e Senate of Rome and governed provinces; new-comers to the senatorial aristocracy , they all became deeply imbued with the tradition

y year from Tiberius down to Nero the merciless extinction of the old aristocracy . Pollio was a contemporary, in fact no small pa

without it. Coerced by Pompeius and sharply repressed by Caesar, the aristocracy was broken at Philippi. The parties of Pompeius a

he non- political orders in society triumphed over Rome and the Roman aristocracy . Yet the old framework and categories subsist: a

age=>010 1 Along with Claudii, Aemilii and Manlii they formed an aristocracy within the patriciate itself, being the so-called

idealistic nobles, that they found support in the higher ranks of the aristocracy rather than in the lower. It is all too easy to t

m resources of their own as from alliance with houses of the plebeian aristocracy . The greatest of those families had earned or con

ulcher) furnished a suitable and visible inauguration of the restored aristocracy , being the son and the husband of women of the Me

ncient days, denounced the undeserving rich, and strove to recall the aristocracy to the duties of their station. 2 This was not co

he Scipiones. Gloria, dignitas and clientelae, the prerogative of the aristocracy ,5 were now being monopolized by one man. Someth

ecent enough to excite dispraise or contempt, even among the plebeian aristocracy : its first consul (in 141 B.C.) had been promoted

e hope perhaps to inherit some measure of Crassus’ influence with the aristocracy . Of the candidates for the consulate, Milo had be

: he had not wished to make war upon them or to exterminate the Roman aristocracy . But these proud adversaries did not always leap

ate the organs of the Roman State. It was going to last and the Roman aristocracy was not to be permitted to govern and exploit the

always been done to the generous and liberal traditions of the Roman aristocracy , conspicuous in the Julii and in the Claudii. The

e Roman noble augmented his power and influence through attaching the aristocracy of Italy to his friendship, the poor to his clien

and host of the proconsul:4 among his officers were knights from the aristocracy of the towns. 5 Benefits anticipated were more po

f Spain and southern Gaul will have been more acceptable to the Roman aristocracy than the sons of freed slaves, less raw and alien

As at Rome under a Republican constitution, so in the municipia, the aristocracy retained in civic and urban garb the predominance

agius of Aeclanum(Velleius 2, 16, 2). PageBook=>083 with the aristocracy of the capital. Like the patricians of Rome, they

Scipio Africanus, probably came from a non-Roman family of municipal aristocracy ; 6 and the first Pompeius owed his consulate to t

st person could mention them. 2 In the professed ideals of a landed aristocracy earned wealth was sordid and degrading. But if th

milius Lepidus. Like the patriciate, the great houses of the plebeian aristocracy , the backbone of Sulla’s oligarchy, were sadly we

s at Rome the worst extremities could sometimes be avoided, among the aristocracy at least. Sulla had many enemies among the nobile

it of Rome. No battle of all the Civil Wars was so murderous to the aristocracy . 5 Among the fallen were recorded the noblest nam

as, a nucleus of support already from certain families of the ancient aristocracy and a steadily growing party in Rome and througho

s recalled, and his family may have continued, an ancient line of the aristocracy of Lucania. 4 These were able or unscrupulous mil

less, the young Caesar was acquiring a considerable faction among the aristocracy . The nobiles would attract others of their own ra

tavianus may now have honoured men of discreet repute among the Roman aristocracy , or persons of influence in the towns of Italy: i

precedent. New men far outweighed the nobiles. 2 Some families of the aristocracy had NotesPage=>243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian

were the gaps in the ranks of the dynastic houses of the old plebeian aristocracy among the principes not a single Metellus, Marcel

coepit. ’5 Then Rome’s wars against foreign enemies had augmented the aristocracy with a new nobility. No record stands of the sent

survival, with arts and devices of subservience loathed by the Roman aristocracy : no honest man would care to surrender honour and

ultural and military operations, had been carefully maintained by the aristocracy to intimidate the people, to assert their own dom

at an impressionable age and in the company of young men of the Roman aristocracy . Defeat brought impoverishment and the constrai

e’s ruler in the East might suitably be extended to embrace the whole aristocracy in town and country priestly houses descended fro

