eous. To take it all for granted, however, and make a clean beginning after Actium or in 27 B.C. is an offence against the na

An enemy of Octavianus, Pollio had withdrawn from political life soon after 40 B.C., and he jealously maintained his independ

Senate again, being a permanent body, arrogated to itself power, and after conceding sovranty to the assembly of the People

obiles are predominant: yet in the last generation of the Free State, after the ordinances of Sulla the Dictator, there were

ua quisque potentia certabant. ’ The passage refers to the generation after 70 B.C. Cf., however, no less pessimistic remarks

le and preclude a successor to his domination. Sulla resigned power after a brief tenure. Another year and he was dead (78

ons. Such were the men who directed in war and peace the government after Sulla, owing primacy to birth and wealth, linked

r integrity: it broke their spirit. Certain of the earliest consuls after Sulla were old men already, and some died soon or

p. 60 Clark). 4 Only four of the consuls of 79–75 B.C. are heard of after 74. PageBook=>023 After a time the most di

sulates, but not unaided. 4 Against novi homines the great families after Sulla stood with close ranks and forbidding aspec

ey possessed large estates and wide influence. 1 Cn. Pompeius Strabo, after shattering the Italian insurrection in Picenum, u

ned upon his ally and saved the government. Then, coming back to Rome after six years of absence, when he had terminated the

by no means unequivocal or unclouded, endured for some fifteen years after Sulla’s death. Provinces and armies gave resour

for Cato’s niece in marriage. 1 Cato rebuffed him. Baffling enough after an absence of five years, Roman politics were fur

ius, to satisfy the ambitions of all three, and turned the year named after the consuls Metellus and Afranius into a date hea

for his colleague Nepos: Nepos got the province of Hispania Citerior after his consulate (Plutarch, Caesar 21; Dio 39, 54, 1

or the restitution of Cicero, and at length achieved it. For himself, after a famine in Rome, perhaps deliberately enhanced,

ed the compact, with a second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain and Syria respectively for five years

prescribing that provinces be granted, not at once and automatically after praetorship and consulate, but when an interval o

cus (69) c. 54, L. Metellus(68) in his consulate, Celer (60) the year after his, Nepos (57) c. 54. 3 L. Cornelius Scipio As

im of the command against Mithridates. Again, when he landed in Italy after an absence of nearly five years, force was his on

cal. Caesar strove to avert any resort to open war. Both before and after the outbreak of hostilities he sought to negotiat

he Roman People. He was not mistaken. Yet he required special powers: after a civil war the need was patent. The Dictator’s t

urers approved of Caesar, so NotesPage=>052 1 Ad fam. 4, 4, 3 ( after the pardoning of M. Marcellus). 2 Suetonius, Di

narchic rule, despotic and absolute, based upon worship of the ruler, after the pattern of the monarchies of the Hellenistic

): Brutus, invoking the sanctity of contracts, might have urged that, after all, they had ‘hired the money’. PageBook=>0

f Brutus and of Caesar diverged sharply for eleven years. But Brutus, after Pharsalus, at once gave up a lost cause, receivin

merging unexpected, at first tore it in pieces again, but ultimately, after conquering the last of his rivals, converted the

rovidential death had been spared the experience of another civil war after a brief respite of precarious peace. 2 In all, tw

the Caesarians or neutrals deserve remark in warfare or politics ever after . As Caesar’s enemies were the party in power, bei

governor of the Cisalpina in 49 (Appian, BC 2, 41, 165). He died soon after . PageBook=>065 Though astute and elusive,

NH 15, 49 PageBook=>072 on secret and open missions before and after the outbreak of the Civil War to confirm the poli

umus, is the same person as the notorious Rabirius Postumus, so named after testamentary adoption by his maternal uncle, the

efore Caesar, cf. BSR Papers XIV (1938), 14. PageBook=>081 and after . From sheer reason and weight of numbers, from th

o say nothing of more than two hundred unknown to history, the Senate after Sulla must have contained in high proportion the

57, ‘vir optimus et constantissimus’ (Pro Sestio 76), condemned soon after (Pro Piancio 75), despite Cicero’s defence, later

allies. Reminded of other grievances and seeing no redress from Rome after the failure and death of their champion, the cons

ed that it would be intolerable to refuse admittance to the proconsul after his great exploits in Gaul. 3 The power and wealt

