on he led, of the personality, actions and influence of the principal among his partisans. In all ages, whatever the form and

d to his intimate friends. There was no breach in the walls a faction among the nobiles had opened the gates. Cicero would ha

strife for power, wealth and glory. The contestants were the nobiles among themselves, as individuals or in groups, open in

a high ideal of Roman patriotism and imperial responsibility. Not so among the financiers. The Roman constitution was a sc

union of the possessing classes, by the influence of their clientela among the plebs and by due subservience towards the fin

ainst the great Mithridates and against the Pirates. Lack of capacity among the principal members of the ruling group, or, mo

and to a Porcius, whence double issue, five children of diverse note, among them the great political lady Servilia and the re

nent in politics through the great estates in Italy and the clientela among the Roman plebs which he had inherited from an am

rimacy before consulars: he controlled a nexus of political alliances among the nobiles. The Optimates stood sorely in need

g. His family was recent enough to excite dispraise or contempt, even among the plebeian aristocracy: its first consul (in 14

f 52 B.C., three candidates contending in violence and rioting, chief among whom was the favourite of the Optimates, T. Anniu

consul of Gaul. 5 Rumour spontaneous or fabricated told of discontent among Caesar’s soldiers and officers; and there was sol

ook=>055 in misunderstandings. 1 After death Caesar was enrolled among the gods of the Roman State by the interested dev

, who had already, despite his youth, won rank by vigour and acerbity among the greatest of political orators. 5 Caesar’s g

e the ‘Mentula’ of certain poems; cf. T. Frank, AJP XL (1919), 407 F. among literary men of equestrian rank on Caesar’s side,

e Sabine country who had plunged into politics, a tribune conspicuous among the opponents of the Optimates under the third co

cipiones and the Lentuli, stood by the oligarchy. But Caesar claimed, among other patricians, the worthy Ti. Claudius Nero, w

he means for bounty and benevolence. 5 No details confirm the paradox among Roman financiers. More is known about his son, a

t men from the colonies and municipia of the Cisalpina might be found among the officers and friends of Pompeius; 3 and it wi

ubt a person of substance, was the friend and host of the proconsul:4 among his officers were knights from the aristocracy of

nt contemporaries are repeated by credulous posterity and consecrated among the uncontested memorials of history. Sulla, they

example. 1 Caesar’s adherents were a ghastly and disgusting rabble: among the new senators were to be found centurions and

. Balbus was quaestor in Hispania Ulterior under Pollio, who reports, among other enormities, that he had a Roman citizen bur

laim to a respectable antiquity. The Aelii Lamiae alleged an ancestor among the Laestrygones,1 which was excessive, frivolous

list allies wherever they might be found. They spread their influence among the local aristocracies by marriage or alliance,

938), 114 ff.; 144 ff. 4 Note the praenomina ‘Kaeso’ and ‘Numerius’ among the Fabii. The cognomen ‘Nero’ was Sabine (Sueton

econciliation until a long time had elapsed. Sulla recognized merit among allies or opponents. Minatus Magius, a magnate of

tribunes and hated the Roman poor. C. Maecenas from Arretium is named among the strong and steadfast knights who offered publ

of Puteoli were notoriously Marian:7 a certain Granius Petro is found among NotesPage=>090 1 BC 1, 15, 2. 2 ILS 877.

los see BCH XXXI (1907), 443 f; XXXVI (1912), 41 f.). Two Granii were among the partisans declared public enemies in 88 B.C.

ut otherwise might never have attained. Herius Asinius, the first man among the Marrucini, fell in battle fighting for Italia

the Sabellian peoples, thickest of all in the heart of the Apennines among the archaic tribes of the Marsi and Paeligni, ext

utus, indeed, an especial friend and favourite, was named in his will among the heirs by default. 8 Brutus was a nobilis, G

bewilderment. Sympathizers came to the Capitol but did not stay long, among them the senior statesman Cicero and the young P.

pillar in the Forum, offering prayers and a cult to Caesar. Prominent among the authors of disorder was a certain Herophilus

a share of power and glory. Discontent, it is true, could be detected among the populace of Rome NotesPage=>100 1 See

the constitution might appear to survive in Italy. Not everywhere, or among all classes. When Brutus and Cassius during the m

>102 The manoeuvres of the Republican partisans excited disquiet among those responsible for the maintenance of public o

ure, the tyrant was slain, but the tyranny survived hence open dismay among the friends of the Liberators and many a secret m

