s day by the futility of their noble deed and by the failure of their armies at Philippi; and the memory of Antonius is overwh

ct no small part of the transactions which he narrated a commander of armies and an arbiter of high diplomacy; and he lived to

re great holders of property like Pompeius and Ahenobarbus with whole armies of tenants or slaves, and financial magnates like

trained in eastern warfare under Sulla and highly trusted by him, led armies through Asia and shattered the power of Mithridat

me nititur ambitio nostra’ (Ad Att. 1, 1, 4). On his huge estates and armies of coloni, Caesar, BC 1, 17, 4156, 3. 3 ‘Sallus

ards the end of the year 62 B.C. with prestige unparalleled and the armies NotesPage=>029 1 H. M. Last, CAH IX, 349.

rthrow the constitution of Sulla. 4 The soldier L. Afranius commanded armies for Pompeius in Spain and in the war against Mith

, endured for some fifteen years after Sulla’s death. Provinces and armies gave resources of patronage and mutual obligation

rtisans or allies already in control of the more important provincial armies . 6 The combination ruled, though modified in vari

legislation of that year, and perpetuate the system, Pompeius needed armies in the provinces and instruments at Rome. Certain

peius needed armies in the provinces and instruments at Rome. Certain armies were already secured. But Pompeius required for h

38 The basis of power at Rome stands out clearly the consulate, the armies and the tribunate: in the background, the all-per

hy by pertinacious proposals that both dynasts should surrender their armies and save the Commonwealth. Curio became a popul

accelerated war. Helped by the power, the prestige, and the illicit armies of Pompeius Magnus (stationed already on Italian

dismissed as mere manoeuvres for position or for time to bring up his armies . 2 Caesar knew how small was the party willing to

he other eleven consulars only one was an active partisan, commanding armies , namely Cn. Domitius Calvinus, and he was no bett

he Gallic Wars as a body stood loyally by their proconsul, commanding armies and governing provinces under the Dictatorship. 6

e experience, now to be employed when they governed provinces and led armies of Roman legions. Rabirius did not merely declaim

es of Roman legions. Rabirius did not merely declaim about fleets and armies , vexing Cicero: he commanded them. 2 Above all,

erates, the party of Caesar, the veterans in Italy, and the Caesarian armies in the provinces would have been too strong. Th

d not think that it was necessary. At the time of Caesar’s death, the armies were held by his partisans, save that certain arr

s closely invested by Caesarian generals. So much for provinces and armies . Had the Liberators plotted real revolution inste

nkly willing to make the best of the new dispensation. Gaul and the armies remained tranquil, the danger of popular outbreak

esarian partisans P. Vatinius and T. Sextius were in command of the armies of Illyricum and of Africa, three legions each. 3

the East, Trebonius and Cimber might have Asia and Bithynia: the only armies east of Macedonia were the six legions under the

his consular year, he was lost. His enemies might win the provincial armies . Brutus and Cassius had left Italy, ostensibly fo

sius was expected there. 3 Further, Cassius might appeal to the large armies in Syria. It was probably at this point that Dola

lican faction, relying on the support of anomalous allies and illicit armies , attempted to seize power in the city. So far,

o end to civil strife. 1 Men recalled not Caesar only but Lepidus and armies raised in the name of liberty, the deeds of Pompe

government’. 6 Again, when private individuals seize provinces and armies , the higher legality is expressly invoked ‘the or

ng enemies. The West showed scant prospect of succour. Further, the armies of Africa and of Illyricum were in the hands of C

troops of D. Brutus and of Octavianus were converted into legitimate armies recognized by the State; the promises of money ma

and the unanimity of Italy. The State now had spirit and leadership, armies and generals. No need for timidity or compromise.

gotiated with Antonius, Brutus and Cassius had acted: they seized the armies of all the lands beyond the sea, from Illyricum t

tremendous. With a glorious victory to the credit of the patriotic armies and all the provinces of the East in the hands of

him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined armies of the Republic in northern Italy would have an e

or a time the person of Octavianus. Hirtius and Pansa, at the head of armies , might have been able to arrest hostilities after

e Senate reduced the bounties so generously promised to the patriotic armies , choosing a commission to effect that salutary ec

y been legalized. Shortly after the news of Mutina, the provinces and armies of the NotesPage=>163 1 Phil. 14, 33 (afte

he ruin of D. Brutus and the triumph of diplomacy among the Caesarian armies of the West. Antonius marched westwards with ra

ontinued to send to the Senate should have deceived nobody. The two armies lay against each other for a time. A small river

y who had built up a novel and aggressive faction, mobilizing private armies and constitutional sanctions against a proconsul.