. 3 For ‘tantis rebus gestis’ (BC 1, 13, 1) cf. Caesar’s own remark after Pharsalus Suetonius, Divus Iulius 30, 4. 4 W. S

eclared public enemies in 88 B.C. (Appian, BC 1, 60, 271). Sulla died after a fit of apoplexy caused by a quarrel with a Gran

inferred from his municipal legislation. 6 Whoever succeeded to power after a civil war would be confronted with the task of

. XXVII, 48 ff. PageBook=>093 res publica constituta and that, after the Bellum Italicum and the enfranchisement of It

aled in the lowest ranks of the Roman Senate, before Sulla as well as after , borne by NotesPage=>093 1 W. Schulze, LE,

2, 91). Even if the letter Ad fam. 11, I were to be dated immediately after the funeral (see the preceding note), it would no

nd and justification of their enterprise, not to be altered by wisdom after the event and the vain regrets of certain adviser

r designs. The public support of Cicero would be of inestimable value after a revolution had succeeded. Thus did Brutus lift

ymptoms only, no solid ground for optimistic interpretation. Yet even after the funeral of Caesar and the ensuing disorders,

Pompeius and Q. Caecilius Bassus. In Spain young Pompeius, a fugitive after the Battle of Munda, conducted guerrilla warfare

ut careless person), the years of pleasure and adventure brought him, after service with Gabinius in Syria, to brighter prosp

vil Wars, in 49 B.C. when Antonius was only tribune of the plebs, and after Pharsalus, as Master of the Horse, for more than

1. 4 So Cicero was informed at Leucopetra, near Rhegium, on or soon after August 6th, Ad Att. 16, 7, 1 (August 19th): ‘haec

Antonius, the young revolutionary needed an army in the first place, after that, Republican allies and constitutional backin

ollowing day both Cicero and P. Servilius Isauricus spoke. 1 Antonius after delay retorted with a bitter personal attack (Sep

gned to his brother, the praetor C. Antonius. On the following day, after a solemn review at Tibur, where not only the troo

ate in Gaul (BG 2, 2, 1, &c.) and proconsul in Hispania Citerior, after which last command he triumphed at the end of 45

o Caesar’s heir perhaps unjustly. The legacies to the plebs were paid after all by Octavianus, perhaps not wholly from his ow

Ἰονέντιος, Mάρκος Mοδιάλιος καὶ Λ∈ύκιος. Jacoby conjectures a lacuna after the last name, If Nicolaus is correct and correct

such recorded for a long time. What remained of the Caesarian faction after the Ides of March showed a lack of social distinc

iso for his conduct of the governorship of Macedonia, both before and after the proconsul returned, on any excuse. Piso repli

and unjust to rail and carp at an aspirant to political honours who, after espousing various popular causes and supporting t

ld deal with neutrals as with enemies. Spain might bring them victory after all. The agonies of a long flirtation with neutra

arian faction in the person of Antonius appeared unshakable. At last, after long doubt and hesitation, Cicero set out for Gre

s in his way. 4 After Pharsalus, the same amicable attitude. 5 Again, after the assassination of Caesar, nothing but NotesP

s talent and his professions, how shamefully he had deserted his post after March 17th when concord and ordered government mi

and miraculous metamorphoses of character. Catilina was not a monster after all: a blended and enigmatic individual, he posse

complete emptiness of content in this political eloquence. The boni, after all, did exist the propertied classes; and it w

deeper in his pessimism. The root of the trouble lay a century back, after the fall of Carthage, Rome’s last rival for world

us himself, many of these nobiles had abandoned the cause of Pompeius after Pharsalus. Not so the personal adherents of the d

, if not the primacy, that now at last fell to Cicero in his old age, after twenty years from his famous consulate, after twe

Cicero in his old age, after twenty years from his famous consulate, after twenty years of humiliation and frustration. In t

years), and Cn. Domitius Calvinus, lost to history for thirty months after the Ides of March, but still with a future before

ney made by Octavianus were solemnly ratified; in addition, dismissal after the campaign and estates in Italy. It was also de

opposed by the proconsul Trebonius, had captured him and executed him after a summary trial:2 the charge was probably high tr

l to his station and duty. The great Antonius extricated himself only after considerable loss. Octavianus, in the meantime, h

