rinceps. 3 Pompeius was Princeps beyond dispute but not at Rome. By armed force he might have established sole rule, but by

PageBook=>033 Pompeius on his return, lacking valid excuse for armed usurpation, tried to reinforce his predominance b

ons for the next two years as well. 2 Despite patronage at home and armed power in the provinces, the ascendancy of Pompeiu

oodless but violent usurpations of 70 and 59 B.C. the logical end was armed conflict and despotism. As the soldiers were the

ext was a special mandate to heal and repair the Commonwealth. 6 With armed men at his back Pompeius established order again

d him a sword, with dramatic gesture, bidding him take command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already held all Spai

menacing. To his allies he expressed firm confidence, pointed to his armed forces and spoke contemptuously of the proconsul

he panacea for the world’s ills, and with the design to achieve it by armed force. 1 Such a view is too simple to be historic

tamp with his foot in the land of Italy, as he had rashly boasted. No armed legions rose at his call. Even Picenum, his own b

gt;051 defied and then destroyed the Senate’s rule. Each had sought armed domination. 1 Had Pompeius conquered in battle, t

radical as Caelius, who passed from words to deeds and perished in an armed rising. Cicero, when lauding the clemency and mag

bitter discontent all over Italy, broken men and debtors ready for an armed rising, but also, and perhaps more disquieting, m

ts at once apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with armed men. Lepidus and Balbus were eager for vengeance;

d to Italy. That would preclude competition for a post of vantage and armed domination. A fair prospect of concord or a sub

ica ius suum recuperatura. ’ PageBook=>125 Before he returned, armed revolution had broken out in Italy. Octavianus so

self? 2 Octavianus took the supreme risk and set out for Rome. With armed men he occupied the Forum on November 10th. He ha

cerned among the Liberators, as the congress at Antium showed, or any armed support from the provinces. Early July brought we

hen the phrase Vindex Libertatis appears on the coinage, it indicates armed usurpation attempted or successful, the removal o

thout trial on the plea of public emergency and the charge of levying armed forces against the State. Now the champion of the

of some spirit. 1 So much for Senate and senior statesmen. Without armed aid from the provinces, or at least loyal support

of the western provinces, all had conspired to preserve him from the armed violence of an unnatural coalition. In Italy that

e. 2 On the following day Octavianus forbore to enter the city with armed men a ‘free election’ was to be secured. The peop

Cisalpina and Gallia Comata, dominant from geographical position and armed strength: he seems to have left his partisan Poll

to drive their political enemies out of the land, thus precluding any armed insurrection in Italy when they settled accounts

. PageBook=>194 landowner, mustered his adherents and tenants, armed the slaves and fought his way through Italy to th

ion. 2 The Republic had been abolished. Whatever the outcome of the armed struggle, it could never be restored. Despotism r

et battles between soldiers and civilians. 4 Towns and local magnates armed in self-protection. The opposition to Octavianus

smanaged. This time the enemies of Octavianus had a leader. The final armed reckoning for the heritage of Caesar seemed inevi

e disaster. Whether for revenge or for diplomacy, he must be strongly armed : he prepared a fleet and looked about for allies.

this time. PageBook=>216 include Pompeius, Antonius agreed to armed co-operation. When he set sail in advance with a

ic enemy, was now invading Italy with what remained of the Republican armed forces. His admiral was Ahenobarbus, Cato’s nephe

e consulate of Pollio and Calvinus. 4 It might not have happened: the armed confrontation of the angry dynasts at Brundisium

e of the name of Caesar, won the support of the plebs in Rome and the armed proletariat of Italy, and represented Caesarism a

Perusia. With her husband and the child Tiberius, Livia fled from the armed bands of Octavianus to take refuge with Sex. Pomp

s heir, in audacious deed as well as in name. Once again the voice of armed men was heard, clamorous for peace, and once agai

ome witnessed a contest of display and advertisement that heralded an armed struggle. It had begun some six years before. 2

Senate or Forum, but only of service to overcome the recalcitrance of armed men or allay the suspicions of political negotiat

Sicilian War. 1 When public order lapsed, when cities or individuals armed for protection, brigandage became prevalent: the

r from reciprocal invective at the time of Octavianus’ first essay in armed violence and revived during the War of Perusia, w

m the towns of Italy Caesarian veterans, personal adherents and their armed bands. Returning to Rome, on his own initiative h

d discarded the name of Triumvir. But he possessed auctoritas and the armed power to back it. He entered the Curia, surrounde

unished. 1 Disturbances among the civil population were suppressed by armed force for the soldiers had been paid. To public

rs earlier when he so eloquently justified a Catilinarian venture and armed treason against a consul, was able to invoke the

f oriental monarchy was distant and irrelevant when compared with the armed domination of Octavianus at home. Yet in some way

the rule of the sole imperator. 4 Not only prestige was at stake—the armed proconsuls were a menace. Yet it would be inexped

s list of such provinces occur Africa, Illyricum and Macedonia, where armed proconsuls are definitely attested in the early y

ree State. Their sole survivor, as warden of the more powerful of the armed provinces, stood as a guarantee against any recur

ower. The military colonies in Italy and abroad were a network of his armed and devoted garrisons. Towns in Italy and the pro

enhanced consular imperium, had recently been employed to control the armed proconsuls. But the Triumvirate was abolished, th

. Excited by the ambition of military demagogues, the claims of the armed proletariat of Italy menaced and shattered the Ro

Aemilius Lepidus was in charge of Hispania Citerior. 1 These were the armed provinces of Caesar. Africa, with one legion, w

tial II, 16, 8. Cf. also above, p. 464. PageBook=>486 A critic armed with the acerbity of Pollio must have delivered a

s, cuncta inter se conexa. ’1 So Tacitus described the Empire and its armed forces. The phrase might fittingly be applied to

s youthful emergence as a revolutionary leader in public sedition and armed violence, the heir of Caesar had endured to the e