Italy and the western provinces and blend with them in a new imperial aristocracy . Mytilene paid honour and the appellation of sa

guarantee, or at least advertise the show, of support from the Roman aristocracy . 3 For the moment violence had given Octavianus

collection of the revenues of his provinces. They were drawn from the aristocracy of the towns, provincial as well as Italian. Thus

roke down Roman prejudice and enriched the poorer Italian gentry: the aristocracy among the peoples vanquished by Pompeius Strabo a

er and habit of speech was rustic, their alien names a mockery to the aristocracy of Rome, whose own Sabine or Etruscan origins, th

upstarts, enriched by murder and rapine. Others came from the ancient aristocracy of the land, dynastic and priestly families traci

te had once seemed to represent the Roman People, for it was a ruling aristocracy by no means narrow and exclusive. The generous po

a ‘novus mos’. 3 All men knew that the noblest families of the Roman aristocracy went back to Latin or to Sabine ancestors to sa

r and Augustus attached to their party and promoted to the Senate the aristocracy of Italy. Senators represented, not a region or a

rents of the new dynasty the chieftains of Gallia Comata, the wealthy aristocracy of Asia and even the kings of the East would ente

udius Pulcher and M. Valerius Messalla were quickly won over. But the aristocracy were slow to forgive the man of the proscriptions

t occasion, also sought to curb Augustus’ ardent predilection for the aristocracy . Like Caesar’s faction, the new Caesarian party

its annual and Republican dignity, it now seemed worth having to the aristocracy . From one fraud Augustus was debarred. He had alr

ad Livia not been the wife of the Princeps, her son under the revived aristocracy of the New State would have reached the consulate

ctation of divinity: his sons were princes and would succeed him. The aristocracy could tolerate the rule of monarchy more easily t

at all. The firmest defenders of Libertas were nobles of the plebeian aristocracy ; the senatorial historians Sallustius, Pollio and

lt with the matter there. His programme was unpopular enough with the aristocracy , and the most circumspect of politicians could ha

culations had passed ten years before. The government party among the aristocracy old and new, built up with such care by Augustus

ter trouble, and the newly enriched who aped the extravagances of the aristocracy without their ancestral excuse or their saving qu

e quite superfluous so long as Rome remained her ancient self. In the aristocracy of the last age of the Republic marriage had not

une. The tightening of the matrimonial bond would hardly induce the aristocracy to marry and propagate. Material encouragement wa

virtus’ that was held to be lacking in the decadent, pleasure-loving aristocracy of Rome. Among the intimate friends of Augustus w

th power in the Senate and in the councils of the Princeps. The Roman aristocracy , avidly grasping the spoils of conquest, wealth,

hip of the gods appears to be deep-rooted and genuine. He admired the aristocracy , for he was not one of them; he chastened them, b

em; he chastened them, but with a loving hand. For the respect due to aristocracy was traditional, and Augustus was a traditional m

PageBook=>455 Civic virtue of this kind could exist in the Roman aristocracy along with a certain laxity of individual behavio

s his doubts to the Senate. 1 That a change later came over the Roman aristocracy was evident to the historian Tacitus; no less evi

sterious revolution of taste. 3 If Augustus was disappointed in the aristocracy , he might reflect that Rome was not Italy; and It

a’s men. Even freedmen were not treated as outcasts. Above all, the aristocracy was sharply recalled to its hereditary traditions

ANIZATION OF OPINION PageBook=>459 IN Rome of the Republic the aristocracy guided literature through individual patronage. A

139. PageBook=>475 As in Galatia or in the cities of Asia, the aristocracy of land and birth is firmly riveted to the client

se greed and gain under the fair cloak of loyalty and patriotism. The aristocracy knew the truth and suffered in bitter impotence,

eculation about high politics ran rife in the clubs and salons of the aristocracy , becoming wilder with the years, as despotism gre

terature in both prose and verse, a scourge in the social life of the aristocracy . Messalla vied with Pollio as a patron of letters

s writings the spirit, the prejudices and the resentment of the Roman aristocracy and reveals the causes and tragedy of their decad

6 Even under Trajan and Hadrian there were venerable relics of the aristocracy , rare and portentous from the disappearance of th

nd political impotence that depressed and perverted the morale of the aristocracy . There was no field left them now for action or e

tation. At the same time, however, a new scourge arose which, for the aristocracy at least, counterbalanced other benefits. The S

o abolish war and politics. There could be no great men any more: the aristocracy was degraded and persecuted. The record of their

re excellent men to be found in this company, sons of the old Italian aristocracy , whose private virtues did not avail to compensat

tters. The game of traducing the upstart may have originated with the aristocracy : it was cheerfully adopted by the snobbish fervou

tavasdes, King of Armenia, 264 f., 270. Asculum, 71, 86, 357. Asia, aristocracy of, 261 f., 365, 476, 490, 506; in the Triumviral

oreign, 84; adopted to show political loyalty, 157; revived among the aristocracy , 377. Coinage, of Augustus, 323, 406. Coins,

, 94; disliked by Cato, 26; their hatred of Rome, 86 f., 286 f., 359; aristocracy of, 87, 91 f., 285, 359 ff. Italy, in relation

; Republicanism, 344 f., 418; detests servility, 507; attitude to the aristocracy , 344 f., 368; attitude to novi homines, 434; Pomp