Hirtius fell. In the field Antonius was rapid of decision. On the day after the defeat he got the remnants of his army into o

sa, at the head of armies, might have been able to arrest hostilities after the defeat of Antonius, curb Caesar’s heir and im

r hand. The position of M. Brutus had already been legalized. Shortly after the news of Mutina, the provinces and armies of t

the provinces and armies of the NotesPage=>163 1 Phil. 14, 33 ( after the Battle of Forum Gallorum): ‘erit igitur exstr

vocal alliance. He had not been deluded then. 2 But during the months after Mutina, in the face of the most palpable evidence

ady crossed swords with Servilius more than once; and in early April, after a quarrel over a vote complimentary to Plancus, h

PageBook=>169 that Cicero would usurp the vacant place. 1 Later, after both consuls had fallen, Brutus in Macedonia hear

d in Macedonia, though a vote of the Senate had summoned him to Italy after the Battle of Mutina. Now, in June, Cicero wrote

IV THE PROSCRIPTIONS PageBook=>187 CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months. The first time

. 27, 4. 5 Appian, BC 3, 94, 387, cf, 74, 303. PageBook=>188 after the Battle of Mutina, when he treated the Antonia

ingenii stetit, ea iudicandum de homine est. ’ 2 Pardon and return after a year is attested by ILS 8393. 3 Nepos, Vita A

provide money for the war, the second to reward the Caesarian legions after victory. War and the threat of taxation or conf

d consulate from the Triumvirs (41 B.C.), like his first from Caesar: after that he is not heard of again. Antonius’ adherent

he Caesarian nobilis Cn. Domitius Calvinus prolonged an active career after that date, the solitary relic of a not very dista

peian nobles, old and young. 1 The Caesarian party, though reunited after strange vicissitudes, had suffered heavy loss bot

e newest of the new, senators nominated by the Dictator or introduced after his death, most of them absent from historical re

blic until killed by Sex. Pompeius. A. Allienus disappears completely after 43 B.C. 5 Consul in 39 B.C. and admiral for Oct

us had been gathering the wealth and the armies of the East. Not long after the Battle of Mutina, Brutus departed from the co

and numerous levies from the dependent princes of the East. Wisdom after the event scores easy triumphs the Republican N

aesarians, cf. above, p. 189, n. 5. Fango had been sent by Octavianus after Philippi to take over from Sextius. 4 Appian, B

ies, set up petty kings or deposed them. 1 So did he spend the winter after Philippi. Then his peregrinations brought him to

when he arrived at Tyre in February of the year 40, but learned only after his departure, when sailing to Cyprus and to Athe

ven to contemporaries. 4 All parties had plenty to excuse or disguise after the event; and Antonius, if adequately informed,

but not the substance of Roman politics. Octavianus the adventurer, after achieving recognition with Republican help agains

nspire with some plausibility and discover in the comet that appeared after Caesar’s assassination, the Fulium sidus, the sig

, Balbus the millionaire from Gades, emerging again into open history after an absence of four years, and the Antonian P. Can

nd dispersed the Parthians. Both Pacorus and Labienus perished. Then, after Gindarus, he marched to Samosata on the Euphrates

e should be set up in the Forum with an inscription to announce that, after prolonged NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; App

rd of his activity, and governor of all Spain for Octavianus the year after . No other nobilis can be found holding military

e Civil Wars, was one of Octavianus’ legates in the Spanish provinces after Perusia; 4 and T. Peducaeus, otherwise unknown, b

aracter are not unequivocally recorded. PageBook=>236 But now, after Brundisium, the soldiers of fortune Salvidienus a

is legates (Ad fam. 12, 25, 1: ‘Minotauri, id est Calvisi et Tauri’): after that, nothing till his consulate and service as a

tial valour. This was the young Caesar that Italy and the army knew after the campaigns of 35 and 34 B.C. His was the glory

tius Calvinus, victorious from Spain, rebuilt the Regia; and not long after , Taurus, returning from Africa and triumphing (34

lica Aemilia, left unfinished by his father; and L. Marcius Philippus after his Spanish triumph (33) repaired a temple of Her

sometimes with improvement of social standing, actual or in prospect: after the Sicilian War Octavianus accorded to his centu

should the dynasts, fulfilling a solemn pledge, restore the Republic after the end of all the wars. Though a formidable body

a reversion to Asianism, or by the rise of a new romanticism. Pollio, after his triumph abandoning public life, returned to t

e laid down the model and categories of Roman historiography for ever after . Sallustius wrote of the decay of ancient virtu