NotesPage=>107 1 Phil, 1, 2 ff. Cicero does not mention here, among the ‘Republican’ measures of Antonius, the remova

ng Octavius, in Spain for a time with Caesar in 45 B.C., was enrolled among the patricians; and Caesar drew up his will, nami

p, not political principle. The devotion which Caesar’s memory evoked among his friends was attested by impressive examples;

iery. To Antonius, no grounds for satisfaction. Alert and resilient among the visible risks of march and battle, he had no

wever, Antonius was impeded by no doubts of his own, by no disloyalty among his troops. Out of Rome and liberated from the sn

was not enough. Octavianus also won the support of private investors, among them some of the wealthiest bankers of Rome. Atti

alvidienus. PageBook=>132 Octavianus may already have numbered among his supporters certain obscure and perhaps unsavo

beside Antonius, only eight men of senatorial rank can be discovered among his generals and they are not an impressive compa

by his conduct, his sagacity by the course of events: to few, indeed, among his contemporaries was accorded that double and m

1st deepened his dismay. Nor was any decision or hope to be discerned among the Liberators, as the congress at Antium showed,

Antonius, however, may be counted, for vigour, passion and intensity, among the most splendid of all the orations. But orator

t;152 humour and a strong sense of the dramatic; and Cicero enjoyed among contemporaries an immense reputation as a wit and

153 1 Compare Caesar’s remarks (BC 1, 7, 51.). PageBook=>154 among the champions of the People’s rights but hardly t

e the allies or adherents of the opposing party. To establish concord among citizens, the most dishonest of political compact

ency was the excuse for sedition. But the Antonii at least kept faith among themselves: the younger brother Lucius added Piet

imed. 3 This austere devotion to the Commonwealth excited emulation among the generals of the western provinces when they d

plomacy of a Cicero or a Plancus would have excited rational distrust among friends as well as among enemies. The West show

Plancus would have excited rational distrust among friends as well as among enemies. The West showed scant prospect of succ

omising money for the war, the Marrucini (or perhaps rather a faction among them hostile to Pollio) stimulated recruiting und

sing a commission to effect that salutary economy. Octavianus was not among its members but neither was D. Brutus. The envoys

ed with equanimity the ruin of D. Brutus and the triumph of diplomacy among the Caesarian armies of the West. Antonius marc

bloodshed. The senators advanced to make their peace with Octavianus; among them, but not in the forefront, was Cicero. ‘Ah,

nus were consulars already, and nobiles at that. Political compacts among the nobiles were never complete without a marriag

tories went a long way towards compensating the lack of prose fiction among the Romans. PageBook=>191 For the youth of

es and other personages of distinction more as a pledge of solidarity among themselves and to inspire terror among enemies an

more as a pledge of solidarity among themselves and to inspire terror among enemies and malcontents than from thirst for bloo

n- contests at Rome the worst extremities could sometimes be avoided, among the aristocracy at least. Sulla had many enemies

es be avoided, among the aristocracy at least. Sulla had many enemies among the nobiles, but certain of the more eminent, thr

4 Ib. 11, 4. PageBook=>193 Calidus, famed as a poet, but only among his contemporaries; 1 and the aged M. Terentius V

her and a nephew of Plancus were also on the lists. 5 Pollio’s rivals among the Marrucini will likewise have been found there

xamples conferred sanction upon crime and murder, if any were needed, among the propertied classes of the municipia, publicly

d lived on for a time unmolested. 6 Of the supposed dozen survivors among the consulars, only three claim any mention in su

r but faithful to the end. 4 At Athens he found a welcome and support among the Roman youth there pursuing the higher educati

uaestors of Asia and Syria; 7 and from Italy there came sympathizers, among them M. Valerius Messalla, a noble youth of talen

the only record in the years 43–39 B.C. is a Metellus and a Lentulus among the proscribed (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175; ib. 39, 16

the towns of Italy. Change and casualties are most clearly evident among the army commanders. Of the imposing company of C

nd secured two consulates:4 they were Umbrian in origin. 5 These were among the earliest to find mention. Then other marshals

or victory or defeat in the eastern lands, became the proverbial trio among the novi homines of the Revolution. 1 Which is ap

avianus invited those who had nothing to lose from war and adventure, among the ‘foundation-members’ being Agrippa and Salvid

the acts of Caesar the Dictator. More than this, Caesar was enrolled among the gods of the Roman State. 1 In the Forum a tem

re put to death. 5 A body of nobles had fled to the island of Thasos, among them L. Calpurnius Bibulus and M. Valerius Messal

tavianus. But there was neither unity of command nor unity of purpose among his motley adversaries. Antonius’ generals in I

ater number was not actively impeded. The remainder were put to death among them Ti. Cannutius, the tribune who had presented

western provinces. He at once dispatched to Gaul and Spain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and plebeian Agrippa, n

by a marriage. His party now began to attract ambitious aristocrats, among the earliest of whom may fairly be reckoned a Cla

mbition had made him a Caesarian, but he numbered friends and kinsmen among the Republicans. Lacking authority with the armie

cius Fango, killed while fighting to hold Africa for Octavianus, were among the Dictator’s new senators. The younger Balbus w

ian campaigns reveals on the side of Caesar’s heir for the first time among his generals or active associates seven men who h

