anization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above
should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford U
ent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address
above
You must not circulate this book in any other b
tands M. Licinius Crassus, who commanded NotesPage=>021 1 See,
above
all, the researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff. For th
f. L. Lucullus was married first to a Clodia, then to a Servilia, cf.
above
, n. 1 and p. 20, n. 5. The wife of M. Terentius V
pud Catonem maternam obtinebat auctoritatem. ’ About this woman, cf.,
above
all, Münzer, RA, 336 ff. PageBook=>024 pri
(cos. 51) and Gaius (49). For the kinship between these two families,
above
, p. 44, n. 1. Spinther’s son married a Caecilia M
tt. 7, 11, 1: ‘atque haec ait omnia facere se dignitatis causa. ’ Cf.
above
, p. 13, n. 2. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 30, 3 (
racchus respectively. On this faction (hostile to the Scipiones), cf.
above
all Miinzer, RA, 257 ff. Ch. V THE CAESARIAN PA
w, p. 200; on Carrinas, p. 90. 3 For nobiles of the Marian faction,
above
, p. 19. 4 He was married to a Julia (Val. Max.
me, ‘Cornelius’, he probably derived from L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus,
above
, p. 44, n. 4. 3 It may be presumed that he had
service of Pompeius during the Sertorian War; cf. the case of Balbus (
above
, p. 72). On this hypothesis, cf. R. Syme, CQ XXXI
he gentilicia derive from proconsuls. For Domitii in Narbonensis, cf.
above
, p. 44; for Valerii note C. Valerius Troucillus,
coins of the Italici (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 317 ff.) are highly revealing,
above
all the coin of the general Q. Silo which shows e
dence, however, precisely when he became a senator. 3 ILS 8888. Cf.
above
, p. 28, n. 1. 4 Above, p. 31. 5 Cf. Münzer, P
(Ad fam. 10, 183). Really an army contractor (Gellius 15, 4, 3), cf.
above
, p. 71. 4 Plutarch, Pompeius 6. 5 Perhaps for
cf. above, p. 71. 4 Plutarch, Pompeius 6. 5 Perhaps for Gabinius (
above
, p. 31). L. Nonius Asprenas may well be Picene, c
Ferentinum in Latium, ILS 5342 ff. On Pansa, a magnate from Perusia,
above
, p. 90. 2 Horace, Odes 1, 7, 21. A Munatius is
, ib. 2274 ff. 8 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 2. For his connexions,
above
, p. 64, n. 2 PageBook=>096 caution would h
al. He commanded the left wing NotesPage=>103 2 Ad fam. 11, 1,
above
, p. 97 PageBook=>104 on the field of Phars
and Master of the Horse: no evidence, however, that Caesar prized him
above
Antonius for loyalty or for capacity. Lepidus was
ry leader of the Caesarian NotesPage=>112 1 On the family, see
above
all Suetonius, Divus Aug. 1 ff., presenting authe
NotesPage=>121 1 For example Pollio, Ad fam. 10, 31, 2f., quoted
above
, p. 6. C. Matius made a firm and noble reply to a
, L. Marcius Philippus (cos. 91, censor 86), was an astute politician
above
, p. 19. In politics the son was able to enjoy sup
e local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ see Schulze, LE, 104 ff. and
above
, p. 93. Coins of this man struck in 40 B.C. descr
nothing but NotesPage=>140 1 Ad Att. 16, 7, ι; Phil. 1, 8. Cf.
above
, p. 117. 2 Ib. 16, 7, 7: ‘nec ego nunc, ut Brut
men who knew his character and NotesPage=>146 1 BC 53, 6, cf.
above
, p. 25. PageBook=>147 recalled his career.
e of the Empire:3 they earn a dignitas of their own and claim virtues
above
their station, even the magnitudo animi of the go
seldom to NotesPage=>164 1 Ad fam. 12, 2, 2. 2 Phil. 13, 29,
above
, p. 45. 3 Above, p. 94. One of them, the patric
claims that he helped Cassius (Ad fam. 12, 14, 6). 5 On these men,
above
, p. 111. PageBook=>172 On receipt of the d
s part will continue the fight against all powers that set themselves
above
the law. ’6 On receipt of an extract from a let
it. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff. 5 Appian, BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil. 5, 47,
above
, p.167. 7 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 26, 1 &c. (
llowing of Caesar was by no means homogeneous, and the Dictator stood
above
parties. He did not champion one class against an
pian, BC 4, 43, 180, On this person, a cousin of Pompeius Magnus, cf.
above
, p. 31, n. I. 2 Appian, BC 4, 46, 195. 3 Cf.