B.C.). 4 To Pollio fell the duty of confiscating lands in the north after Philippi; and Pollio is the earliest patron of Vi

r and politics, disappearing utterly from historical record to emerge after nine years in splendour and power. He had probabl

plendour and power. He had probably gone eastwards with Antonius soon after the Pact of Brundisium:1 how long he remained an

cern the manner and fashion of the new. On the surface, consolidation after change and disturbance: beneath, no confidence ye

and disquiet. Italy was not reconciled to Rome, or class to class. As after Sulla, the colonies of veterans, while maintainin

nies broke out in 36 and in 35 B.C.,4 harbingers of trouble before or after the contest with Antonius. Rome had witnessed a s

s’ work in 34 B.C. (Dio 49, 42, 2): there was, however, a restoration after damage by fire in 14 B.C. (ib. 54, 24, 2 f.). 5

n of Octavianus (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this. PageBook=>258 brief lull when many f

when he appeared before the walls of Phraaspa, dangerously late when, after a vain siege, he was forced to retreat. The winte

s was now on good terms, for Mede and Parthian had at once quarrelled after their victory. NotesPage=>265 1 Velleius 2

rnius. or perhaps before Plancus (cf. ILS 8780: Lagina in Caria); and after Furnius, M. Titius (ILS 891: Miletus); and Q. Did

Proculeius, however, was surely coining for Octavianus on Cephallenia after Actium, cf. BMC, R. Rep. II 533. There are many u

amiable and diplomatic L. Cocceius, however, may not have left Italy after the Pact of Brundisium. Plancus remained, high

igh in office and in favour, perhaps aspiring to primacy in the party after Antonius. 3 Titius, proscribed and a pirate on hi

o find harbourage and alliance with Antonius. The Catonian faction, after fighting against the domination of Pompeius, reco

r, JSC 3, 5, 3, &c). The mysterious Metellus was saved by his son after Actium (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff). L. Pinarius Sc

m. That ‘ritual marriage’, though fertile with twin offspring, lapsed after a winter, leaving no political consequences. By 3

e. On the one hand, the Triumvirs could continue to hold their powers after the date fixed for their expiry, as in 37 B.C. Th

rmed by the existence of a city called Titiopolis in the same region ( after M. Titius). 3 Pliny NH 9, 121; Macrobius 3, 17,

ir sense of personal obligation, may have departed in the company, or after the example, of Plancus. Complete silence envel

cipitated war. But Italy, become Roman through grant of the franchise after the Bellum Italicum, could with the utmost propri

the first coniuratio Italiae. Though the whole land was enfranchised after the Bellum Italicum, it had not coalesced in sent

tionalism followed rather than preceded the War of Actium. Only then, after victory, did men realize to the full the terrible

the oath of the Paphlagonians taken at Gangra in the name of Augustus after the annexation of that region (OGIS 532 = ILS 878

e. The temporary severance of East and West between the two dynasts after the Pact of Brundisium had been prejudicial to It

went, stealthily in a small boat: Antonius dispatched his belongings after him. 3 Plancus and Titius had departed on a polit

s Rufus. Two generals, Statilius Taurus, the greatest of the marshals after Agrippa, and the renegade Titius were in charge o

lties. A large part of the fleet of Antonius either refused battle or after defeat was forced back into harbour. 1 Antonius h

service of the victor. 4 Antonius and his consort spent nearly a year after the disaster in the last revels, the last illusor

eir, when murder could serve no useful purpose : he even claimed that after his victory he spared all Roman citizens who aske

n Velleius Paterculus fervently extols the clemency of Italy’s leader after Actium. 5 It is naturally difficult to control or

(Gallus). Proculeius had been holding a naval command at Ccphallcnia after the Battle of Actium, BMC, R. Rep. 11, 533. 2 H

fered a double detraction. They said that he had deserted the legions after Actium, that he died without fortitude. 2 Antoniu

rectly administered by Rome was considerably smaller than it had been after Pompeius’ ordering of the East, thirty years befo

thia to the rule of Rome. 1 No themes are more frequent in the decade after Actium—or less relevant to the history of those y

the keeping of a Roman knight. But what of Syria and Macedonia? Soon after Actium, Messalla was put in charge of Syria :3 Oc

