e party of Augustus and in the political system of the Principate had already taken shape, firm and manifest, as early as the y

ir spirit. Certain of the earliest consuls after Sulla were old men already , and some died soon or disappeared. 4 Even in num

cribed as designate to the consulship from birth (Ad Att. 4, 8 b, 2), already in 70 B.C. princeps iuventutis (In Verrem II, I,

al life at Rome under Caesar’s consulate, several partisans or allies already in control of the more important provincial armie

armies in the provinces and instruments at Rome. Certain armies were already secured. But Pompeius required for his ally more

.C.). Neither was strong enough to harm Pompeius; and Ap. Pulcher may already have been angling for an alliance. 1 The consuls

pathy of senators as submission to tyranny, protested that Caesar was already invading Italy, and took action on behalf of the

re, bidding him take command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already held all Spain, in an anomalous and arbitrary fas

r, the prestige, and the illicit armies of Pompeius Magnus (stationed already on Italian soil or now being recruited for the go

artyr-death and posthumous fame, his studies in Greek philosophy were already an object of misrepresentation to his contemporar

of the Dictator, the generals of the Gallic and Civil Wars, rewarded already for service or designated to high office. 2 Their

Pulcher. 4 Both were spirited and eloquent, especially Curio, who had already , despite his youth, won rank by vigour and acerbi

Most of them were Roman knights: but Pansa, and possibly Hirtius, had already entered the Senate. 4 Hirtius was a comfortable p

pprehensive clients have not been preserved. Many of the bankers were already personal friends of Caesar: it may be presumed th

l name for his acquisitions thirty years before. Balbus was notorious already , envied and hated for his princely pleasure-garde

ly Umbrian or Etruscan. 4 Pansa came from Perusia,5 but was a senator already . The Sabine country, a land of hardy democrats, p

the colony of Acerrae. 2 Some of Caesar’s municipal partisans were already in the Senate before the outbreak of the Civil Wa

was manifest to the assassins and to their sympathizers. The harm had already been done. Not the funeral of Caesar but the sess

mes furnished by him, in absence, in honour of the god Apollo. Apollo already had another favourite. More truly representativ

e charge of Caesarians: Plancus took Gallia Comata, while Lepidus had already gone off to his command of the two provinces of G

factor of much influence upon the policy of Antonius. The consul had already decided to take for himself a special provincial

echoes in Cicero, Phil. 2. 113; 10, 8. PageBook=>120 July has already been narrated. He might invoke the tribunate, emu

ed funds and a faction. As many of the most eminent of the Caesarians already held office and preferment, were loyal to Antoniu

hanksgivings paid by the Roman State to the immortal gods; and he had already promulgated a bill which provided for an appeal t

set out for the East to secure the province of Syria. Antonius had already acted. There was a nearer danger, D. Brutus holdi

Note the absence of Salvidienus. PageBook=>132 Octavianus may already have numbered among his supporters certain obscur

feud with Antonius or to any definite line of action. The Senate had already and repeatedly witnessed more ferocious displays

‘pacificatorius’:2 not in a favourable sense. The word ‘pacificator’ already had a derisive ring. 3 The friends of peace had

did not? But Plancus, it is clear, was coolly waiting upon events. He already possessed the reputation of a time-server. 2 Ev

ontrary, discordance of policy and aim. The programme of Cicero had already been established and made public on December 20th

Patriotism and private ambition, intimidation, fraud and bribery were already loose in the land. All Italy must rally for the d

. PageBook=>171 A state of war was then proclaimed. It existed already . For the moment, however, no change in the milita

stitution, the living and the dead, new and extraordinary honours had already been devised. 2 A thanksgiving of fifty days was

licans in the Senate showed their hand. The position of M. Brutus had already been legalized. Shortly after the news of Mutina,

onsigned to Cassius in one act. Nor was this all. Sextus Pompeius had already promised his aid to the Republic against Antonius

armed violence of an unnatural coalition. In Italy that coalition had already collapsed; Caesar’s heir turned his arms against