2 B.C., below, p. 425. 4 Above, p. 82. 5 On the Aelii Lamiae, cf.
above
, pp. 81 and 83; on the origin of the Vinicii (L V
(Ad fam. 11, 10, 5). On the friends of Varro, wealthy landowners, cf.
above
, p. 31. 4 In 45 B.C. he was able to provide Cae
elow, p. 235. M. Herennius (cos. suff. 34) was presumably Picene, cf.
above
, p. 92. Another historical nonentity, of better d
35 B.C.), the grandson of Pompeius Strabo’s brother. For the Vinicii,
above
, p. 194. PageBook=>201 for victory or de
ufrena, ILS 73 and 73 a. Rufrenus was a Caesarian (Ad fam. 10, 21, 4,
above
, p. 189). 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 46, cf. Dio 48, 2
sPage=>203 1 Compare Brutus’ own remarks (Ad M. Brutum 1, 16 f.,
above
, p. 184). 2 Plutarch, Brutus 28: τ αἰτίᾳ ϕησίν
last suppressed Q. Cornificius and won Africa for the Caesarians, cf.
above
, p. 189, n. 5. Fango had been sent by Octavianus
ted with certain eminent Republicans now in the alliance of Antonius,
above
all Ahenobarbus; 2 and his own son was betrothed
f C. Caninius Rebilus, cos. suff. 45 B.C. 2 On freedmen in command,
above
p. 201. Seleucus the admiral from Rhosus in Syria
here is no evidence how soon he joined Octavianus. On his origin, cf.
above
, p. 199 and p. 221. PageBook=>237 the Lex
states in Sicily (Horace, Epp. 1, 12). 7 The daughter of Scribonia,
above
, p. 229. Pulcher’s wife is not known, but there i
. respectively, PIR2, A 1680; 71. 3 On the family of Herennius, cf.
above
, p. 92. Memmius may be the son of C. Memmius (pr.
4 Above, p. 199 f. 5 Sallust, BJ 85, 17. 6 Dio 48, 43, 1 f., cf.
above
, p. 196. PageBook=>245 existence, for the
to match him with Thucydides, admiring in him gravity, concision and,
above
all, an immortal rapidity of narrative. 5 He had
ecial value. But it was now becoming evident that poetry, besides and
above
mere invective, could be made an instrument of go
1 of his poems; and Helvii are not unknown on inscriptions of Brixia (
above
, p. 79). Jerome, Chron., p. 148 gives Cremona as
usand Gallic and Spanish cavalry and the levies of the client princes
above
all the Armenian horse of Artavasdes, for this wa
ested there in 31 B.C., Dio 51, 5, 6; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff. To the
above
list should probably be added, as proconsuls of A
cf. Münzer, P-W XVIII, 726 ff. (forthcoming). On Sosius and Canidius,
above
, p. 200. PageBook=>268 Antonius had been a
it is true. They NotesPage=>269 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Cf.
above
, p. 228. 2 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus). Seneca, D
B.C., sent by Antonius; for his coins, BMC, R. Rep. ii, 501; 515 f.;
above
, p. 231. An inscription from Hypata in Thessaly d
f. 3 On the character, form and true significance of the oath, see,
above
all, Premerstein, o.c, 26 ff., esp. 36 ff. For th
was patron of that town (ILS 894). On the origin of the Vinicii, cf.
above
, p. 194. 3 Note, in this period, L. Ovidius Ven
t not for any party, still less for the fraud that was made to appear
above
party and politics. The excesses of patriotic ide
of Rome, the star of the Julian house blazing on his head; in the air
above
, the gods of Rome, contending NotesPage=>297
5). It is not certain, however, what position he was holding in Gaul (
above
, p. 302). Dio expressly states that Octavianus to
essalla had left Syria, perhaps succeeded there by M. Tullius Cicero (
above
, p. 303). As for the West, Sex. Appuleius, the so
ly take a wife from the noblest houses in Rome. 4 On this topic see
above
all J. Gage, Rev. hist, CLXXI (1933), 1 ff Page
our of the State. They voted that a wreath of laurel should be placed
above
the door-post of his dwelling, for he had saved t
armis amisit. ’ 2‘Adulescentulus carnifex’ (Val. Max. 6, 2, 8, cf.