28. 3 C Norbanus Flaccus, cos. 38 B.C., was proconsul of Asia soon after Actium(Josephus, AJ 16, 171), perhaps for more th

an authentic native hero, a god’s son and himself elevated to heaven after death as the god Quirinus. Full honour was done t

as the god Quirinus. Full honour was done to the founder in the years after Actium. Caesar had set his own statue in the temp

of a lasting city did a hero win divine honours in life and divinity after death. That was the lesson of Romulus: it was enu

r Augustan anticipations, probably derives from a source written soon after Actium, as Premerstein argues, Vom Werden und Wes

re another matter. M. Licinius Crassus, the proconsul of Macedonia, after pacifying Thrace and defeating the Bastarnae, ear

iving him the title of consul. This frail and venerable relic, intact after the passage of four centuries, was no doubt invok

of a triumph when a convenient interval had elapsed (July, 27 B.C.), after which he disappears completely from history. In

decided upon a half-measure. Under the rule of the Triumvirate, and after its nominal decease, proconsuls had governed larg

9, 63) describes the offence as ‘temerati crimen amici’. Gallus may, after all, have been simply sacrificed to conciliate th

rd ‘dux’ a convenience that was not merely a matter of metre. 3 Then, after a century, under the dynasty of the Flavians, an

ad arisen. But Augustus was to be consul as well as proconsul, year after year without a break. The supreme magistracy, tho

magistracy, though purporting no longer to convey enhanced powers, as after the end of the Triumvirate, still gave him the me

ein (Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 227), who demonstrates that after 27 B.C. the consulate was reduced to its due and

ary ally or with the venerable adversary whose memory he had traduced after death. Again, Horace in the Odes omits all mentio

n the memory and the oratory of Cicero was revived some fifteen years after his death has been maintained by scholars alert t

as and institutions—his whole conception of the Roman State triumphed after his death, receiving form and shape in the New Re

f account of Augustus’ feigned moderation and stealthy aggrandizement after the Civil Wars he has not deigned to allude to th

trolled government and patronage, especially the consulate, precisely after the manner of earlier dynasts, but with more thor

ld offer lessons, had Augustus stood in need of instruction. Reunited after the conference of Luca, Pompeius, Crassus and Cae

nce (Syria and Cilicia Campestris), to which Cyprus, taken from Egypt after Actium, was at first added. 2 L. Ganter, Die Pr

e consulars—there must have been now about forty men of this rank—and after the Pact of Brundisium Rome had witnessed no fewe

ugustus, all novi homines. 2 Under the Triumvirate and in the years after Actium partisans of Augustus governed the provinc

difficult three years (39-36 B.C.); 2 Calvinus and five proconsuls after him had celebrated Spanish triumphs in Rome. Some

uest of Spain (in 26 and 25 B.C.), and that there was no trouble ever after ’postea etiam latrociniis vacarent. ’ 3 The ful

. Antistius Vetus, made consul with Cicero’s bibulous son in the year after Actium: no pretence of Republic then. Nor was the

tude’. For Agrippa, his subordination was burdensome. 6 Like Tiberius after him, he was constrained to stifle his sentiments.

ce in the provinces, at Tarraco, Lugdunum and Samos. But the Princeps after all stood at the head of the Roman State and woul

to high office, Crassus, Titius and M. Junius Silanus. Others, spared after the victory, retained rank and standing, like Sos

in Italy, crushingly imposed by all parties in the struggle for power after Caesar’s assassination and augmented yet more by

pula’s prefecture of Egypt (Riv. di fil. lxv (1937), 337) will fall after 2 B.C. The command over the Vigiles was establish

established in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 26, 4), the charge of the Annona soon after : the first praefectus annonae was C. Turranius (T

ights to the Senate was no novelty, for it is evident that the Senate after Sulla contained many members of equestrian famili

what of the backward regions of Italy that had only been incorporated after the Bellum Italicum? Cicero had spoken of Italy w

us clavus in youth and passing almost at once into the Senate, others after a military career as knights. C. Velleius Patercu

r as knights. C. Velleius Paterculus, of Campanian and Samnite stock, after equestrian service at last became quaestor. 1 Con

vus homo held the consulate as colleague of Quirinius in 12 B.C.4 But after that the middle period of the Principate of Augus

in his turn passed westwards and went to Gaul and Spain (20-19 B.C.), after a brief sojourn in Rome. For a time the capital

in 43 B.C. showed the way. At first the dynasts were temperate. Then after the Pact of Brundisium the nature of their revolu