onius. 1 They deserved a friendlier designation. The behaviour of the armies gives a more faithful reflection, of the sentimen

no policy. A property-tax had been levied to meet the demands of the armies of the Republic. The return was small and grudgin

n August, it was not with the plan already conceived of mustering the armies of the East, invading Italy and restoring the Rep

ations with provincial governors but did not act at once. The news of armies raised in Italy and Caesar’s heir marching on Rom

publication in Rome of the report of Cassius’s seizure of the eastern armies (Ad M. Brutum 2, 4, 5). 3 Above, p. 64. 4 Ad

instruments of domination the supreme magistracy in the city and the armies of the provinces. Depressed by the revived Dictat

ius they found a refuge, with Brutus and Cassius a party and a cause, armies of Roman legions and the hope of vengeance. Not

senatorial office was not an indispensable qualification for leading armies of Roman legions. But Salvidienus was not unique:

vi filius’. Under the sign of the avenging of Caesar, the Caesarian armies made ready for war. The leaders decided to employ

he meantime, Brutus and Cassius had been gathering the wealth and the armies of the East. Not long after the Battle of Mutina,

utus and Cassius met again at Ephesus. In the late summer of 42 their armies passed the Hellespont, nineteen legions and numer

ce again the Balkan lands witnessed a Roman disaster and entombed the armies of the Republic ‘Romani bustum populi’. 4 This ti

that order cowered ignominious and forgotten in Rome or commanded the armies that destroyed the Republic along with their new

that region. Even if Salvidienus returned in time and their combined armies succeeded in dealing with L. Antonius, that was t

ards in splendour to re-establish the rule of Rome and extort for the armies yet more money from the wealthy cities of Asia, t

g the prestige of Antonius. PageBook=>217 Salvidienus with the armies of all Gaul was in negotiation and ready to deser

friends and kinsmen among the Republicans. Lacking authority with the armies and a provincial clientela like that of Pompeius

ily proscribed by Sulla, but admitted to honours by Caesar, commanded armies for the Dictator, and was the first triumviral co

uld Antonius come again to Brundisium or Tarentum with the fleets and armies of the East, whether it was peace or war in the e

ius was an Antonian (Dio 49, 44, 3). None of these men ever commanded armies , so far as is known, save Autronius and M. Aciliu

earliest consuls, Plancus and Pollio made their way as commanders of armies and as diplomats. 4 In a free state the study o

d acts of forty years before, civil strife and the levying of private armies , conscription of slaves and servile wars, unendin

nd cities, the open debate of political assemblies or the marching of armies . From Sallustius history acquired that preoccupat

ruling their diverse kingdoms with the hazardous support of mercenary armies . There was fair evidence at hand to confirm the d

the parallel so clearly when alluding to the behaviour of the veteran armies . 4 NotesPage=>250 1 Suetonius, Divus Iuliu

would surely be more than enough to provide bounties or lands for the armies of the East. 4 Antonius consigned the statement

nd facilitate by money or by moral suasion the levying of ‘volunteer’ armies in a patriotic cause. Cicero’s friends used votes

ell as the power and glory of Caesar and the Caesarian party. 4 The armies of the West were left in charge of safe partisans

imponerc morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos. 1 But the armies of Rome presented a greater danger to her stabili

y foreign enemy. After Actium, the victor who had seduced in turn the armies of all his adversaries found himself in the embar

ng. But Augustus did not take all the legions: three proconsuls had armies under their command, the governors of Illyricum,

s. Further, Cisalpine Gaul had ceased to be a province. Augustus’ own armies lay at a distance, disposed on the periphery of t

ad chosen, with or without formal commendation. He controlled all the armies of the Roman People, in fact though not in law, a

When a faction seized power at Rome, the consulate and the provincial armies were the traditional instruments of ‘legitimate’

s Pollio, Censorinus, C. Sosius and M. Licinius Crassus would command armies again. Yet, apart from these survivals of a lost

ht to demonstrate. He feared the nobiles, his enemies. Consulars with armies were rivals to the Princeps in power as well as i

ain before the end of the year. Two centuries had elapsed since the armies of the Roman Republic first invaded Spain: the co

Petronius, were dim figures compared with the poet who had commanded armies in the wars of the Revolution. 4 Syria was distan

is fancy a political suspect is not placed in charge of provinces and armies . PageNote. 342 1 Velleius 2, 88, 2: ‘otio ac

always an oligarchy somewhere, open or concealed. When the Caesarian armies prevailed and the Republic perished, three dynast

of Rome it might be too narrow, especially as concerned provinces and armies . Despite all the delegation to dependent prince

ed to Augustus as patron and protector as well as paymaster. Like the armies as a whole, the individual legionary was to be is

rule of the Triumvirate. Knights had been of much more value in the armies of Rome than the public and necessary prominence

are sufficient testimony. 2 Wars waged between Romans with veteran armies on either side set a high standard of mobility, s

or of single legions Salvidienus Rufus and Cornelius Gallus led whole armies to victory. Salvidienus and Gallus are symbols of

Considius (BG 1, 21, 3), a centurion or knight who had served in the armies of Sulla and of Crassus. 2 Balbus under Caesar

