army and the plebs, reinforced in devotion, but had at

oly of martial valour. This was the young Caesar that Italy and the army knew after the campaigns of 35 and 34 B.C. His wa

another Caesarian, orator and poet, perished in Africa, commanding an army for the Republic; neither Valerius Cato, the inst

nnicides. Horace was swept from the lectures of philosophers into the army of the Liberators. He fought at Philippi, for the

revived when young Labienus broke through the Taurus with a Parthian army , encountering no resistance from Antipater the lo

| κἀμὶμητὸν. Cf. Plutarch, Antonius 28. | PageBook=>264 Roman army reached Ctesiphon, it might never return. Antoniu

s waiting with his legions. In the neighbourhood of Erzerum the great army mustered, sixteen legions, ten thousand Gallic an

province, and who held Macedonia with the command of Antonius’ Balkan army , has not been recorded. From their base in Arme

-39 B.C. PageBook=>265 at not less than a quarter of his whole army . 1 Higher estimates can be discovered the failure

sdes. He turned the land into a Roman province, leaving there a large army under the tried general Canidius. With Media Anto

arn (CAH x, 75) fixes the loss at thirty-seven per cent, of the whole army . 2 Q. Dellius subsequently became an historian

vianus became so acute that Antonius instructed Canidius to bring the army down to the sea-coast of Asia. 2 There the legion

s (BMC, R. Rep. II, 517 ff.): perhaps of the same family as antonius’ army commander in the invasion of media, oppius statia

soon have to make a ruinous decision. Antonius was at Ephesus; his army had recently been raised to the imposing total of

and wealthy individuals were persuaded to offer contributions for the army . The letters that circulated, guaranteed by the s

HE adversary spent the winter in Greece, ready in his preparations of army and fleet, but not perhaps as resolute as he migh

a and Epirus to the south-western extremity of Peloponnesus. The land army under the command of Canidius comprised nineteen

ages of supply, reinforcement and communications. The fleet and the army were tied to each other. For their combined needs

recruits in Italy. The retreat from Media had seriously depleted his army . 2 But he made up the losses by fresh levies and

and martial populations of Macedonia and Galatia. Perhaps the picked army which he mustered in Epirus was composed in the m

imulating dose of patriotic fervour that had been administered to the army of the West. Yet, in the last resort, Antonius mi

was no haste to pursue the fugitives to Egypt. Octavianus had a huge army on his hands, with many legions to be paid, demob

resistance Antonius was defeated in battle. He took his own life. The army of the Roman People entered the capital city of E

tism is vulnerable. The imperator could depend upon the plebs and the army . But he could not rule without the help of an oli

proclaiming that he advanced southwards in conquest farther than any army of the Roman People or monarch of Egypt. 4 Note

Before the law, Augustus was not the commander-in-chief of the whole army , but a Roman magistrate, invested with special po

illicit, from the day when the youth of twenty-three raised a private army , through special commands abroad and political co

uncts of Cyprus and Cilicia Campestris); 1 their garrison was a great army of twenty legions or more. In recent years these

edented array of viri triumphales, only one was to hold command of an army again, and that NotesPage=>327 1 Strabo, p

be suppressed without causing disturbances: if backed by a provincial army , it might mean civil war the Varro in charge of S

nty thousand men received the bounty of their leader. This unofficial army of civic order was steadily replenished. Down to

enished. Down to 13 B.C., a cardinal date in the history of the Roman army , Augustus provided the discharged legionaries wit

C. received in all no less than four hundred million sesterces. 5 The army still preserved traces of its origin as a private

sterces. 5 The army still preserved traces of its origin as a private army in the Revolution. Not until A.D. 6, when large d