L. Tarius Rufus, an admiral at Actium, rose at last to the consulate after a command in the Balkans. 1 Other novi homines, w

owever distant, no tie whatever of marriage or of friendship retained after divorce. NotesPage=>378 1 Cicero, Cato mai

the two Marcellas, PIR2 C 1102 and 1103. The younger married Paullus after the death of his wife Cornelia in 16 B.C. He died

Paullus after the death of his wife Cornelia in 16 B.C. He died soon after and her second husband Barbatus died in his consu

e detected in the frequent promotion of novi homines to the consulate after A.D. 4.2 But Tiberius was not the only force in

ould hardly be blamed. The consulate was the monopoly of the nobiles: after the consulate, little occupation, save a proconsu

gainst Pompeius or Caesar. When it came to maintaining public concord after the assassination of Caesar the Dictator, the con

power and the only serious danger. It was not until a century elapsed after the Battle of Actium, until Nero, the last of the

from the last years of Augustus onwards; 1 and although no proconsul after Balbus triumphed, the governors, being legally in

er two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum; 2 and, either after the campaigns of Tiberius and Piso and the first

for a province Africa or Asia might be his by the working of the lot after an interval of five years. But favour could secur

princes of the blood. Ahenobarbus was proconsul of Africa four years after his consulate; 2 Paullus Fabius Maximus and Asini

consulate; 2 Paullus Fabius Maximus and Asinius Gallus governed Asia after an even shorter interval, perhaps of barely two y

y legate gained by a man described as a ‘vir militaris’, and destined after his consulate to govern one of the great military

dustria’, subsequently as consulars governed important provinces, one after another. These were among the greatest, but they

M. Lollius (cos. 21 B.C.) carried out the annexation of the province after the death of Amyntas; then he saw service in Mace

ummoned to Thrace with an army, where he was engaged for three years; after that, he was proconsul of Asia; 7 subsequently, i

t dwelling to the south of Cyrene. 1 At some time in the twelve years after his consulate Quirinius governed Galatia and subd

Quirinius governed Galatia and subdued the Homonadenses. 2 In A.D. 2, after the disgrace and death of Lollius, Quirinius took

he was appointed legate of Syria, in which capacity he annexed Judaea after the deposition of Archelaus the ethnarch, introdu

ever had happened at Rome, there would have been a lull in operations after the conquest of Illyricum and the invasions of Ge

ous political facts. 1 When Tiberius went from Illyricum to the Rhine after Drusus’ death he was succeeded by Sex. Appuleius

henobarbus, who marched across Germany from the Danube to the Elbe; 3 after him and before A.D. 4 are perhaps to be inserted

imus and the Syrian governorship to which P. Quinctilius Varus passed after his proconsulate of Africa. 3 There was also figh

nius and Octavianus competed to adorn the city of Rome. Augustus soon after Actium set about restoring temples; and the princ

8 B.C.; the first standing commission dates from A.D. 15 or not long after . 5 Other small groups of consulars were establi

ssalla, appointed praefectus urbi in 26 B.C. and resigning the office after a few days, because he did not understand its fun

West, Statilius Taurus was made praefectus urbi; 1 Taurus’ successor, after an interval of unknown length, was the illustriou

κ ν παρχήαν καθ- ξοντ∈ςκτλ. 5 In 19 B.C., but only for a few years, after which Augustus established an imperial mint at Lu

useful he appears to have been active in the province of Asia shortly after the War of Actium, perhaps setting in order the s

w taxes in A.D. 6, the institution of the aerarium militare and, soon after , of the cura annonae. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 7. His

sary. Embassies from foreign powers might be introduced to the Senate after a suitable rehearsal. The assembly of the People