None the less, the young Caesar was acquiring a considerable faction among the aristocracy. The nobiles would attract others

vi homines. 2 Octavianus may now have honoured men of discreet repute among the Roman aristocracy, or persons of influence in

s in the ranks of the dynastic houses of the old plebeian aristocracy among the principes not a single Metellus, Marcellus, L

that many of the upstarts derived their origin from ancient families among the aristocracies of the kindred peoples of Italy

on the death of Alexander the Macedonian, the long contests for power among the generals his successors, the breaking of his

was fair evidence at hand to confirm the deeply- rooted belief, held among the learned and the vulgar alike, that history re

n invasion. 4 In this emergency men of wealth and standing in Asia, among them the famous orators Hybreas of Mylasa and Zen

paradox, drove the remnants of the Catonian and the Pompeian parties, among them enemies of Caesar and assassins yet unpunish

peian admiral Q. Nasidius, and the few surviving assassins of Caesar, among them Turullius and Cassius of Parma ; 3 young Sen

Parma ; 3 young Sentius Saturninus, a relative of Libo, had also been among the companions of Pompeius. But Catonians and P

s father’s friend, his step-father Antonius. 5 Other youthful nobiles among the Antonians were M. Licinius Crassus, M. Octavi

g, bringing with them the semblance of a Senate. Bitter debate ensued among the party leaders, sharpened by personal enmities

ipitance the unfamiliar role of a champion of polite letters, alleged among other enormities NotesPage=>282 1 The trut

Italy was in confusion. 8 Antonius’ agents distributed lavish bribes among the civil population and the soldiery. Octavianus

specially blamed for the trouble and heavily punished. 1 Disturbances among the civil population were suppressed by armed for

surpassed any attempts of earlier politicians to build up a following among the propertied classes of Italy. The oath embrace

the East were no doubt to be found in the order of Roman knights and among those senators most nearly allied to them by the

oning an ἔπαρχʋϛ (praefectus), C. Julius Papius, and some centurions, among them a man called Demetrius. A neglected passage

sertion set in. Certain of the vassal princes went over to the enemy, among them Amyntas with his Galatian cavalry. Romans to

victims. As for the Antonians later captured, four were put to death, among NotesPage=>299 1 Plutarch, Antonius 77 ff.

the military oligarchy was highly variegated. There was scarce a man among the consulars but had a Republican—or Antonian—pa

nt of the attitude of other proconsuls. Had he firm allies or kinsmen among them, the course of events might have been differ

by furies for ever, on the other an ideal Cato, usefully legislating among the blessed dead: secretosque pios, his dantem

is not a matter of paramount importance. No man of the time, reared among the hard and palpable realities of Roman politics

noble in birth or consular in rank. Not a single nobilis can be found among his legates in the first dozen years, and hardly

most difficult and most dangerous of the imperial dominions were not among them—a fair and fraudulent pretext to lighten the

ed condemnation of the offender. 4 Varro Murena the consul had been among the defenders of the proconsul of Macedonia. A ma

ortant than that, official standing was conferred upon the ablest man among his adherents, the principal of his marshals M. V

atus sine asperitate, nec sine severitate lectus. ’ 3 C. Sosius was among the XVviri sacris faciundis who supervised the ce

a better calculation in treason, they would have held pride of place among the grand old men of the New State, honoured by P

man prejudice and enriched the poorer Italian gentry: the aristocracy among the peoples vanquished by Pompeius Strabo and by

s) often proved too strong. There was an ancient and reputable family among the Paeligni, the Ovidii. 3 Augustus gave the lat

was true in character and in habits to his origin; Roman knights were among his most intimate friends and earliest partisans.

evented the adoption of Marcellus; it may be conjectured that certain among them, above all Agrippa, whose policy prevailed o

ulate. Caesar had been hasty and arbitrary: the Triumvirs were brutal among the grosser anomalies, men designated to the cons

eople were ostensibly sovran, the members of a narrow group contended among themselves for office and for glory: behind the f

ary service to their credit, as against eleven nobiles. 1 Conspicuous among the latter are men whose fathers through death or

precarious in the last century of the Free State, now stand foremost among the principes viri in an aristocratic monarchy li

atrimony into the family and following of the Princeps. Of his allies among the young nobiles the most able, the most eminent

r hundred inscriptions of slaves (CIL VI, 6213–6640 and pp. 994 ff.), among them German guardsmen (e.g. ILS 7448 f.). 4 Pli

ius Silanus; but also the new nobility of the Revolution, conspicuous among them the prudent Cocceii, and even meritorious ad

ple, a C. Mucius Scaevola and a C. Licinius Stolo, otherwise unknown, among the XVυiri in 17 B.C. (ILS 5050, 1. 150). 8 Res

tions. There was a certain C. Velleius Paterculus, of reputable stock among the municipal aristocracies of Campania and Samni

nated by terms which develop almost into titles; and there are grades among his friends. 2 When the Princeps, offended, decla