, the betrothal of his daughter to the young adventurer. 5 Cicero had already crossed swords with Servilius more than once; and

to a decision. When he left Italy in August, it was not with the plan already conceived of mustering the armies of the East, in

precedents of a familiar kind. 5 The argument of youth and merit had already been exploited by Cicero. 6 The Senate refused. T

engeance upon the lesser enemies along with the greater. Rome could already have a foretaste of legal murder. One of the prae

mitius Calvinus. The Caesarians Servilius and Calvinus were consulars already , and nobiles at that. Political compacts among

in a local civil war for several years. 5 As for the islands, it may already have been feared, and it was soon to be known, th

blame in certain circles,3 but trusting his own judgement; and he had already secured a guarantee for the event of a Republican

who are not known to have been proscribed, either enjoyed protection already or now purchased it. 5 The ambition of generals

rritories of eighteen of the most wealthy cities of Italy. 3 What had already happened was bad enough. After the victory of the

the Liberators, curtailed their own survival. 4 Few men indeed who already belonged to the Senate before the outbreak of the

of Rome. No consulars, it is true, for the best of the principes were already dead, and the few survivors of that order cowered

had retired to southern Etruria. His situation was precarious. He had already recalled his marshal Salvidienus, who was marchin

o and Ventidius followed, slow but menacing, in his rear. The war had already broken out in Italy. 3 Etruria, Umbria and the Sa

ter Sex. Pompeius had married. But Pompeius, as was soon evident, was already in negotiation with Antonius. Once again the yo

rived at Tyre. Of trouble in Italy, the most disquieting rumours were already current: he soon learned that a new and alarming

was afraid. Ahenobarbus struck his flag and joined Antonius. 1 He had already been secured by Pollio. 2 Brundisium, the gate

He laid siege to the city. Then Sex. Pompeius showed his hand. He had already expelled from Sardinia M. Lurius the partisan of

us. 4 In the disposal of the vassal kingdoms certain arrangements had already been made by Antonius. During the course of the f

onius was secured and reinforced; but the execution of his policy was already being hampered by the claims and acts of his youn

ight. 2 The powers of the Triumvirs as conferred by the Lex Titia had already run out with the close of the previous year. Nobo

in the late summer of the year he sent Octavia back to Italy. He may already have tired of Octavia. Anything that reminded him

Saturninus. The list is partial in every sense of the term. Nero had already left Pompeius for Antonius (Suetonius, Tib. 4, 3)

was ordered government, and that was enough. Private gratitude had already hailed the young Caesar with the name or epithet

granted sacrosanctity such as tribunes of the plebs enjoyed. 7 He had already usurped the practice of putting a military title

he sincerity of such professions. That did not matter. Octavianus was already exploring the propaganda and the sentiments that

unscrupulous friends like Agrippa and Maecenas, a nucleus of support already from certain families of the ancient aristocracy

w desperate had been his plight at the time of the War of Perusia has already been described. He was saved in war and diplomacy

publicans and Antonians (the two terms were sometimes synonymous) has already advanced a stage; and his following already revea

sometimes synonymous) has already advanced a stage; and his following already reveals in clear outline the twin and yet contras

fices: Taurus followed his unholy example. 4 Most of the colleges had already been crammed full with the partisans of the Trium

partners of Taurus, Calvisius, Cornificius and Laronius. Agrippa had already married an heiress, Caecilia, the daughter of Att

olutionary was becoming attractive and even respectable or rather, he already gave signs of becoming equal if not superior in p

ere more amicably disposed to Antonius; and his Republican following, already considerable, was augmented when the last adheren

cting deity of the young Caesar, and to Apollo on the Palatine he had already dedicated a temple in 36 B.C. In the same year Cn

ple of Hercules. These were some, but not all, of the edifices that already foreshadowed the magnificence of Rome under the m

y, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome IX (1931), 7ff. PageBook=>242 Agrippa had already begun the repair of a great aqueduct, the Aqua Ma

etter. The mannered frivolity and imitated graces of the Eclogues had already been touched by contemporary politics and quicken

man life. He insisted upon modernity, both in style and in subject, already setting forth in practice what he was later to fo

eaments of a new policy had become discernible, the prime agents were already at work. But the acts of the young dynast even no

nation be forged in the struggle. One thing was clear. Monarchy was already there and would subsist, whatever principle was i

fice lapsed, Antonian consuls would be in power at Rome. Antonius had already lost the better part of two years not Ventidius b

Atropatene from the north- west. Canidius in a masterly campaign had already reduced the peoples beyond Armenia towards the Ca

Antonius, lacking light horse, could not bring them to battle. It was already late in the season when he appeared before the wa

oned public life, perhaps Censorinus had as well. Other partisans may already have been verging towards Caesar’s heir or neutra

ed the fortunes of his uncle as an admiral and governor of provinces, already designated for a consulate. 4 Prominent, too, in

solid, coherent and secure. In the West municipal self-government was already advancing rapidly in Gaul and in Spain; elsewhere

own traditions of language, habit and rule. The dependent kings were already there: let them remain, the instruments of Roman

d in arbitrary fashion a colleague in the Triumvirate. 2 Antonius had already professed readiness to lay down office and join i

ery end. Most significant is the strong Republican following of one already denounced as an enemy of Rome, as a champion of o

in Antonius’ refusal to dismiss Cleopatra. But the Antonian party was already disintegrating. Loyalty would not last for ever i

least on some orders of the population, for it confirmed allegations already current and designed to fill the middle class wit

people in Italy did not like war or despotic rule. But despotism was already there and war inevitable. In a restoration of lib

ted to the Caesarian cause. Men from Spain and Gallia Narbonensis had already been admitted to the Senate by Caesar the Dictato

inst Tarn’s theory it can be argued, with Kromayer, that Antonius had already been severely defeated at sea, baffled on land.