, as that historian believed, to consolidate the monarchy, was formed after private debate with those two party-magnates, the

ly, a special mandate conferred for merit and by consent. In 23 B.C., after an open crisis and a secret struggle, the modific

s to monarchy. The provincial armies elevated Vespasian to the purple after civil war. But the proclamation of a new Emperor

f Augustus was flagrant, and, to Tiberius, criminal. It was not until after his departure that Augustus revealed the rapid ho

tion. 3 In the next year it came out. Gaius was to have the consulate after an interval of five years (that is, in A.D. I); a

s true. Tiberius became consul at the age of twenty-nine but that was after service in war, as a military tribune in Spain, a

ull prevailed now on the northern frontiers, natural if not necessary after the great wars of conquest, the effort of Rome di

al prize was the consulate. In 5 B.C. Augustus assumed that office, after a lapse of eighteen years, with L. Cornelius Sull

ve the political ambitions of his grandmother; so the young Claudius, after losing his bride Livia Medullina, married Urgulan

t this time. 4 Other families dominant in the oligarchy of government after Sulla are now missing or sadly reduced above all

aius Caesar, consul designate and invested with proconsular imperium, after visiting the Danubian and Balkan armies, now appe

the kinsman who had supplanted him; he returned again to his retreat after a cool reception. Lollius was all-powerful. Tib

and in the river Euphrates, with highly satisfactory results. Shortly after this, Lollius the ‘comes et rector’ fell abruptly

citus, Ann. 3, 48: ‘Tiberium quoque Rhodi agentem coluerat. ’ Shortly after this, probably in A.D. 3, he got Aemilia Lepida f

as handsomely requited, before death by the governorship of Syria and after death. The novus homo from the small town of Lanu

his way to Spain succumbed to illness and died at Massilia a few days after Tiberius’ return, the Claudian was not restored t

ted. The scholiast on Juvenal 6, 158, states that Julia was relegated after her husband had been put to death, then recalled,

marshals, began a military career, commanding the army of the Balkans after their praetorships; 2 they received the consulate

mily friend of Tiberius, is attested as governor of Syria (A.D. 4-5); after him came Quirinius (A.D. 6). 6 M. Plautius Silv

of the Princeps the children of war and revolution, enamoured of ease after trouble, and the newly enriched who aped the extr

racy without their ancestral excuse or their saving qualities. Soon after Actium Augustus appears to have made a beginning.

he wife, it is true, had no more rights than before. But the husband, after divorcing, could prosecute both the guilty partne

act without law or title by virtue of his paramount auctoritas. Soon after the War of Actium and the triple triumph Rome wit

not become any more remunerative since then. Samnium was a desolation after Sulla, and wide tracts of south-eastern Italy wer

significant past to be omitted Aeneas appears in the act of sacrifice after he has seen the portent that promises to his fami

r by the spur of the young Caesar’s political competition, six months after the Ides of March. All three Triumvirs concurred

vinces when they were reconquered from Antonius. Later at least, soon after the territory of Paphlagonia was annexed to the p

efuted by one of his own historians who, praising the ‘lenitas ducis’ after Actium, exclaims that he would have behaved preci

h there were notorious instances of mercy, as when Cinna was pardoned after a not very well authenticated conspiracy, the Pri

e father, one of the assassins of the Dictator, had committed suicide after Philippi, also preserved the traditions of libert

entatiously omit certain passages, explaining that they would be read after his death. 4 The last years of Augustus witness

by a client of Seianus. Cremutius anticipated conviction by suicide, after a noble speech defending history against oppressi

ecame a wild paradox under the Empire. Augustus’ memory might be safe after death to attack or traduce the Founder was an off

ous monument of military despotism. For the nobiles, no more triumphs after war, no more roads, temples and towns named in th

iances and lasted into the reign of Augustus produced no more consuls after that time. That was not all. To Roman and arist

r chose to perish with her husband, young Lepidus. Scaurus was spared after Actium. PageNotes. 492 1 It is not certain th

heir, and the grandnephew of the Dictator, an Octavius from Velitrae, after fighting against the great houses, attached them

oconsul of Macedonia, perpetuated the Licinii who merged, by adoption after another generation, with the family of L. Calpurn

cy against Caligula, and the family can show no consuls in any branch after Nero. 5 The Calpurnii, however, provide a continu

lways rich in offspring. The only son of L. Tarius Rufus was banished after an attempt to assassinate his grim parent. 4 Pa

lianus (ILS 986) is probably an Aelius Lamia by birth, of which house after the consul of A.D. 3 no direct descendants are kn

tellius was the son of a knight, procurator of Augustus. When he died after a brilliant career of service his enemies called

nd Empire. Noble birth still brought the consulate as of right, and after a long interval of years the proconsulate of Asia

l distinction of the commanders of the Rhine legions. Under Caligula, after Lentulus Gaetulicus, who conspired with M. Aemili

f the New State; the better cause for which Cato fought had prevailed after his death when the Roman People was saved from de

elves and their families. Messalla changed sides, passing to Antonius after Philippi and from Antonius before long to Octavia