6, 2 f.; Florus 2, 24. Dio records risings in Dalmatia in 16 B.C. and among the Pannonians in 14 B.C. (54, 20, 3; 24, 3), wit

pacity and merits, Tiberius was not the only general or administrator among the principes. Other competent men now emerge and

consulars governed important provinces, one after another. These were among the greatest, but they were not exceptional. Vini

d M. Magius Maximus. These persons, it is true, have no known history among the equestrian councillors of the Princeps, but a

dopted son of the Princeps, and a number of distinguished personages, among them (it may be conjectured) men well versed in e

n was of the simplest. Politicians were needed. They were available among the party-chieftains. NotesPage=>413 1 Whi

ngers ever beset the domination of a party there may arise dissension among its directors, the nominal leader. may emancipate

rnish adequate generals and sagacious counsellors, the most prominent among whom have already been indicated. The Princeps no

was massed around the throne and the heirs presumptive and designate, among them many enemies, the source and seed of remembe

rancour and postponed revenge. Yet Tiberius must have had a following among the nobiles. Of the dynastic houses of the patr

Augustus to govern the great military provinces. They made alliances among themselves and with the family of the Pisones. 5

were said to be numerous, of every order of society. Five nobles were among them. 1 The consular Iullus Antonius was put to d

citing speculations had passed ten years before. The government party among the aristocracy old and new, built up with such c

ltus pectora roborant. Much more necessary was precept and coercion among nobiles less fortunate in politics and more expos

nasty to Rome and the Empire. 1 The institution would further inspire among the Gauls just so much community of sentiment as

ed a disloyalist; 3 while Patavium and Auximum harboured conspirators among their citizens. 4 Like the army, the plebs of R

he had always followed the better cause in politics. 2 As he had been among the earliest of the nobiles who fought at Philipp

ageBook=>484 The fashion quickly spread and propagated a disease among literature in both prose and verse, a scourge in

illustrious persons of both sexes, without restraint or distinction, among them P. Vitellius the procurator, whose grandfath

revealed in his literary judgements as well. Next to Virgil he names among epic poets the grandiloquent Rabirius who had wri

more fortunate in duration. 1 The plebeian Claudii Marcelli were also among the group of consular families that supported Pom

er ancestors and her kin. 2 Yet Cassius’ stock, with eminent consuls, among them a great jurist, endured down to Nero. 3 Ce

oom of an illustrious name. 3 Yet these were not the most prominent among the sacrifices of the blood-stained Principate, n

nd tarnished. Like a Roman noble, the Claudian had aspired to primacy among his peers but not at the cost of personal humilia

n banishment, confined to islands. So much for the nearest of his kin among the descendants of the Julii. Iullus Antonius, th

imate result might have been much the same for the Domitii: prominent among the Liberators and himself the last admiral of th

us’ Principate. Before long, however, they became entangled, not only among themselves, as when a Piso, adopted by a Crassus,

ed like the Silani, with four brothers all to perish by violent ends, among them that irreproachable and academic Piso whom G

de of his constitutional rule, Augustus employed not a single nobilis among the legates who commanded the armies in his provi

other nobilis, Ser. Sulpicius Galba. 1 A few years pass, however, and among the army commanders of Claudius and Nero are to b

worth resuscitating; and the Republicans never quite reckoned Cicero among the martyrs in the cause of Libertas. Of the auth

egyric of Saturninus, see Velleius 2, 105, 1. PageBook=>510 As among the low-born and unprincipled scoundrels of the p

Yet, on a cool estimate, Pollio as well as Messalla will be reckoned among the profiteers of the Revolution. 5 Enriched by b

rtunist once observed, ‘ulteriora mirari, praesentia sequi’. 2 Even among the nobiles there can have been few genuine Repub

elf became the object of a sentimental cult, most fervently practised among the members of the class that owed everything to

or had been found, trained in his own school, a Roman aristocrat from among the principes, by general consent capable of Empi

, like Divus Julius, he would be enrolled by vote of the Roman Senate among the gods of Rome for his great merits and for rea

Philippi, 203 ff.; his death, 205; character, 57, 184; his clientela among the Transpadani, 465; his brothers, 64; wife, 69,

gnomina, foreign, 84; adopted to show political loyalty, 157; revived among the aristocracy, 377. Coinage, of Augustus, 323

61 ff., 94 f.; relations with the Marian party, 65, 89, 94; partisans among the Italici, 91 ff.; in the municipia, 89 ff.; in