above
, p. 27). 3 Tacitus, in his history of legislati
318 1 Odes I, 12, 47. 2 Plutarch, Cicero 49. 3 For example, and
above
all, E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie u. das Principal
m determination to fight to the end against any power that set itself
above
the laws, would have known the true name and esse
courtier and flatterer NotesPage=>321 1 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 4 (
above
, p. 138). 2 Wilamowitz disposed of the question
aw or abstract speculation, but in the situation itself. Beyond and
above
all legal and written prescription stands auctori
52, 1, 1. 2 Velleius 2, 89, 4. 3 Divus Aug. 28, 1. 4 lb. 2, cf.
above
, p. 320. 5 E. Meyer, Hist. Zeitschr. xci (1903)
n 45 B.C., he joined the Liberators at the end of the following year (
above
, p. 171). 2 Namely Varro, legate in Syria c. 24
hich gave him a general initiative in policy, he took various powers,
above
all proconsular imperium over the whole empire. 2
Like other Romans of ancient aristocratic stock, Tiberius could rise
above
class and recognize merit when he saw it. In Ag
omparably more easy. The justification for advancement lay in service
above
all, military service. In this way a soldier’s fa
les factus. ’ Cf. CIL XI, 6058. 5 Cf. JRS XXVII (1937), 128 f., and
above
, p. 78. PageBook=>354 By a regular feature
. CIL XI, 6058), and L. Firmius (ILS 2226). On the whole subject, cf.
above
all A. Stein, Der r. Ritterstand (1927), 136 ff.
’ (ILS 2677); ‘tr. mil. pro legato’ (ILS 2678); and the inscr. quoted
above
, n. 3. 6 Suetonius, Vitellius 2, 2; ILS 1335 (M
permixtos. ’ Augustus is not to be taken too seriously here. 5 Cf.
above
, p. 81. PageBook=>359 It was not so: the p
us); ILS 212 and Tacitus, Ann. II, 24 (‘oratio claudi caesaris’). Cf.
above
, p. 84 f. PageBook=>365 The widened and st
adoption of Marcellus; it may be conjectured that certain among them,
above
all Agrippa, whose policy prevailed on that occas
ng. 2 For the basis of calculation (which omits certain names), see
above
, p. 243 f. For the whole Triumviral period (43–33
g them German guardsmen (e.g. ILS 7448 f.). 4 Pliny, NH 18, 37, cf.
above
, p. 362. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 30 (Volusius): ‘opu
birth, influence and patronage had always been paramount. Nobles and
above
all patricians had a long start. M. Aemilius Lepi
Knights themselves might rank with senators in the New State or even
above
them. Patronage could therefore follow the revers
1), including Sallustius Crispus, Dellius, the Cocceii. 3 Compare,
above
all, the penetrating studies of A. Alföldi, RM XL
find any mention in subsequent history. 1 NotesPage=>387 1 Cf.
above
, p. 197. PageBook=>388 The years before Ac
m alibi quam Romae fieri. ’ 3 On policy and events in the East, cf.
above
all J. G. C. Anderson, CAH X, 239 ff. 4 Suetoni
um and by Thrace. The Roman territory was narrow and awkward, lacking
above
all in lateral communications there was (and is)
in the earlier years, as deputy wherever Augustus happened not to be,
above
all as vicegerent of the whole East; and he was i
Rightly so, as their careers demonstrate. On Q. Marcius Crispus, cf.
above
, pp. 64; 111; 199. Cicero calls him ‘virum fortem
ghts, e.g. ILS 2688 and 2693. Later imperial freedmen appear. 2 Cf.
above
, p. 330. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 80; 6, 39; Dio 58,
ights who had served in the provinces as procurators became available
above
all the Prefects of Egypt, a land strictly manage
untry. 3 Religion, law and literature all came under guidance, from
above
and from behind. The care of the national cult mi
ad something to say. NotesPage=>412 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 75, cf.