New State. Pollio hated Plancus and composed a memoir to be published after Plancus’ death; 3 and it was Messalla who coined

and vulgar opinion:3 Tacitus himself would have thought it impossible after a civil war. Like the historian, the student of

tus’ Forum of Mars Ultor. This was the recompense due to ‘boni duces’ after death. 4 Sulla had been ‘Felix’, Pompeius had sei

ied on the anniversary of the day when he assumed his first consulate after the march on Rome. Since then, fifty-six years ha

s of, 63, 64, 103; early career, 41, 43, 76, 90, 94 ff., 103 f., 382; after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; statesmanship, 105, 10

st the Senate, 162 ff.; his legal position, 162, 168, 170; Mutina and after , 173 ff.; the Triumvirate, 188 f.; role in proscr

e in proscriptions, 191 f.; campaign and Battle of Philippi, 202 ff.; after Philippi, 214; attitude during the Perusine War,

see also Nobiles. Armenia, Antonius’ relations with, 224, 265, 270; after Actium, 301; Augustus’ policy, 388, 428. Armies

44 B.C., 102 f., 110 f.; in 43 B.C., 165 f.; by the Triumvirs, 189; after Actium, 302 f.; in 27 B.C., 326 ff.; in A.D. 14,

cero, 114, 134, 141 ff., 181 ff.; his position legalized, 167; in and after the War of Mutina, 173 ff., 181 ff.; and the cons

in 32 B.C., 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff.; Actium, 294 ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.C., 31

East, 371, 388; moral programme, 443 ff.; in Gaul and Spain, 388 f.; after 12 B.C., 391 f.; dynastic ambitions for his grand

B.C., 391 f.; dynastic ambitions for his grandsons, 416 ff.; position after 6 B.C., 419 ff.; disgrace of Julia, 426 f.; adopt

vium, conspirator, 478. Cassius Longinus, C. (pr. 44 B.C.), 57, 95; after the Ides of March, 101, 116 ff., 119; in the East

; age for, 369; qualifications, 374 ff.; elections, 370 f. Consuls, after Sulla, 22; in the last years of the Republic, 94;

isan, 210, 267; governor of Asia, 232, 264; as a speaker, 283; spared after Actium, 299; adlected inter consulares, 349 f.

Caesar, 58; motives for the assassination, 57 ff.; his actions on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; political prospects, 9

Junius Brutus Albinus, D., Caesarian and tyrannicide, 64, 95, 109; after the Ides of March, 97, 101, 102 f.; in Gallia Cis

ions, command of, 201, 356, 396; recruitment, 15, 295, 456 ff.; total after Actium, 304; in 13 B.C., 389 f. Legislation, mo

, 190, 225. Liberators, party of, 59 f., 95, 198 f., 205 f.; on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; in the summer, 44 B.C.

i, 72, 268. Oppius, C., Caesarian agent and banker, 71 f., 81, 159; after the Ides, 106; helps Octavianus, 131, 139, 142; l

rrangements of Antonius, 266; allegiance in 32 B.C., 292; control of, after Actium, 302 f.; division in 27 B.C., 313 ff., 323

Pompeius, 227; as an Antonian, 232, 264, 266, 267, 281; a city named after him, 281, 405; deserts Antonius, 281 f.; at Actiu

, 416, 428, 431, 443, 523. Triumphs, in the Triumviral period, 241; after Actium, 303; denied to senators, 404. Triumvirate

, 254; the Aeneid, 304 f., 317 f., 462 ff.; his views upon Octavianus after Actium, 304 f.; on Troy, 305; Pompeius and Caesar

; his. patronage, 384; long military career, 397, 413; re-emergence after 6 B.C., 419; in Illyricum, 329, 390, 394, 400; in

f.; in 28 B.C., 306; constitutional powers of, 337, 389; his position after 23 B.C., 345 f.; in the East, 338, 342, 371, 388