m and Octavianus’ absence in the East. The Georgics published, he had already begun to compose a national epic on the origins a

o and Nero Claudius Drusus. For them she worked and schemed; they had already received dispensations allowing them to hold magi

to his own. There was another bond. Tiberius was betrothed, perhaps already married, to Agrippa’s daughter Vipsania. The matc

, so Augustus proudly affirmed, no fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with th

rom the patrician family of Cornelius Maluginensis. 3 By birth, Seius already possessed powerful connexions his mother was si

us 2, 2. 6 Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 1, 3. PageBook=>362 Others already had gone farther, securing from Augustus ennoblem

r of the North. The newest Italy of all, Italia Transpadana, renowned already in Latin letters, had sent its sons to Caesar’s S

m the provinces entered the legions of the Roman People, whether they already possessed the Roman franchise or not. Hence a ste

the Pompeii to that of the Julii. Supplying a preponderance, perhaps already in the time of Augustus, of the recruits for the

mstances by the time Augustus acquired sole power, the Revolution had already proceeded so far that it could abate its rhythm w

thout any danger of reaction. The greater number of his partisans had already been promoted and rewarded. NotesPage=>366

ving to the aristocracy. From one fraud Augustus was debarred. He had already restored the Republic once he could not do it aga

erned as separate provinces; many of them by the size of their armies already called for legates of consular standing. Yet this

his was apparent by 12 B.C at least, when four or five large commands already existed. 4 It was some time before their number i

rmy of Macedonia may still have been retained by the proconsul or may already have been transferred to the legate of Moesia. 5

the principes were employed. Including the four governors of Galatia already discussed, there is a total of ten eminent men. O

lbus was instrumental in forming a famous compact. Cabinet government already existed in the brief Dictatorship of Caesar. Whil

When the Principate was first transmitted to a successor, that person already held sufficient powers to preclude any real oppos

en debated about a restoration of the Republic, with rival candidates already asserting their claims to monarchy. The provincia

ur asserted that the adoption of Hadrian was managed, when Trajan was already defunct, by Plotina his wife and by the Prefect o

heritance that awaited the princes. But that was all in the situation already . Nobody could have been deceived. In 6 B.C. there

enerals and sagacious counsellors, the most prominent among whom have already been indicated. The Princeps now had to lean heav

the husbands or the sons of the women of his house. Most of them were already of consular rank. Sex. Appuleius (cos. 29 B.C.)

ts grew no brighter. His spirit appears to have been broken. He had already begged to be allowed to return, and his plea had

us (cos. A.D. 19) to whom Julia’s daughter Aemilia Lepida was perhaps already betrothed. L. Aemilius Paullus could hardly be ac

Saturninus), and a firm company of novi homines. A new government is already in being. Yet this was not enough to preclude r

e scene of martial ceremonies. This gallery of national portraits had already been foreshadowed by the patriotic poets. 2 The

ely perpetuated. Caesar had raised a legion in Narbonensis; Spain had already supplied whole legions as well as recruits. If th

erna in foedera mittant. 6 In the same years the historian Livy was already at work upon the majestic and comprehensive theme

it would not do to draw too precise a parallel. The Romulus of legend already possessed too many of the authentic features of C

e last survivor of the blood of Augustus. The Junii Silani, connected already with the Aemilii, attain to alarming prominence u

? oppleturos omnia divites illos. ’ PageBook=>502 The harm had already been done. The millionaires Balbus and Seneca wer

f the process, which belong generations earlier when provincials were already equestrian officers and political or financial ag

to support his Principate without scandal or inconvenience. Cato was already out of the way when Octavianus took up arms again

r Augustus the stage for the grim tragedy of the Julio- Claudians has already been set, the action has begun. Like Sallustius a

deas, later to crystallize into titles official or conventional, were already there. It was not until 2 B.C. that Augustus was

, with new institutions, new ideas and even a new literature that was already classical. The doom of Empire had borne heavily o

ampus Martius a huge and dynastic monument, his own Mausoleum. He may already , in the ambition to perpetuate his glory, have co

cisive value for the following years: 39 B.C. C. Cocceius (Balbus), already known as cos. suff. anno incerto (CIL 12, p. 219)