Rome and involved the whole world in strife and anarchy. Gaul and the West stood firm; but the horsemen of the Parthians wer

s had served his turn now. The extended commands of Pompeius in the West and in the East furnished scope for political pat

nces. Pompeius Magnus surpassed all the proconsuls before him. In the West , in Africa and throughout Asia, towns, provinces

him ‘the Roman Xerxes’:2 he was an Oriental despot himself. In the West , in the Gallic provinces at least, the inherited

ar’s partisans, equestrian or new senators, from the provinces of the West , some were of Italian, others of native extractio

warfare with some success against the Caesarian governors in the far West . In Syria Bassus had stirred up civil war two yea

how long, no indication. For the present, the other provinces of the West were a counterbalance to D. Brutus. 2 They were i

o collapse. Gallia Cisalpina dominated Italy; and the generals in the West held the ultimate decision of the contest for the

vival of the Republican and Pompeian cause. In the provinces of the West stood Plancus, Lepidus and Pollio, Caesarian part

mained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West , the combined armies of the Republic in northern

if this did not happen, he might be caught between Caesarians in the West and Republicans in the East, crushed and extermin

Brutus and the triumph of diplomacy among the Caesarian armies of the West . Antonius marched westwards with rapidity and r

re on, rejoicing gave way to disillusion. Antonius had escaped to the West . Men blamed the slowness and indecision of D. Bru

via, hence the step-daughter of Antonius. 3 Of the provinces of the West , Antonius for the present assumed control of the

ther source for the Caesarians to draw upon, for the provinces of the West were exhausted, the revenues of the East in the h

tus may not have abandoned all hope of an accommodation with East and West so evenly matched between Republicans and Caesari

of the East and exact the requisite money. About the provinces of the West they made the following dispositions, treating Le

he provinces beyond the sea, from Macedonia eastwards, Octavianus the West , from Spain to Illyricum. The lower course of the

needed in the East, the new compact appeared to bring an ally in the West of much more value than Lepidus to check the powe

of war. The clash was now imminent, with aggression coming from the West , from Octavianus, but not upon an innocent and un

subvert the liberties of the Roman People, to subjugate Italy and the West under the rule of an oriental queen. An expedient

only thus could the Empire be made solid, coherent and secure. In the West municipal self-government was already advancing r

he area of its rule. Rome could not deal with the East as well as the West . The East was fundamentally different, possessing

resent, not for a long future, for the East but not for Italy and the West as well. 2 To absolute monarchy belonged divine h

e august and solemn form of a war of ideas and a war between East and West . Antonius and Cleopatra seem merely pawns in the

re, rulers of a divided empire. The temporary severance of East and West between the two dynasts after the Pact of Brundis

nature, by history, by civilization and by language between the Latin West and the Greek East. The Empire might split into t

iracles of Roman history that in subsequent ages the division between West and East was masked so well and delayed so long.

eparation. An oath had also been administered to the provinces of the West . As in Italy, the military colonies were the chie

ius and by Ap. Claudius Pulcher enhanced the impression of a pacified West as well as the power and glory of Caesar and the

er and glory of Caesar and the Caesarian party. 4 The armies of the West were left in charge of safe partisans. The tried

se of patriotic fervour that had been administered to the army of the West . Yet, in the last resort, Antonius might not need

rtistic detail. More than that, Actium became the contest of East and West personified, the birth-legend in the mythology of

many believed, were sobering lessons; and there was work to do in the West and in the North. To serve the policy of Rome and

sted—perhaps it was Taurus. 4 But Messalla and Taurus departed to the West before long, to replace Carrinas and Calvisius in

haps succeeded there by M. Tullius Cicero (above, p. 303). As for the West , Sex. Appuleius, the son of Octavianus’ half-sist

ly upon a personal oath of allegiance rendered by Rome, Italy and the West in 32 B.C., subsequently by the other regions of

l, Africa and Macedonia. Spain and Gaul, the martial provinces of the West , were now deprived of proconsuls. Whether the wor

at once called for attention. He turned first to the provinces of the West , setting out from Rome towards the middle of the

nces or Greek cities in the East and autonomous municipalities in the West , the Empire was too large for one man to rule it.

e for one man to rule it. Already the temporary severance of East and West in the years between the Pact of Brundisium and t

p the descendants of kings and tetrarchs. 2 In the provinces of the West , from continuous immigration, from the establishm

ready in the time of Augustus, of the recruits for the legions of the West , these lands gradually invade and capture the who

have been Augustus’ aim to depreciate or retard the provinces of the West and that part of the Roman People which extended

r for consorts in his powers. In 27 B.C. Augustus had set out for the West without delay; and of the first fourteen years of

f the provinces. Agrippa was active in the East in 23-22 B.C., in the West in 20-19 B.C., when he completed the pacification

r, when Augustus departed on his second visit to the provinces of the West , Statilius Taurus was made praefectus urbi; 1 Tau

ended that there should be foreign wars in the East. But the needs of West and North were urgent, organization as well as fi

e northern frontier and shortening the lines of communication between West and East, executed as an impressive example of co

so that the War of Actium could be shown as a sublime contest between West and East. Rome was not only a conqueror Rome was

. If there were more evidence available concerning the legions of the West in the Principate of Augustus, it may be presumed

the cult of the numen of Augustus. 5 Italy and the provinces of the West had sworn a military oath of personal allegiance

ropagation of unsound opinions. Certain of the towns of Italy and the West took pride in their Republican traditions. On the

operty from the newer parts of Italy and the civilized regions of the West prospered in their place. When Claudius proposed

after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.C., 313 ff.; in the West , 331 ff.; the new settlement, 333 ff.; acts in 22

6; arrangements of Antonius, 259 ff., 266, 271 ff.; opposition to the West , 290, 301, 347; Octavianus’ arrangements, 300 f.;

r’s, 428. Economy, of Italy, impaired by the separation of East and West , 290; revived by the Principate, 351, 451 f. Ed

partisans among the Italici, 91 ff.; in the municipia, 89 ff.; in the West , 74 ff.; in the East, 262; his legates, 67, 94; s