ars of crowded history, Caesarian and Triumviral, cannot be annulled. When the individuals and classes that have gained weal

ng the cause of liberty and of peace. Those ideals were incompatible. When peace came, it was the peace of despotism. ‘Cum d

ions. They waited in patience to assert their ancient predominance. When the rule of the Etruscan Tarquinii collapsed, the

daughter in marriage, defied Sulla when he sought to break the match. When pronouncing the funeral oration upon Marius’ wido

maximus. 5 The same year furnished an added testimony of his temper. When the Senate held debate concerning the associates

Strabo was believed to have procured the assassination of a consul. 2 When he died of a natural but providential death the p

e might yet prevail against the popularity and laurels of Pompeius. When the great imperator, returning, landed in Italy t

gnus seemed chill comfort in political defeat. 4 Cato went too far. When the knights who farmed the taxes of Asia requeste

rinciple was Caesar’s father-in-law, the virtuous L. Calpurnius Piso. When hostilities were imminent, Piso offered to mediat

zenship. The pact of Luca reunited the dynasts and saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Cra

Ventidii, municipal magistrates at Auximum, enemies of the Pompeii. 4 When the young Pompeius raised his private army, he ha

f the government. The Ides of March could make no difference to that. When the tyrant fell and the constitution was restored

hile Hirtius expressed his firm disapproval. 3 Antonius was apprised. When he requested that the bands of Republican partisa

onth. Various intrigues were devised against him but came to nothing. When he returned, it was to discover with dismay that

eaching a decision. Crossing the Adriatic, he landed near Brundisium. When he learned about the will, he conceived high hope

A long time passes before any number of senators emerge on his side. When four years have elapsed and Octavianus through al

: yet clearly of a kind to influence the public policy of Antonius. When he made his decision to return, Cicero did not kn

time he felt that he could trust Octavianus. Neither was the dupe. When he heard of the failure of the march on Rome, Cic

announce a new style of ending a civil war clemency and generosity. 3 When the tide of battle turned on the field of Pharsal

or himself. So Caesar and Pompeius, the precedents for Caesar’s heir. When an adventurer raised troops in Italy on his own i

ius, the son of the great orator and one of his own near relatives. 3 When all was ready, and the decision at last taken, he

match for the patriotic fervour of the levies of Republican Italy. 4 When it came to battle at Mutina, the grim and silent

y against each other for a time. A small river ran between the camps. When soldiers are citizens, rhetoric is worth regiment

k=>170 The pressure of events gradually drove him to a decision. When he left Italy in August, it was not with the plan

tting the Roman State in order (tresviri rei publicae constituendae). When a coalition seized power at Rome, it employed as

p. 64, cf. ILS 6204. 6 Appian, BC 4, 37, 155. PageBook=>198 When a civil war seemed only a contest of factions in

was consul. But with Caesar’s heir there could be no pact or peace. 1 When the Caesarian leaders united to establish a milit

himself to Octavianus and he would pay for his folly in the end. 4 When the chief men surviving of the Republican cause w

ok=>216 include Pompeius, Antonius agreed to armed co-operation. When he set sail in advance with a few ships from a po

nus, sending Taurus to occupy Africa, returned to Rome, victorious. When he arrived there awaited him a welcome, sincere a

revolution: it had threatened to break out during the Sicilian War. 1 When public order lapsed, when cities or individuals a

the victor of Philippi should have driven the Parthians out of Asia. When at last his hands were free he departed to Syria,

Up to a point the acts of Antonius can be recovered and explained. When he disposed of kingdoms and tetrarchies in sovran

βασιλύϛ. 3 W. W. Tarn, JRS XXII (1932), H9 ff. PageBook=>274 When he dwelt at Athens with Octavia, Antonius’ behavi

ition legalized. He respected the constitution and dispensed with it. When the time came, he went beyond Senate and People,

So Augustus wrote in the majestic memorial of his own life and deeds. When an official document records voluntary manifestat

unities to contract ties of personal allegiance and mutual support. 3 When a Claudian faction encouraged a revolutionary agi

s neither bore resentment nor threatened war. Instead, he negotiated. When a Parthian pretender fled to Syria, he preferred

our: he was not allowed to celebrate his triumph till July, 27 B.C. When a party has triumphed in civil war, it claims to

ence on military monarchy and Trojan ancestry might provoke disquiet. When the Triumvir Antonius abode for long years in the

thing could never change, the source and origin of his domination. When a faction seized power at Rome, the consulate and

f Syria was perhaps Murena’s brother. He fades from recorded history. When M. Agrippa went out, he administered Syria throug

monarchy. There is always an oligarchy somewhere, open or concealed. When the Caesarian armies prevailed and the Republic p

he Praetorian Guard, established in Rome and in the towns of Italy. When addressing the troops, Augustus dropped the revol

Republic the financiers had all too often been a political nuisance. When at variance with the Senate, they endangered for

t Augustus, present or absent, should assume the title of Dictator. When he refused, they persisted in the next best thing

t also feuds and dissensions in the secret oligarchy of government. When the social parvenu and revolutionary adventurer m

81 The fortunes of the great politicians were gross and scandalous. When the elder Balbus died, he was able to bequeath to

and the patriciate, administrative positions and provincial commands. When religion is the care of the State in an oligarchi

develop almost into titles; and there are grades among his friends. 2 When the Princeps, offended, declares in due solemnity

gency. Against Catilina, perhaps, but not against Pompeius or Caesar. When it came to maintaining public concord after the a

rnor of a new province to the north, the imperial legate of Moesia. 3 When both Illyricum and the Rhine army had been divide

us, cf. J. G. C. Anderson, JRS XVN (1927), 47 f. PageBook=>407 When he comes to narrate the Principate of Augustus, C

st of all was Maecenas. After 23 B.C. Maecenas gradually lost ground. When life ebbed along with power, the descendant of ki

the War of Actium, perhaps setting in order the system of taxation. 4 When the civil service had developed, freedmen did not

powers lapsed he might designate, but he could not appoint, his heir. When the Principate was first transmitted to a success

d Julia was solemnized. In the next year a son was born, named Gaius. When a second son, Lucius, followed in 17 B.C. the Pri

the living foreshadows the sad fate of literature under the Empire. When the rule of Augustus is established, men of lette

natus | nec mea selecto iudice iussa fuga est. ’ PageBook=>469 When famine came and the mob complained of the dearnes

pectacular but more permanent methods of suggestion and propaganda. 9 When the man of the people turned a coin in his palm h

gidius Figulus cast the horoscope a ruler of the world was portended. When the child could first speak, he bade the frogs be

te te[rrae] huic imperent regantque nos felicibu[s] voteis sueis. 2 When they died, the town council of Pisa gave vent to

nd for Roman rule was the defence of Gaul against the German invader. When the Romans set out to conquer Germany, they inten

fter Philippi, also preserved the traditions of libertas and ferocia. When the roll of the Senate was being revised in 18 B.

of the aristocracy. Messalla vied with Pollio as a patron of letters. When a mediocre poet from Corduba delivered in his hou

not immune. He even criticized Pollio. 3 Labienus also wrote history. When reciting his works, he would ostentatiously omit

consul. Vitellius was the son of a knight, procurator of Augustus. When he died after a brilliant career of service his e

the time, whose name is missing (CIL XII, 3169). PageBook=>503 When his position becomes stronger, and a coalition go

temper in prosperity as in adversity. 5 Dellius’ troubles were over. When inciting Plancus to take comfort from wine, Horac

no more than the head of the Roman State. Yet one thing was certain. When he was dead, Augustus would receive the honours o