above
, p. 382. 2 Cf. W. Kolbe, Aus Roms Zeitwende, 51
er for Rome in the absence of Tiberius. For the internal history cf.,
above
all, E. Groag, Wiener Studien XL (1918), 150 ff.;
oligarchy of government after Sulla are now missing or sadly reduced
above
all the faction of the Liberators. Certain grea
s, cos. A.D. 11, married a daughter of Messalla Corvinus. See further
above
, p. 423, n. 1. 5 Through his first wife Appia C
stentatum feliciter. ’ 5 lb. 2, 104, 5. 6 Cf. CAH x, 364 ff., and
above
, p. 400. PageBook=>432 The final blow was
heir Pompeian connexions, which help to explain their prominence, cf.
above
, p. 425. 3 See above, p. 429. He was now marrie
s, which help to explain their prominence, cf. above, p. 425. 3 See
above
, p. 429. He was now married to an Aemilia Lepida.
s Saturninus. 5 For details of origin about these novi homines, see
above
, p. 362 f. For the contrary interpretation of thi
158 ff.; H. M. Last, CAH x, 461 ff. 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 46. Cf.
above
, p. 364. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 11, 24. Cf. the observ
ught against Rome in the last struggle of the peoples of the Apennine
above
all the Marsi, ‘genus acre virum’, a tribe small
eNotes. 451 1 Aen. 12, 827. 2 Georgics 2, 173 f. 3 On this, cf.
above
all M. Rostovtzeff, Soc. and Ec. Hist., 50 ff.
al rather than moral. Nor is it certain that the Princeps himself was
above
reproach, even with discount of the allegations o
y no means abundant. On the other hand, northern or provincial Italy,
above
all the parts beyond the Po, a region predominant
re susceptible to auctoritas, taking their tone and their tastes from
above
. Political invective was vigorous, ferocious but
is master. 3 PageNotes. 464 1 Livy 1, 16, 3. On Romulus, cf. also
above
, pp. 305 f.; 313 f. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34. The
]π[óπ]τ[ην]. Cf. the dedication to Pompeius, ILS 9459 (Miletopolis);
above
, p. 30. PageBook=>474 not only do cities c
when they were not palpably fraudulent. His personal courage was not
above
reproach. With all allowance made for hostile pro
ok=>483 His freedom of speech cost him promotion he did not rise
above
the praetorship. Augustus gave the consulate to h
4 Strabo, p. 213; Pliny, Epp. 1, 14, 6; Martial II, 16, 8. Cf. also
above
, p. 464. PageBook=>486 A critic armed with
, 37 f. 2 Alleged paramours of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, see
above
, p. 426. 3 Ann. 4, 13: ‘adultus inter extorris
A 1140). Pompeian blood is attested by ILS 976, cf. PIR2, A 1147, and
above
, p. 425. 3 Quintilian 6, 3, 67: ‘P. Oppius dixi
aritima). Her daughter was Nero’s consort. 2 Above, p. 379. 3 See
above
, pp. 425, 497. 4 Lollia Paullina, taken away fr
.C.,) himself of an ancient and respectable family that had not risen
above
the praetorship. 6 Even under Trajan and Hadria
s. 503 1 Suetonius, Galba 6, 2 f. 2 For Paullinus and Avitus, see
above
, p. 502, n. 2; for Curtius Rufus, Ann. 11, 21. Th
nd the family of Germanicus. At all turns the nobiles were imperilled
above
all and in the last resort by the fears of Tiberi
Egypt in A.D. 55 (cf. A. Stein, PIR2, C 813). 2 Macrobius 2, 4, 18 (
above
, p. 320). 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 85, 1. Page
y detestable. 3 NotesPage=>510 1 Seneca, De ben. 4, 30, 1 ff. (
above
, p. 374). 2 Suetonius, Nero 4. Velleius, howeve
forthcoming), the new material is here utilized and incorporated (cf.
above
, pp. 199 f., 235, 243 f.). It is of decisive valu
cendants of Pompeius, Sulla, Crassus, and L. Piso (cos. 15 B.C.), cf.
above
, pp. 424 and 496 f. For the Calpurnii and the pos
ere are uncertainties. Not less so in the matter of the Arruntii, cf.
above
, pp. 425 and 497. Further, M. Livius Drusus Libo