Pompeius Strabo and by Sulla now entered the Senate and commanded the armies of the Roman People Pollio, whose grandfather led

n Rome could not imperil peace so long as the Princeps controlled the armies . Nor indeed had there been serious danger in Rome

and governed as separate provinces; many of them by the size of their armies already called for legates of consular standing.

y the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which probably still had two armies , cf. below, p. 394 f. PageBook=>374 Electi

a’ was the most valuable endowment. Service in war and the command of armies brought the highest distinction to men whose yout

ulate did not matter so much. Enemies were dangerous only if they had armies and even then they would hardly be able to induce

2 Statilius Taurus possessed a variety of properties in Istria, whole armies of slaves at Rome. 3 The successful military man

ive. Except for Agrippa, only six of them are later chosen to command armies , as legates or proconsuls. 1 There were good reas

precaution may appear excessive. Not in Rome but with the provincial armies lay the real resources of power and the only seri

er the first settlement Augustus in no way relaxed his control of the armies , holding the most powerful of them through his ow

ff. A number of legions recently withdrawn from Spain reinforced the armies of Gaul and Illyricum; and a new legion, XXI Rapa

m the west and from the south, demanding the services of two separate armies . The supreme effort, however, was greater still

Princeps and his stepsons. Of the great plebeian marshals commanding armies under the Principate of Augustus only one besides

w been built up. As has been shown, the Princeps hesitated to entrust armies to the viri triumphales of the revolutionary peri

ative years of the new dispensation Augustus held the territories and armies of his provincia through his legati pro praetore

cted wars under their own auspices. But the Senate lost the other two armies . In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum; 2 and,

ed in any way his especial favourites, Tiberius and Drusus, commanded armies in their twenties. Patronage was justified in its

n the period 16–13 B.C., when the Princeps himself visited Spain. Two armies still remained for a time in Spain in the two pro

innovation, but the stabilization of a practice common enough in the armies of Pompeius and Caesar and extended during the re

nd repeated provincial commands. Of an unbroken career at the head of armies or in the government of provinces, legates of Pom

Piso, so now the Balkan lands called again for reinforcement from the armies of the East. In A.D. 7 Silvanus brought troops to

Book=>400 More important than Syria or Galatia were the northern armies with the two great commands in Illyricum and on t

erred from the latter province to the former and that the two Spanish armies had by now been fused into one. Which is not unli

candidates already asserting their claims to monarchy. The provincial armies elevated Vespasian to the purple after civil war.

, 475). Pliny, Epp. 9, 13, 11, attests the danger from the provincial armies . Late in 97 or early in 98 Syria is found to be w

the reigning family; and only two of them are known to have commanded armies in the period of Tiberius’ seclusion. None the le

lia. Ahenobarbus held in succession the command of the great northern armies , passing from Illyricum to Germany. He is describ

about the significance of Ahenobarbus and Vinicius with the northern armies , of Lollius in the East and of Fabius Maximus in

ted with proconsular imperium, after visiting the Danubian and Balkan armies , now appeared in the East. For some years disturb

reover it was advisable to display the heir apparent to provinces and armies which had seen no member of the syndicate of gove

. PageBook=>432 The final blow was to fall in A.D. 6, when the armies of the Rhine and of Illyricum invaded Bohemia fro

still lived through the scandals of his family. The disasters of his armies tried him more sorely and wrung from his inhuman

on him powers equal with the Princeps in the control of provinces and armies . 2 After conducting a census as the colleague of

ius, could hope that their sons would govern provinces with legionary armies certainly not Ahenobarbus or Paullus Fabius Maxim

orn supply; another knight, M. Magius, held Egypt. All the provincial armies were in the hands of sure partisans. On the Rhine

scovered in large numbers. 3 There was less need for deception in the armies of the East. Galatians were regularly conscripted

n war and peace, where generals offered prayers before going to their armies or thanksgiving when returning from successful wa

before, would have risen again at the earliest opportunity when Roman armies were absent. Other subject peoples could show mor

that in the Civil Wars he had put to death no citizen of his enemies’ armies who had asked that his life be spared. 3 The clai

tus employed not a single nobilis among the legates who commanded the armies in his provincia, and only three men of consular

great military commands. Eight legions on the Rhine, brigaded in two armies , are in themselves a large part of the history of

ch Augustus controlled, directly or indirectly, all provinces and all armies . Yet these powers were the twin pillars of his ru

an diplomat, 225, 242, 259, 266, 267. Foreigners, in command of Roman armies , 201; hatred of, 256, 287, 290; scorn of, 441.

., 82, 353 ff., 395 f.; in the faction of Octavianus, 133; commanding armies , 201, 355; victims of the proscriptions, 195; in

ummer, 44 B.C., 116 ff.; leave Italy, 119, 124, 163, 167; win eastern armies , 171, 184; in campaign of Philippi, 203 ff.; end

, 310, 328; appointment of, under the Principate, 330, 382, 395; with armies under the Principate, 314, 328, 330, 394; divine