(which was not difficult): but there was no regular promotion, in the army itself, from the centurionate to equestrian posts

s both usefulness and dignity. An equestrian career of service in the army , in finance and in administration is gradually bu

n knights, active for years on end, won merit and experience with the army commanders of the Republic. Such a man was Caesar

onsul, but one more rich and powerful than any. A Roman knight led an army to the conquest of Egypt and remained there as th

family from Nursia, in the recesses of the Sabine land, served in the army as an equestrian officer:6 his son became a senat

pay and service which recognized at last the existence of a standing army and consecrated the removal of the legions from t

s not completed and inaugurated until 9 B.C. PageBook=>390 The army now numbered twenty-eight legions. Of these, four

roke out in Thrace. L. Calpurnius Piso, summoned from Galatia with an army , was occupied in the Balkans for three arduous ye

h, the imperial legate of Moesia. 3 When both Illyricum and the Rhine army had been divided in the last years of the Princip

nage was no new thing at Rome. Under the Republic the command of an army was the reward of birth, ambition or greed, to be

ok=>396 The centurions provided the bone and nerves of the Roman army ; and senior centurions were normally summoned to

us or controversial. 6 From Galatia he was summoned to Thrace with an army , where he was engaged for three years; after that

ut disastrous for Rome, and remained for two years at the head of his army till the insurgents were overcome. 6 Though inc

The situation in the Balkans in these years is doubly obscure. The army of Macedonia may still have been retained by the

can be established in this period, only praetorians in charge of the army , namely P. Vinicius and P. Silius, the sons of tw

ssed to the service of the Roman People at home and abroad. Plebs and army , provinces and kings were no longer in the client

posal he paid the bounty to discharged soldiers, granted donations to army and plebs and carried out public works. For the m

impatience to play the politician. He was not given the command of an army . L. Arruntius came of a wealthy and talented fami

s. Like the departure, the return of Tiberius will have changed the army commands. Most of the generals of the earlier w

Silius, the sons of marshals, began a military career, commanding the army of the Balkans after their praetorships; 2 they r

ius invaded Bohemia in A.D. 6, the veteran Sentius Saturninus led the army of Germany eastwards as one column of the converg

uff. 1 B.C.) was in charge of Moesia (now that Macedonia had lost its army ). 2 In the three years of the rebellion of Illyri

M. Plautius Silvanus (summoned from Galatia to the Balkans with an army in A.D. 7), M. Aemilius Lepidus, whose virtues

eyond the Po, a region predominantly Celtic, pays a heavy toll to the army . The social status of the recruit often defies bu

most of the fighting. By such expedients the fiction of a national army was gallantly maintained but not without disappoi

al army was gallantly maintained but not without disappointments. The army engaged in completing the conquest of Spain in 19

or at least enhanced. Romulus was a king, the favourite of plebs and army , less acceptable to the Senate. If the later bo

must still have been Romans who were a little shocked at hearing the army of the Roman People described as ‘Italians’: hi

of sixty. Ovid in his Amores sang of illicit love and made fun of the army : militat omnis amans, et habet sua castra Cupid

es of the Fatherland. Divus Julius was the watchword of the Caesarian army ; and Divus Julius had been avenged by his son and

ferent aspects of his rule he is Princeps to the Senate, Imperator to army and people, King and God to the subject peoples o

iorum’ (ib., 141). Ch. XXXI THE OPPOSITION PageBook=>476 THE army had made one emperor and could make another; and

ces the colonies were outposts of the ruling people, fractions of the army placed at strategic positions and capable of supp

ent the legions: the colonist remembered with pride his ties with the army and with the Roman People. 1 Hence the veterans a

and Auximum harboured conspirators among their citizens. 4 Like the army , the plebs of Rome supported the monarchy. Though

lis, Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 1 A few years pass, however, and among the army commanders of Claudius and Nero are to be found C

riumviral or Augustan consuls: only one man of this class commands an army , and a small one at that. He was Ti. Plautius Sil

r of the nobiles was passing to the novi homines, to the knights, the army and the provinces. After novi homines Etruscan,

true to himself and to the career that began when he raised a private army and ‘liberated the State from the domination of a

poets from Cisalpina, 74, 251; senators, 79, 363; contribution to the army , 70, 456; patriotism, 465; Republicanism, 465.